消费者行为的全球趋同研究

1、消费者行为的全球趋同研究global convergence和global divergencepart 1 theoretical foundationsdavid mayer-foulkes. global divergence. centro de investigación y docencia económicas (cide) - division of economics, vol. 9, 2002.they used the sample of non-mainly-petroleum-exporting countries having market ec

2、onomies during the period 1960-1997 and divided them into five clusters of countries by a regression clustering algorithm according to the levels and rates of change of income and life expectancy. the five clusters correspond to advanced countries, especially fast growing countries, and three tiers

3、of less developed countries with qualitatively different development paths. they showed that the following properties hold for these clusters. 1) growth rates across groups of countries are globally divergent; some successive groups converge while most diverge. 2) income inequality between these gro

4、ups of countries has increased while income inequality within the groups has remained almost unchanged. 3) the five groups of countries exhibit beta and sigma income divergence between groups and convergence within groups. besides, the implied steady state growth rates across groups of countries are

5、 globally divergent, the five-club convergence model is much more significant than the one-club model, and the distributions of country-specific convergence regression coefficients are significantly different across groups of countries. the convergence found within groups is consistent with the rela

6、tive convergence (to steady state trajectories) found in the literature. however, relative convergence only means that there are a series of perhaps distinct, local equilibrium processes going on. indeed, these may themselves be due to economic forces that prevent global convergence. the empirical f

7、acts are consistent only with theories of economic growth explaining divergence and proposing multiple steady states or other explanations for prolonged transitions such models usually reflect advantages of the rich and disadvantages of the poor. ulbe bosma and roger knight. global factory and local

8、 field: convergence and divergence in the international cane-sugar industry, 1850-1940. international institute voar social geschiedenis, 2004they argued that the single most important fact about nineteenth-century sugar industries was the degree of technological convergence that came to characteriz

9、e their manufacturing sectors, regardless of the type of labour involved. a revisiting of the literature of the past twenty-five years, both in the new and oldworlds, suggests that historians have yet fully to come to terms with the global character of this convergence and with the question of why c

10、onvergence in the factory had no parallel in the field, where there continued to be a striking global divergence between the means and modes by which the industry was supplied with raw material. this problem in the recent historiography of the subject also highlights issues relating to the proletari

11、anization of labour and the assumption that industrial capitalist modernity was inextricably associated with the development of free labour. more specifically, it draws attention to major flaws in the terms of reference of the now classic debate about the nexus between technological change and the p

12、redominant forms of labour in the caribbean production area. in so doing, it underlines the need for a global rather than simply regional approach to the dynamics of change in the international sugar industry of the late colonial era.kath moseri; vladimir shkolnikov; david a. leon. world mortality 1

13、9502000: divergence replaces convergence from the late 1980s international bulletin of the world health organization, vol.83, no.3, 2005.they draw a conclusion that although in one sense the world has become a better place as mortality declines, in another way it has become worse as the distribution

14、 of life expectancy at birth worldwide has started to diverge; this indicates that global inequality in mortality is increasing. so far this divergence is relatively small and has been of limited duration compared with the earlier convergence. what is not clear is whether the divergence will continu

15、e or become larger or whether it will be reversed. moreover, there are worrying signs that unless action is taken the global divergence in childhood mortality will be seen for the first time (2, 21). it is essential that policy-makers address these serious developments. the direction of future trend

16、s depends upon action today. they also put forward that future global progress should be judged not only in terms of whether overall life expectancy continues to improve but also according to whether mortality convergence can be re-established and accelerated. the dispersion measure of mortality off

17、ers a simple summary measure that can be used to monitor progress in this direction.j. janewa oseitutu. value divergence in global intellectual property law, vol. 87, no.10, 2011.they studied and concluded that it is a challenge for the united states to adequately protect the interests of its intell

18、ectual property industries. it is particularly difficult to effectively achieve this objective when the interests of the united states are not in line with the social, cultural and economic goals of other nations. yet, as a major exporter of intellectual property protected goods, the united states h

19、as an interest in negotiating effective international intellectual property agreements that are perceived to be legitimate by the state signatories and their constituents. focusing on value divergence, their paper contributes to the growing body of literature on developing a robust but flexible glob

20、al intellectual property system. their paper argued that the trade-based approach to global intellectual property law undermines the apparent gains made in this area because it promotes a utilitarian economic view of intellectual property law while minimizing other values. trade-based intellectual p

21、roperty also reduces the need for intellectual property interests to align, and therefore fails to achieve mutually beneficial agreement on substantive intellectual property law and policy.alekh agarwal, sahand n. negahban, martin j. wainwright. fast global convergence of gradient methods for high-d

22、imensional statistical recovery. journal of marketing, vol. 2, no.1, 2011they argued that many statistical estimators are based on convex optimization problems formed by the combination of a data-dependent loss function with a norm-based regularizer. we analyze the convergence rates of projected gra

23、dient and composite gradient methods for solving such problems, working within a high-dimensional framework that allows the data dimension to grow with (and possibly exceed) the sample size. this high-dimensional structure precludes the usual global assumptions-namely, strong convexity and smoothnes

24、s conditions-that underlie much of classical optimization analysis. they define appropriately restricted versions of these conditions, and show that they are satisfied with high probability for various statistical models. under these conditions, their theory guarantees that projected gradient descen

25、t has a globally geometric rate of convergence up to the temphstatistical precision of the model, meaning the typical distance between the true unknown parameter and an optimal solution there. this result is substantially sharper than previous convergence results, which yielded sublinear convergence

26、, or linear convergence only up to the noise level. our analysis applies to a wide range of estimators and statistical models, including sparse linear regression using lasso (shell_1$-regularized regression); group lasso for block sparsity; log-linear models with regularization; low-rank matrix reco

27、very using nuclear norm regularization; and matrix decomposition. overall, our analysis reveals interesting connections between statistical precision and computational efficiency in high-dimensional estimation.john c. coffee jr. the future as history: the prospects for global convergence in corporat

28、e governance and its implications. columbia law school center for law and economic studies working paper, vol. 114, no.2, 1999comparative research has shown that, even at the level of the largest firms, corporate ownership structure tends to be highly concentrated, with dispersed ownership structure

29、s characterizing only the american context. what explains these national boundaries between dispersed and concentrated ownership structures? earlier in this decade, several authors (most notably, mark roe) proposed "political" theories of corporate finance under which dispersed ownership w

30、as viewed as largely the result (in the u.s.) of regulatory constraints imposed on the development of financial intermediaries. under this view, a deep-rooted american political ideology disfavored concentrated financial power, with the alleged result that the berle/means model of the firm (with its

31、 characteristic "separation of ownership and control") became dominant in the u.s. (but not elsewhere). more recently, economists working on the privatization of transitional economies have focused on the difficulties in establishing viable securities markets. based on survey data, they ha

32、ve concluded that common law regimes vastly outperform civil law regimes in fostering the development of equity markets. even if this research is still at a preliminary stage, this data suggests an alternative "legal" hypothesis for the observed dichotomy between concentrated and dispersed

33、 ownership: namely, only those legal systems that provide significant protections for minority shareholders can sustain active equity markets. maciel, maria cristina. a global convergence theory for a general class of trust region algorithms for equality constrained optimization. 1993their work is c

34、oncerned with global convergence results for a broad class of trust region sequential quadratic programming algorithms for the smooth nonlinear programming problem with equality constraints. the family of algorithms to which their results apply is characterized by very mild conditions on the normal

35、and tangential components of the steps that its members generate. the normal component must predict a fraction of cauchy decrease condition on the quadratic model of the linearized constraints. the tangential component must predict a fraction of cauchy decrease condition on the quadratic model of th

36、e lagrangian function associated with the problem in the tangent space of the constraints. the other main characteristic of this class of algorithms is that the trial step is evaluated for acceptance by using as merit function the fletcher exact penalty function with a penalty parameter specified by

37、 el-alem. the properties of the step together with the way that the penalty parameter is chosen allow us to establish that while the algorithm does not terminate, the sequence of trust region radii is bounded away from zero and the nondecreasing sequence of penalty parameters is eventually constant.

38、 as an example they present an algorithm which can be viewed as a generalization of the steihaug-toint dogleg method for the unconstrained case. it is based on a quadratic programming algorithm that uses as feasible point a step in the normal direction to the tangent space of the constraints and the

39、n does feasible conjugate reduced-gradient steps to solve the quadratic program.douglas m. branson. the very uncertain prospect of 'global' convergence in corporate governance. cornell international law journal, vol. 34, p. 321, 2001they argued that u.s. style corporate governance, with its

40、requirements for truly independent directors who will confront and remove badly performing ceos, and which has as an element lawsuits brought by activist shareholders, is simply inappropriate for many cultural settings. post confucian and feudal value systems in countries such as indonesia, the peop

41、le's republic of china, india, and others represent insurmountable barriers to importation of u.s. style corporate governance. many other societies reject all or most u.s. or westernizing influences. convergence advocates "one size fits all" approach is culturally insensitive in the ex

42、treme. the dominant forms of capitalism in the world are family capitalism and other forms of "embedded capitalism" in which the economy is perceived to be part of and subservient to the society rather than the other way around. value and governance systems emerging from the laissez faire

43、eras in the united states and england during the 1980s, which appeared only once before in history (in mid victorian england), simply are not reflective of reality in most other societies in the world, including even many european societies in which family and embedded capitalism predominate and are

44、 resistant to change. susan p. douglas, yoram wind. the myth of globalization. 1987he proposed some assumptions that the demands and purchasing orientations are getting much more similar than before, which is mainly shown by the selecting and preference on the price, characteristics, features, etc.

45、he argued that even in nations where free trade and markets have spurred growth, the net results of globalization have not reached the majority. globalization defined as the “economic, social, political and environmental integration of nations” creates some major imbalances in a world system increas

46、ingly based on liberal market economies. the promise of market access is a distraction that has served to create a myth of prosperity. this research seeks to raise issues regarding the impact of globalization on north-south imbalances highlighting the crucial gaps in the globalization process. initi

47、ally, the research outlines the parameters and theories surrounding the globalization process and then progresses on to demonstrate the imbalances of the global system, highlighting the key areas of impact that adversely affect the development of southern nations. using india's economic liberali

48、zation as a case in point, his thesis attempts to unveil the growing myth of prosperity that is being propagated in relation to the issues of globalization and the south. theodore levitt. the globalization of markets. 1983he thought that it was the development of technologies, such as the informatio

49、n technology, transportation technology, that drove the world to become common. people from isolated places will share similar demands and experiences, which would drive he global market to be more assimilative. he then used hundreds of examples to prove that so many outstanding firms had paid atten

50、tion on their customers, in order to offer better products with a globalized view. in this article, acer tried to build separate organization for marketing/local responsiveness (rbus) and for production/efficiency (sbus), and have knowledge networks follow a “pull system” on an “as needed” basis (li

51、ke its production system) he find the problems that rbus knew the market but didn't know how to access needed knowledge in sbus, didn't have power to get it once they knew what they needed. case illustrates the difficulty of building cross-border networks and need for time and resources to b

52、uild them.这两篇原文没有看到，自己在网上找的，可能略有出入吧，请见谅。keillor, b.d. & fields, d.m. perceptions of a foreign service offering in an overseas market. journal of international consumer marketing, 1996, 9, pp83-104.they pointed out that the culture was a key factor which had influences on customer behavior. they

53、found that customers with various culture backgrounds tend to have different perspectives on products. this definitely resulted in different cognitions, attitudes and affections in customer behaviors. they also proposed that, when multi-joints made marketing strategies, the culture characteristics o

54、f the target market should be taken into consideration.marslow. hierarchy of needshe proposed that in the american society where there exist strong individualism, consumers will rely more on public information on the mass media purchases, rather than the individual verbal propaganda when they were i

55、n purchase; they would make their own decision according to their substantive needs. so their purchase behavior is more rational and pragmatic. however, the chinese consumers who have strong collectivist characteristic will put more emphasis on the personal opinions of their relatives, friends, coll

56、eagues when they are in search of products information, and sometimes they will suppress their buying preferences with considering the view of their families. in the some developing countries, consumers are likely to pursue high levels of demand even when their basic needs are not met.solomon. consp

57、icuous consumption, 1994he named this above said kind of consumer behavior as conspicuous consumption behavior. in a research report on the indian consumer behavior analysis, he studied the indian potlach party which is a way to invite friends to have a dinner. in potlach party, the host family show

58、s off their wealth by giving extravagant or exaggerated gift to guests. the luxury and amount of the gift show that the hosts noble identity and the status. sometimes, in potlach party, the host family will damage their property to show the rich. professor solomon also found that, in some third worl

59、d countries, consumers would be scrimp and save to buy a refrigerator, even though there was almost nothing can be refrigerated. because refrigerator will make them feel a sense of security and a certain social status and let them feel self-respect. many similar studies showed that consumer behaviors which are born in different national cultures are quite different from each other. this is exactly the source of the international marketing theory that multinational companies should keep a keen observation and quick adaptation on the differences of the national