Unit4cultureandinterpersonalrelationships(1)

1、Unit 4Cultural Values and Interpersonal RelationshipsIn short, they exist in our whole societyInterpersonal relationships exist in almost everywhere, An interpersonal relationship is normally viewed as a connection between two or more individuals. The type of interpersonal relationships differ accor

2、ding to the different roles people play in a society.The relationships between two personsThe relationships with a group of peopleInterpersonal relationships are dynamic systems that change continuouslyduring their existence.Good interpersonal relationships Unhealthy interpersonal relationships Esta

3、blish a good interpersonal relationship. Although in different places you will find different interpersonal relationships, they have one principle, you should obey certain rules to keep a good relationship with other people and therefore enjoy the benefit in turn.Main ContentsnBackground Information

4、nTextual StructurenDetailed Text AnalysisnCase StudynTranslationFlorence R. Kluckhohn: nan American anthropologist nIn the 1940s, she and her husband Clyde Kluckhohn and Frederick Strodtbeck, with the Harvard Values Project, began an exploration of the fundamental values held by different cultures.

5、nTo compare different cultures, they posed five basic questions underlying all cultures.nAlso known as value orientations, the five basic questions are: nWhat is the character of innate human nature? (Human nature orientation)nWhat is the relationship of people to nature? (Person-nature orientation)

6、nWhat is the temporal focus of life? (Time orientation)nWhat is the modality 模式 of human activity? (Activity orientation)nWhat is the modality of a persons relationship to others in the group? (Relations orientation)Bali nBali is an island and a province of Indonesia, the nations smallest province.

7、nThe province covers a few smaller neighboring islands as well as the island of Bali itself. nIt is located at the westernmost end of the Lesser Sunda Islands（小巽他群岛 ）, between Java（爪哇岛） to the west and Lombok（龙目岛） to the east. nOne of the countrys 34 provinces, Bali has its capital at Deposer toward

8、s the south of the island.nThe island is home to most of Indonesias Hindu印度教的 minority. nMost of Balis population adhered to Balinese Hinduism while most of the remainder followed Islam. nBali is also the largest tourist destination in the country and is renowned for its highly developed arts, inclu

9、ding traditional and modern dance, sculpture, painting, leather, metalworking, and music.n A tourist haven for decades, the province has seen a further surge激增 in tourist numbers in recent years.Ivan Pavlov巴甫洛夫 nIvan Petrovich Pavlov (1849 1936) was a Russian physiologist生理学家 . nPavlovs primary inte

10、rests were the study of physiology and natural sciences. nHe devoted his life to the study of physiology and sciences, making several remarkable discoveries and ideas that were passed on from generation to generation.nHe helped found the Department of Physiology at the Institute of Experimental Medi

11、cine and continued to oversee监督 the program for the next 45 years.nPavlov contributed to many areas of physiology and neurological sciences. Most of his work involved research in temperament, conditioning and involuntary reflex反射性的 actions. nThe concept for which Pavlov is famous is the conditioned

12、reflex条件反射 he developed jointly with his assistant in 1901. nWhile researching the digestive function of dogs, he noted his subjects would salivate分泌唾液 before the delivery of food. nIn a series of well-known experiments, he presented a variety of stimuli before the presentation of food, eventually f

13、inding that, after repeated association, a dog would salivate to the presence of a stimulus other than food. nHe termed this response a conditional reflex. Pavlov also discovered that these reflexes originate in the cerebral cortex of the brain（大脑皮层）.nPavlov received considerable acclaim称赞 for his w

14、ork, including a 1901 appointment to the Russian Academy of Sciences and the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology. nThe Soviet government also offered substantial support for Pavlovs work, and the Soviet Union soon became a well-known center of physiology research.Fatalism宿命论； 天数 nFatalism is a philosophi

15、cal doctrine stressing the subjugation镇压；屈服 of all events or actions to fate.Fatalism generally refers to any of the following ideas： The view that we are powerless to do anything other than what we actually do. Included in this is that man has no power to influence the future, or indeed, his own ac

16、tions. nAn attitude of resignation in the face of some future event or events which are thought to be inevitable. nThat actions are free, but nevertheless work toward an inevitable end. nThat acceptance is appropriate, rather than resistance against inevitability. Caste system in India 种姓制度nCaste印度的

17、世袭阶级 is a form of social stratification (社会阶层化） characterized by endogamy（同族结婚）, hereditary transmission of a lifestyle which often includes an occupation, ritual status in a hierarchy and customary social interaction and exclusion based on cultural notions of purity and pollution.nIts paradigmatic（

18、范式的） ethnographic（人种志的） example is the division of Indian society into rigid social groups, with roots in Indias ancient history and persisting until today. nHowever, the economic significance of the caste system in India has been declining as a result of urbanization and affirmative action programs

19、. nHistorically, the caste system in India has consisted of thousands of endogamous同族结婚的 groups called Jatis or Quoms (among Muslims). The scholarly Brahmans（婆罗门） of India envisaged设想；想像 the four well-known categories to classify the society：nBrahmin(婆罗门) (fire priests, scholars and teachers)nKshatr

20、iyas (刹帝利) (warriors, administrators and law enforcers)nVaishyas (吠舍) (agriculturists, cattle raisers and traders)nShudras (首陀罗) (service providers and artisan)nUpon independence from the British rule, the Indian Constitution listed 1,108 castes across the country as Scheduled Castes in 1950, for af

21、firmative action(反歧视行动 ).Textual StructurenPart I Introduction: categories covered by cultural assumptions and valuesnPart II Body Five categoriesnActivity: decision-making & learningnSocial Relationships: equality versus inequality and their respective embodiment 体现 in different culturesnMotiva

22、tion: accomplishment versus statusnPerception of the World: material nature & exploitability of the world versus harmonious nature and inseparability of the world nPerception of Self and the Individual: Individualistic self versus groupPart I (para. 1)Introductioncategories covered by cultural a

23、ssumptions and valuesPart II (para. 2-21)Body Five categoriesActivity decision-making & learningSocial Relationshipsequality versus inequality and their respective embodiment in different culturesMotivationaccomplishment versus statusPerception of the Worldmaterial nature & exploitability of

24、 the world versus harmonious nature and inseparability of the world Perception of Self and the IndividualIndividualistic self versus groupDetailed Text AnalasisPart I (para.1) IntroductionFind answers to the following questions:1. What are cultural patterns?2. What are five categories of the common

25、problems covered by cultural assumptions and values?Difficult sentencenTheir identification follows the work of Florence R. Kluckhohn, with a few divergencies.nThe identification of the five categories are mainly based on the work of Florence R. Kluckhohn, but there are occasional differences from h

26、er work. Part II Body1. Activity2. Social Relationships3. Motivation 4. Perception of the World5. Perception of Self and the Individual1. ActivityPara. 2 Decision-making: individual vs. groupFind answers to the following questions1. What is activity modality? And what area of activity does the autho

27、r give for analysis?2. Where does the responsibility for decision lie in American and Japanese cultures?1. ActivityPara. 3 Examining decision-making processes with alterationFind answers to the following questions:1. How does American decision making process unfold?2. How do other cultures make thei

28、r decisions?3. What makes some Western observers believe that in the underdeveloped world few decisions are required? What point does the author want to make by it?Difficult SentencenIn American society the process of decision making unfolds primarily through the anticipation of the consequences of

29、alternative courses of action. nIn America, when people make decisions, they try to anticipate the possible consequences of alternative courses of action. Based on these considerations they choose the best one. 1. ActivityPara. 4 Different ways of organizing activity and their Implications for learn

30、ing or teachingFind answers to the following questions:1. What is peoples perspective of learning in America?2. Why no stress is put on spontaneity or upon the characteristics of the learner?1. ActivityPara. 5 Necessity for using several dimensions to explain any specific behaviorFind answers to the

31、 following questions:1. Why is it necessary to use several dimensions to explain any specific behavior?2. What other dimensions are needed in speaking of decision-making and learning?2. Social RelationshipPara. 6 Equality vs. inequalityFind answers to the following questions:1. What is the chief cha

32、racteristic of social relationships among middle-class Americans?2. What is the characteristic of social relationships in some cultures? Why?Difficult sentencenInequality underlies social conventions and etiquette and clearly defined reciprocity among persons engaged in social interactions.nInequali

33、ty between members of society is the basis of social conventions and etiquette as well as the clearly-defined reciprocity among people who are engaged in social interactions. 2. Social RelationshipPara. 7 Informality of American social conventions and less clearly-defined social reciprocityFind answ

34、ers to the following questions:1. How do you explain Americans lack of elaborate forms of social address?2. Why do you think the Thai need an intermediary in business or social affairs?Difficult SentencenFor example, equality removes the need for elaborate forms of social address, since one of the f

35、unctions of formality is to call attention to the participants respective status and ascriptions. nFor example, considering that everyone is equal, there is no need for people to use complicated forms of social address, because such formality is intended to call attention to things like the particip

36、ants background and social status. 2. Social RelationshipPara. 8 Element of depersonalization: friendshipFind answers to the following questions:1. What are the differences between American friendship and friendship in other cultures?2. In what way does American friendship reflect depersonalization

37、in relationships? Difficult SentencenIndividuals may be disinclined to share a friend with other friends, since both the quality of friendship and the number of friends are considered limited and hence not to be squandered.nBecause people have a few friends and because they expect a total commitment

38、 to friendship, they value their friendship greatly and are reluctant to share a friend with other friends.2. Social RelationshipPara. 9 Impartial and objective relations vs. personalized interactionsFind answers to the following questions:1. What examples can reflect Americans impartial and objecti

39、ve social relations?2. What examples are given to show the personalized interaction of some cultures?Difficult SentencenExamples of personalized interaction are found in the paternal benevolence of the Japanese and Latin Americans, and the nepotism endemic to Asia, Africa, and Latin America.nBoth th

40、e paternal benevolence of the Japanese and Latin Americans, and the unfair use of power to get jobs or other benefits for family or friends, which is frequently found in Asia, Africa and Latin America, are typical examples of personalized interactions. 3. MotivationPara. 10 Achievement: a chief moti

41、vating force in American cultureFind answers to the following questions:1. What gives American culture a quality of “driveness”?2. Why should accomplishments be objective, visible and measurable?Difficult Sentencenan American is what an American achieves.nIn American culture, the identity or status

42、of an individual is defined by what he or she achieves.3. MotivationPara. 11 Personal achievement vs. ascriptionFind answers to the following questions:1. What do members of many other societies attribute particular meaning to?2. In what way does American culture differ from many other cultures?Diff

43、icult SentencenAmerican culture, then, emphasizes personal achievement through externally documented accomplishments while many other societies emphasize ascription with its attendant concern for the traditionally fixed status of the individual. nTo define self, Americans tend to put emphasis on per

44、sonal achievement which can be shown through external documents. However, in many other societies, people tend to emphasize an individuals ascription, such as his or her status or other backgrounds.ascriptionn“我爸是李刚”等流行语将社会转型期“二代”问题展示在公众面前日渐清晰的所谓“二代”概念，已经暗中锁定了社会资源分配的新圈子。在“二代”标签的背后，社会资源的畸形不均衡有目共睹，人们日

45、益担心，社会的优质资源将日益被少数人垄断，大部分人会失去改变自身命运的机会。n“不怕富二代飙车，就怕官二代飙官” ,对于目前愈演愈烈的“二代”现象，有网友这样总结。相比之下，“星二代”飙戏虽说还不能造成人命关天的社会危害，但因为平民子弟一开始就输在竞争的起跑线上，这样的现实，可能极大地挫伤一些年轻人奋发向上的信心。n正如社会学家所言，在一个有序运行的社会中，处于社会下层的个人或社会人群，可以通过自我奋斗向上发展。如果一个社会从下层向上流动的管道一一被堵塞，人们怎么努力也不能改变自己的命运，最终危及的，将是社会的价值体系和公平正义。3. MotivationPara. 12 American N

46、otion of failureFind answers to the following questions:1. What leads one to inquire about the notion of failure?2. What is the American attitude toward failure?Difficult SentencenFor Americans the concept is difficult to accept and hence is usually avoided or rationalized. nFor Americans the concep

47、t of failure is difficult to accept and hence they usually try to avoid it or think of reasons to explain or justify it. 4. Perception of the WorldPara 13 Separation of humans from natureFind answers to the following questions:1. What is the dominant perception of the world in American culture?2. Wh

48、at are the implications of such a perception?4. Perception of the WorldPara. 14 Inseparability and harmony of the worldFind answers to the following questions:1. What is the perception of people in some other parts of the world concerning human and nature?2. Based on such a perception, what should p

49、eople strive for?4. Perception of the WorldPara. 15 Optimism vs. fatalismFind answers to the following questions:1. Why is there a feeling of general optimism toward the future in American culture?2. Do all the people in the world share American optimism toward future?4. Perception of the WorldPara.

50、 16 Private propertyFind the answer to the following question: What forms cultural underpinnings for a strong and salient cultural concept of private property in America?5. Perception of Self and the IndividualPara. 17 Concept of an individualistic self: identityFind answers to the following questio

51、ns:1. Why do not Americans ordinarily question their concept of an individualistic self?2. Compared with other cultures, why is an individuals identity relatively diffuse?5. Perception of Self and the IndividualPara. 18 Self-autonomyFind answers to the following questions:1. How is the stress on ind

52、ividual reflected in the education of children?2. How can the concepts of freedom and self-autonomy be moderated?5. Perception of Self and the IndividualPara. 19 Consequence of stress on individual: resistance to formal authoritative controlFind answers to the following questions:1. What is an impor

53、tance consequence of American emphasis on the individual?2. What is the ideal authority for the Americans?5. Perception of Self and the IndividualPara. 20 Consequence of stress on individual: difficulty to be merged with a groupFind answers to the following questions:1. What causes it that ones self

54、-concept is not easily merged with a group?2. Why do Americans express concern about the non-person emphasis of a cause or abstract ideology? Explain with examples.Difficult SentencenThe American resists becoming lost in a group or expresses concern about the non-person emphasis of a cause or abstra

55、ct ideology. nWith emphasis on the individual, Americans are afraid of being lost in a group or they worry that a cause or abstract ideology that has no cleat reference to the individual might make their self lost. 5. Perception of Self and the IndividualPara. 21 Another dimension: wholeness-divisib

56、ilityFind answers to the following questions:1. What is the Americans view concerning the wholeness-divisibility of a person?2. In what way is the wholeness-divisibility of a person related to the Americans emphasis on objectives rather than personal relationships?Difficult SentencenAmericans tend t

57、o fragment personalities.nAmericans tend to break or separate personalities into different pieces of parts and treat these parts respectively. Case Study：Case 1nIt is sadly true that a lot of Chinese people would try the personal way when they feel that the official way cannot help them achieve what

58、 they want. To a very large extent, knowing someone who is in charge means a big advantage, as the Chinese place a lot of importance in giving each other “face” by trying to accommodate the person in need. In this case, though Guangrui did not initiate the idea of calling Ms Morin, he could not help

59、 thinking that it was Professor Stevens personal relation with Ms Morin that helped to convince her to change her mind about his project. Case 1nSure enough, such “help” is not given for nothing. Sooner or later, the person helped will have to return the favor in another form of help to the helper.

60、This has been an unpleasant practice that people have been trying to change.nMs Morin agreed with Professor Stevens because he presented his (and Guangruis) suggestions in a calm, rational approach. He had acknowledged her good intentions to help the project succeed, accepted the ideas he could, and made a reasona