第二章企业的外部环境分析_6604

1、Business School, SDJUChapter 9. Logistics/Supply-Chain Management姜 阵 剑Business School, SDJUBusiness School, SDJUlEvolution and Characteristics of Extended Enterprise 外延/扩展型企业lFuture Trends in Supply Chain ManagementlManagement Best Practices are EvolvingBusiness School, SDJUltotal supply chain costs

2、 consume about 7-12 % of corporate annual revenue across all industries. lintegrated supply-chain management (一体化的供应链管理) is now at the epicenter of business transformation.Business School, SDJUlThe term extended enterprise represents the concept that a company is made up not just of its employees, i

3、ts board members, and executives, but also its business partners, its suppliers, and even its customers. lThe extended enterprise can only be successful if all of the component groups and individuals have the information they need in order to do business effectively. Business School, SDJUltrue enter

4、prise-strength solutions （企业实力的解决方案）l随着全球化的发展，企业之间的竞争也日趋激烈。单个企业已经没有能力适应快速变化的市场，而必须和其它相关企业组成紧密的合作伙伴关系，形成扩展企业（Extended Enterprise），保证竞争力优势互补，来共同面对变化的市场和激烈竞争的对手。Business School, SDJUlthe genesis （起源）of extended enterprise logistics lJapanese automobile makers Business School, SDJUl精益生产（Lean Production，

5、LP），又称精良生产，其中“精”表示精良、精确、精美；“益”表示利益、效益等等。精益生产就是及时制造，消灭故障，消除一切浪费，向零缺陷、零库存进军。l精益生产的来源l精益生产的特点Business School, SDJU1、含义：一体化战略指企业以现有经营领域为基础，根据物流的方向，不断地向深度和广度发展，使企业的经济规模扩大或在上下游之间扩展的一种战略。2、分类：纵向纵向/垂直一体化战略垂直一体化战略 (vertical integration)横向横向/水平一体化战略水平一体化战略Business School, SDJU一体化战略一体化战略纵向纵向/垂直一体化战略垂直一体化战略横向横向

6、/水平一体化战略水平一体化战略前向一体化战略前向一体化战略后向一体化战略后向一体化战略Business School, SDJU竞争者竞争者供应商供应商企业企业批发商批发商零售商零售商顾客顾客后向一体化后向一体化前向一体化前向一体化水平一体化水平一体化前向一体化前向一体化Business School, SDJU借助信息技术借助信息技术(IT)和管理技术，将供应链上业务伙伴的业务和管理技术，将供应链上业务伙伴的业务流程相互集成，从而有效地管理从原材料采购、产品制造、流程相互集成，从而有效地管理从原材料采购、产品制造、分销，到交付给最终用户的全过程，在提高客户满意度的同分销，到交付给最终用户的全

7、过程，在提高客户满意度的同时，降低整个系统的成本、提高各企业的效益。时，降低整个系统的成本、提高各企业的效益。Business School, SDJU供应链（供应链（Supply Chain） 是在相互关联的部门或业务伙伴之间所发生的是在相互关联的部门或业务伙伴之间所发生的物流、资金流和信息流，覆盖从产品物流、资金流和信息流，覆盖从产品(或服务或服务)设计、设计、原材料采购、制造、包装到支付给最终用户的全过原材料采购、制造、包装到支付给最终用户的全过程。程。Business School, SDJUlThe best companies:Enjoy an advantage in total

8、 supply chain management cost of 3-6 percent of revenueHold 50-80 percent less inventory than their competitorsHave a 40-65 percent advantage in cash-to-cash cycle time over average companies.Business School, SDJUStage 1:StuntedLogistics PerformerStage 2:Neophyte Logistics PerformerStage 3:Internall

9、yIntegrated PerformerStage 4:ExternallyIntegrated Logistics PerformersLogistics buried at lowest levels of corporate organizations.Stovepiped logistics; each function acts in relative autonomyInternal cross-functional teams spanning physical distribution functionsIntercorporate networked logistics t

10、eams and shared performance management information systemsLogistics defined as shipping function.Logistics defined as shipping and warehousing functions.Logistics defined as shipping, warehousing, and customer service functions.Logistics defined as total supply-chain integration; Run by shipping cle

11、rksRun by military-style logisticiansRun by a chief logistics officerRun by a VP for supply chain供应链是物流发展的高级阶段供应链是物流发展的高级阶段Business School, SDJUlFull-spectrum visibility and real-time management lExample：Ford Motor Company Business School, SDJUlInformation technology and telecommunicationslThe emerg

12、ence of the internetlInternet-enabled shared information helps break down organization politics and functional fences, helping supply-chain alliance members （供应链联盟成员 ）develop a common understanding of the competitive environment. Business School, SDJUlAll companiescan benefit from a more open inform

13、ation flow by using the information to:Reduce or eliminate unnecessary inventoryImprove their planningDevelop active rather than reactive operationsSmooth product flowsTrim costImprove serviceBusiness School, SDJUlTop management encourages this kind of segmentation and departmentalization lSenior ex

14、ecutives ability to manage supply-chain costs and therefore the profitability of a company is dependent on their ability to take a holistic approach to the companys operations. Business School, SDJUlGlobal logistics companies are now acting as systems integrators for major corporate clients, conduct

15、ing elaborate, highly sequenced “milk runs” to pick up and deliver components and products with a whole host of suppliers and vendors on an international basis. Business School, SDJU名词名词解解 释释第一方物流第一方物流需求方需求方为采购而进行的物流，如赴产地采购、为采购而进行的物流，如赴产地采购、自行运回商品。自行运回商品。第二方物流第二方物流供应方供应方为了提供商品而进行的物流，如供应商为了提供商品而进行的物流

16、，如供应商送货上门。送货上门。 第三方物流第三方物流由物流的供应方和需求方之外的由物流的供应方和需求方之外的第三方第三方所进行所进行的物流。的物流。Third-party logistics providers (3PLPs，第三方物流（服务）商) 第四方物流第四方物流提供各种物流提供各种物流信息咨询服务信息咨询服务的企业。提供各层的企业。提供各层次物流次物流人才培训服务人才培训服务的企业。的企业。各方物流的概念Business School, SDJUl来自牛奶公司每天清晨挨家挨户在牧场收购牛奶，送牛奶的工人送牛奶时拿走一个空瓶，再放一瓶牛奶。物流配送中常用这样的方式。l牛奶式取货、循环取货

17、，集货配送，多仓储间巡回装卸货混载运送，定时定点取货。l国内最早是汽车制造业（东风、上海通用）使用的一种物料集货模式。Business School, SDJUlThe computer company reports a high degree of satisfaction with the arrangement, which allows the company to:Avoid sunk costs in information systems and ware-housing capacityGain greater market leverage over ocean, air,

18、 and surface transportation service providers Achieve greater flexibility in meeting the needs of customers Business School, SDJUlNew trade facilitation systems implemented by national governments have also supported the globalization of supply chains. lSingapore lThe U.S. Customs ServicelDHL World-

19、wide ExpressBusiness School, SDJUlManaging the extended enterprise will increasingly focus on these three domains of best practice:Physical network managementInformation and knowledge network managementComputer-based infrastructure managementBusiness School, SDJU供应链结构示意图供应链结构示意图供应商制造商仓储和配送中心客户：物流：信息

20、流现金流Business School, SDJU实物分销实物分销Physical Distribution物流物流Logistics供应链供应链Supply Chain供应链管理的研究是从物流管理研究开始的供应链管理的研究是从物流管理研究开始的1915年美国阿奇萧年美国阿奇萧市场流通若干问题市场流通若干问题二站时期，美国军队建立二站时期，美国军队建立后勤（后勤（Logistics）理论）理论1956年日本引入年日本引入“物的流物的流通通”1989年年局部性研究局部性研究整体性、集成性研究整体性、集成性研究Business School, SDJU物流管理有狭义和广义两方面的含义：物流管理有狭

21、义和广义两方面的含义：狭义的物流管理狭义的物流管理指物资的采购、运输、配送、贮备等指物资的采购、运输、配送、贮备等活动，是企业之间的物资流通活动。活动，是企业之间的物资流通活动。广义的物流管理广义的物流管理包括从原材料到产品整个生产过程的包括从原材料到产品整个生产过程的物料转化过程，即供应链管理。物料转化过程，即供应链管理。供应链管理是物流管理的延伸供应链管理是物流管理的延伸供应链是物流发展到集约化阶段的产物。供应链是物流发展到集约化阶段的产物。Business School, SDJU物流贯穿于整个供应链。物流贯穿于整个供应链。( (几流之一几流之一) )供应链强调的是系统的整合和优化。供应

22、链强调的是系统的整合和优化。作为一种战略概念，供应链也是一种产品，而且是作为一种战略概念，供应链也是一种产品，而且是可增值的产品。可增值的产品。Business School, SDJU 物流一词最早出现于美国。 1915年，阿奇肖在市场流通中的若干问题一书中用的是Physical Distribution。 第二次世界大战以后，物流获得了长足的发展。物流一词也逐渐由Physical Distribution演化为Logistics。 美国物流管理理事会（Council of Logistics Management）的定义。Business School, SDJUl1982年，凯思奥立夫（

23、Keith R. Oliver）和麦考尔威波尔（Michael D. Webber）在观察杂志上发表了供应链管理：物流的更新战略，首次提出“供应链管理”的说法。l供应链管理的出现源于对物流管理的研究。从这个意义上讲，供应链管理是物流管理的发展和延续。尤其是现代物流一体化的提出，更使得物流管理和供应链管理的研究领域和研究方法雷同。Business School, SDJUl首先，供应链管理不仅包括对于供应链中物流的管理，还包首先，供应链管理不仅包括对于供应链中物流的管理，还包括对于商流、信息流和资金流的管理。括对于商流、信息流和资金流的管理。l其次，战略联盟的出现使得供应链管理理论日趋成熟。其次，战略联盟的出现使得供应链管理理论日趋成熟。l再次，从研究重点来看，物流管理主要研究各种旨在改善物再次，从研究重点来看，物流管理主要研究各种旨在改善物