牛津高一英语语法

1、牛津高中英语语法复习（模块1-4）语法复习一：定语从句（一）定义1)在复合句中（一个句子的某一成分由句子承当），修饰某一名词或代词从句叫定语从句或形容词从句；在句中起定语的作用.2)被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词antecedent1)The manwho lives next to us is a policeman.先行词关系代词定语从句2)You must do everythingthatI do.先行词关系代词定语从句(二 )：关系代词的作用;1.连接主句和从句。2.代表被修饰的先行词。3.在定语从句做一个句子成分。eg.This isthe roomwhichI lived in l

2、ast year.先行词关系代词定语从句(三 )：定语从句中有关系代词who, whom, whose, which, that, as.关系副词when, where, why等引导定语从句。（四）：用关系代词还是用关系副词关系代词起代词的作用，关系副词起副词的作用，因此同样的先行词，选用什么样的关系词，要由它在定语从句中担任的逻辑作用来决定。词行先行词充当成分who人主、宾、表关Whom人宾系That人 & 物主、宾、表代词Which物主、宾、表As物主、宾Whose=of whomof which人 & 物定语关When=atinonduring which时间状Wher

3、e=atinto which地点状系副Why=for which原因状词that 在口语中可以代替关系副词以上三者状This is the place where we work. （ vi. ） (关系词所做的成分关键是有从句中的动词来决定的)This is the place which we visited. (vt. )种类先行词关联词例句说明（人）在whoThis is the doctor who saved the who 在从句中做主语定从句中做boy s life .whom 在从句中做宾语，主语或宾这就是救了孩子生命的医生。口语中who 可以代替语She is the ne

4、w student whom I wantwhom ，也可以被省去，to introduce to you .但做介词宾语时只能用语她就是我要介绍给你的新学生whomwhichPlease pass me the book which is物lying on the table.从在从句中请递给我摆在桌上的那本书。which 在从句中做主语。做主语或The novel which Tom bought iswhich充当宾语时可以宾语very interesting.省去。汤姆买的小说很有意思。句Can you lend me the magazineabout which you talke

5、d yesterday?which做介词宾语不可你能把昨天谈到的那本杂志借给省我吗？whoseThe professor whose daughter teaches youwhose 在从句中做定English is Dr. Williams语定人那位教授是威廉斯他的女儿教你英语。指某人的也可以语或The professor, the daughter of whom用 of whom 代替从物teaches you English is Dr. Williams.whose句的The bike whose brake was damaged hasnow been repaired.指物时

6、也可以用 of那辆坏了闸的自行车现在已经修好了。which 代替 whose=The bike the brake of which was damagedhas now been repairedthatThe woman that is playing the piano is Missthat 指人做主语人Zhang.正在弹钢琴的那位妇女是张小姐。或I dlike to see the filmsthat are just on that 指物做主语show.我想看那些刚上映的电影。种类先行词关联词例句说 明物Theytalkedforaboutan hourofthings 先行词分别

7、表示人andpersonsthattheyrememberinthe 和物，关系代词要用all,little much和some,anyevery,no构成的合成代词人或物thatthatschool.他们谈起他们所记得起的学校里的人和事，谈了大约有半个小时。I ll tell you all(that )I know about it . 我要告诉你我所知道这件事的一切情况。Is there anything (that) I can do for you?有什么我可以帮助做的事吗？I ve brought everything (that )you need.我把你需要的东西都拿来了。Th

8、is is the best film that I have seen .that， 不用who或which先行词表示物， 关系代 词 用that不 用which,在 从 句 中做宾语可省去。如果先行词是人时， 关系代词不受制约，用that 或 who (whom)均可定人语从或句物时间注：先行词是这是我看过的最好的一部电影。先行词被形容词最The first place that we ll visit is Beijing 高级或序数词修饰Library.时定语从句用 that 引我们要参观的第一个地方是北京图书馆导。thatHe is the only person that is b

9、elievable.先行词被 the only,他是唯一可靠的人。the very,the same 等John is the very person that she wants to see.修饰时用关系代词约翰正是她要见的人。that.Who is the man that is talking with Tom ?正在和汤姆谈话的人是谁？Which of the books that you bought is easy to当主句以 who、whichread?开头的特殊疑问句你买的那些书中哪一本容易读。时，定语从句要用thatwhenHe came at a time when w

10、e. needed him 在定语从句中作时most.他在我们最需要的时候来了。间状语We ll never forget the day when the People sRepublic of China was founded.我们永远不会忘记中华人民共和国成立的那一天。time, minute, moment, next time很少用关系副词when,可用 that 但通常省去。whereThis is the room where he put up for the 在定语从句中作地点状语地点night.这就是他渡过夜晚的那房子。原因whyI know the reason why

11、 she studies so well .在定语从句中作原因状语理由我知道她学习好的原因。This is the place where work. （ vi. ） (关系词所做的成分关键是有从句中的动词来决定的)This is the place which we visited. (vt. )（五）：限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句从句与先行词的关系从句是先行词不可缺少的定从句只是对先行词的附加说语，如果省去，主句的意思就明，如果省去 ,主句的意思仍然会不完整或不明确。清楚或完整标 点从句和主句之间不用逗号分开从句和主句之间通常用逗号分开关指人 who

12、 (that) whom指人 who（作主语） whom（做系指物 which (that)宾语）代人和物 whose指物 which词关系代词在从句中作宾语时可人和物的 whose以省去关系代词一般不可省修饰从句只修饰一个名词或代词可以修饰一个名词或代词也可修饰整个主句翻译定语从句译在被修饰词的前面定语从句通常被译成另一个独立的句子限制性非限制性形式上无逗号有逗号内容上先行词不是唯一的先行词是唯一的，定语从句可有可无。关系词可用 that ,why. 作宾语可以省不可用 that ,why 。关系词一略律不省。先行词名词或代词名词或代词，也可以使整个句子汉语翻译译作定语译成并列句1二者差异比

13、较限制定语从句紧跟先行词，同先行词之间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词关系副词或定语从句仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用thatthat 引导。来引导。非限制性He has a brother who is a physicist.He has a brother, who is a physicist. ( 只有一个 )He returned all the books which are written in English.He returned all the books, which are written in English.I

14、 will wear no clothes which will be out of ordinary.I will wear no clothes, which will be out of ordinary.The man who lives next door is a doctor.My sister, who lives next door, is a doctor.I m sure I know the person who served me.Tom, who served us, is the owner of the restaurant.A student who stud

15、ies hard will make good progress.The student, who lives far from school, is the leader of their football match.（六）关系代词that 和which的区别<1> 只能用 that 的情况(1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none， few.等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用 which 。例如：All the people that are present b

16、urst into tears.Everything that we saw was interesting.I m interested in everything that I don t know.All that is needed is a supply of oil.(2) 如果先等词被all ,little none any, only, few, much, no, some, very等词修饰，关系代词常用that,不用 which.例如： I read all the books that you gave to me.This is the only money that

17、 I have in my pocket.All the money that was collected was given to the Hope Project.(3) 如果先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或者先行词是最高级时，关系代词常用that,不用This is the first book that was written in English.This is the last factory that I visited.This is the best film that I have ever seen.This is the funniest thing that I e

18、ver heard.(4) 如果先等词被the only ,the very , the same ,the last 修饰，关系代词常用that,不用 which.This is the only book that I really like.He was the only person in the office that was invited to the ball.(5) 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。而不用who, which.which 。例如：The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very

19、lovely.He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.(6)who ,which 开头的特殊疑问句中，关系代词用that.Who is the person that is standing there?Which of us that knows English doesn which of the novel do you like best?know this?t(7) 关系代词作表语时，关系代词用that.It took us many years to make the city that it is

20、today.He is not the man that he used to be.China isn t the country it used to be.(8) 先行词是奇数词或是序数词时，关系代词用that .(9) 当主句“ there be 开头“时，关系代词要用that 引导的定语从句修饰该句型的主语。There are four desks in the middle of the office that are used for the teachers.(10) 当先行词是“ to be“面的表语时关系代词用后that .This is the dictionary th

21、at was bought in the bookstore yesterday.<2> 只能用which的情况1) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。如：2)those/that +名词后的定语从句用which 引导。不能用关系代词that。3) 介词后只用 which(4) which 还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which 可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，不用 that.例如：He succeeded in the competition, which made

22、his parents very happy.(5)先行词是that 时，关系代词要用which.What s that which flashed in het sky just now?(6) 关系代词后面有插入语时，益用关系代词which.Here is the English grammar book which, as I have told you, will help to improve your English.<3> 只用 who, whom. 而不用 that 的情况(1) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody,

23、 someone, somebody, those, oneswhom ，不用which .that 。例如：等时，关系代词应该用who或Is there anyone here who will go with you?People all like those who have good manners.（ 2） 当先行词是指人的集合名词时，如果作这个名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which; 若是指集体中的各个成员，则用 who。Mr. Smith came to visit my family, who were watching TV then.Our class, which i

24、s a very good one, was praised again at the meeting.(3)当先行词有较长的后置定语或者在被分割的定语从句中，宜用关系代词whoPro. Wang is coming soon who will give us a talk on how to learn English.(4) 当先行词用 -body 或 -one 构成的复合不定代词时，关系代词用We d better not believe in anyone who we don t know.(5) 当先行词是一个限定性的表示人的特定名词时，常用whowhoThe aunt/uncle

25、 who came to see us last week is my brother s sister.（七） “介词关系代词“是一个普遍使用的结构(1) “介词关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without等，关系代词只可用whom 或 which, 不可用Who is the comrade with whom you shook hands?He works in a factory, in front of which there is a riverGive me the b

26、ook the cover of which is red(the cover of which=whose cover)“介词关系代词“结构中的介词可以是in,that 。其中 whom 代表人， which 代表物(2) from where 为 “介词关系副词 “结构，但也可以引导定语从句（不常用）。例如：We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town.（ 3） * 关系代词前的介词如何确定？A. 依据定语从句中动词的某种习惯搭配Mr. Smith bought a new house on which he

27、 spent all his money.B.依据先行词的某种习惯搭配确定There was no way in which it could be bought back to the earth. ( in this way)C.根据所表达的意思确定The gas with which doctors can save the patients is called oxygen.The gas without which we can not live is called oxygen.(4)* 注意关系代词的位置介词在关系代词前时，只能用which和 whom 不能用 that 代替，也

28、不可省略；介词在句尾时，关系代词可which ,that ,whom,who,都行，而且还可以省略。This is the drawer in which I put my letters.= This is the drawer (which/that )I put my letters in.Have you seen the pen with which I wrote letters this morning?= Have you seen the pen (which/that) I wrote letters with this morning?所以一个句子有时有多种用法如：那就是

29、他工作的大学This is the college at which he works.This is the college that/which he works at.This is the college where he works.但像 listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of 等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：This is the boy whom she has taken care of.This is the book which /that I am lookin

30、g for.This is the girl I have been looking for the whole afternoon.（八）whose 引导从句的意义1）指人 =of whom表示所修饰的“某（些）人的用做所修饰的先行词的所有格。A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.2) 指物 =of which 表所修饰的“某物的“I live in the room whose window faces south.I live in the room, the window of which faces south( who

31、se +从句可以用“ of which + 从句”代替 )（九） As 与 which是有区别的A)相同之处：都可以用来引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面的主句所表达的内容。which 可做宾语或表语He failed once more in the match, which was a great pity.He succeeded in the composition, which made his parents very happy.B)区别：1） as 引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之

32、后。例如：1) As we all know, Galileo s theory of falling objects is right.= Galileo s theory of falling objects, as we all know, is right= Galileo s theory of falling objects is right, weas all know.2) He was thrown into prison, which got round throughout our village3) As is expected, the England team wo

33、n the football match.4) The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.5) He was late again, which made me unhappy6) As you know, he is good at English.2.） as有“如” 、“正如” 、“像” 、“正像”的含义， which 没有。 后面的谓语动词多是 see, know, expect, say, mention, report 等。Bob did an excellent job, as we had expected.O

34、ur team won the game, which made us happy.As is known to all, Taiwan is part of China.We are facing the same problems as we did years ago.We are facing the problems which we faced years ago.We hope to get such a tool as he is using.We hope to get the tool which he is using.3.) as 在引导限制性定语从句多与such 或

35、the same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。thesame assuch .asThis is the same story as he told me.I hope to get such a book as he is using4).as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于which 。可代表一个句子。例如：The elephant s nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.5).as 做主语时，其后必跟系动词，而which 无此限制The meeting was put off, as was what we wanted

36、.He was murdered, as seemed true.6)as 引导从句时，从句语义必须和主句一致She was married again, which was unexpectedShe was married again, as was unexpected 77） the same as与 the same .that 的区别：前者修饰的是原物同样的而后者修饰的就是先行词This is the same watch as I lost. 这和我丢的那一只手表是一样的。This is the dame watch that I lost. 着就是我丢的那一只手表。（十）什么时

37、候that 可以省略？1) 引导同位语从句，主语从句，表语从句不能省略，且不做成分。The name“whitewater” comes from the fact that the water in these streams and rivers looks white when it moves quickly.It s knownto all that light travels in straight lines. ( that置后可一省略 )The reason for his absence was that he was ill. ( 有时可省，一般不省)2）宾语从句中可以省略

38、I don t think (that) you are right.3） that 只有在定语从句中做成分，可做主、宾、表语。（十一）关系代词做主语，谓语动词的单复数取决于先行词而不是关系代词。I want to see the film that is on show.The students who don t study hard will not pas the exam.(十二 )one of the与 the one of the做先行词时谓语不一致。Li Bai is one of the greatest poets that have lived in China.Li B

39、ai is the one of the greatest poets that has lived in China.This is one of the books that I have been written in Chinese.This is the only one of the books that has been written in Chinese.He is one of the boys who are willing to do it.He is the only one of the boys who is willing to do it.（十三）关系副词引导

40、的定语从句1关系副词也可以引导定语从句关系副词在从句中分别表示时间地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语，where充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。1)when表示时间,充当时间状语when=on/ in/ of /at +whichI still remember the day when I join the partyI will never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.但注意 ：1.当先行词是表地点：place ,room, mountain, airport 等时间： time, day,year, month,

41、 week, 等原因： reason等名词时 ,并且分别在句中做地点、时间、原因状语时，应用where ,when ,why 引导。但是如果如果表示时间地点原因的名词不做状语，而是做主语，宾语，或者表语时，必须用关系代词that /which 来引导而不是用where 等。I still remember the day that we spent together 。May 1 is the day that I will never forget。The Yangtze Gorges is a beautiful place (that /which) people all over th

42、e world look forward to visiting.长江三峡是个美丽的地方，全世界的人都渴望来参观。The moment (that /which) I turned around, she had left and disappeared in the crowd.Is this the reason that he gave us for being late?This is the factory that we visitedThat is the house that he lived in.The place that we had been to was far.T

43、he shop that /which we saw is beautiful.2.当先行词为by the time ,any time , the way, every time, the firsttime ,the last timeThis is the last time that I shall give you a lesson.The first time I saw him was in 1980By the time he was 14 he had learned advanced mathematics但如果 time 前无修饰语 ,关系词用thatwhen 均可I w

44、ill never forgot the time when (that) we met for the first time.3. 当先行词为way 时，关系词用in which ,that,或省略 .This is the way that/ in which /不加he smiles.时，关系词不用when 而用that.或省略但注意：4.why表示原因（现行词只有一个reason），做原因状语。Why= for whichThat is the reason why he was late.（十四）学生容易出现的问题。1.在定语从句中多加了宾语，如：Some of the boys I

45、 invited them didnSome of the boys I invited didnIs this the horse you drew it yesterday?Is this the horse you drew yesterday? t come. t come.2.把定语从句的动词的单复数弄错。Those who has finished may leave the classroom now.They key opens the room is missing.Those who have finished may leave the classroom now.Thi

46、s is one of the rivers in China which flows northward.This is one of the rivers in China which flows northward.3. 省略了定语从句中做主语的关系代词。Children eat a lot of sugar often get bad teeth.Children who eat a lot of sugar often get bad teeth.They key opens the room is missing.They key which/that opens the room

47、 is missing.4. 定语从句中加了多余的关系副词或者是介词。This is the time at when he s more likely to be in.This is the time when he s more likely to be in.This is the time at which he s more likely to be in.（十五）代有插入语的定语从句who 与 whom 的选用。担主语成分时用who , 担 宾格成分时用whom方法：要区分是定语从句中的插入语还是主谓结构。Jason is a man who (I believed) is ho

48、nest.( 去掉仍成立 )Jason is a man whom I believe to be honest.做宾语The girl who we supposed was drowned came back.The girl who we supposed to be drowned came back.（十六）什么时候宜用非限制性定语从句1） 当先行词是专有名词时，通常用非限制性定语从句，它本身就具有特殊性，无需在加限定。Shenzhen, which is in South China, is developing rapidly.My house, which I bought l

49、ast year, has got a garden .Mr. Smith bought a new house on which he spent all his money.2) 当先行词是具有某一特征的人或者物中的一个，但跟非限制从句时则表示唯一的一个，compare:Her room has a window which faces south.Her room has a window, which faces south.I have a brother who is working in Beijing.I have a brother, who is working in Beijing.3.当先行词表示类属意义，即表示某类动物，事物或人时，其后所跟的定语从句一般是非限制性的。A sleep is a useful animal, whose wool has many uses.Football, which is a very interesting game, is now played all over