译林牛津高中英语教学（选修6）u3_语法

1、虚拟语气在英文句子中，谓语动词的语气是用来表示说话人对所讲内容的态度、看法以及心情等。 英文句子中谓语动词的语气有三种：a) 直陈语气(the indicative mood)直陈语气用于直截了当地陈述事实、描述状态：he has published quite a number of essays this year .他今年已发表了好儿篇论文。b) 祈使语气(the impenitive mood)祈使语气用于提出请求、命令、建议或是劝告等：1) wait outside until you are asked.请在外面等候，请你进再进去。2) let's just take a

2、break, shall we?我们休息一会儿,好吗？c) 虚拟语气(the subjunctive mood)虚拟语气用于表示主观愿望和假设的虚拟情况。虚拟语气不太顾及事实的存在，它表现 11!说话人的主观因素比较多。所以说话人所讲的内容往往是与事实相反的；或是其实现的可 能性微乎其微，甚至于没有实现的可能性。当然，有时为了使说话的语气客气、缓和、委婉, 也使用虚拟语气例如：1) i wish you were more careful .但愿你更细心一些。2) if i had more money, i would buy a bigger apartment.我要是有再多一点钱，我就买

3、一套更大一些房子。3) would you mind shutting the door?劳驾您把门关上。虚拟语气是英语语法中的难点。考生应主要掌握虚拟语气在下列情况下的用法： 虚拟语气在虚拟条件句屮的用法； 在宾语从句中的用法； 在壮语从句中的用法； 及主语从句、同位语从句、表语从句屮的用法； 在一些特殊句型中的用法等。用于非真实条件句中的虚拟语气几种情况。条件句分为两种：真实条件句和非真实条件句。 与现在事实相违背1) if i had time, i would certainly join you in the tennis match.(事实是：我没有时间)我要是有时间肯定和你一起打

4、这场网球比赛。2) if i were you, i would put her suggestion into account.(事实是：我并不是你)我要是你，我会考虑她的建议的。 与过去事实相违背1) if i hadn't been caught by something, i would have come to your party yesterday.(事实是：我昨天被某些事缠住了)我昨天要不是被些事缠住了，我就会去参加你们的聚会了。2) if he had taken my advice, he might not have made such a bad mistake

5、.(事实是：他没有听我的建议)要是他听进了我的劝告就不会犯这么严重的错误了。 与未来事实相违背1) if i should have a chance to try it, i would do it in another way.(假设的情况不大可能发生)要是我有机会试一试，我会用另一种方法做的。2) even if they were to fail, they wouldn't lose courage.(说话人不希望假设的情况发生)即使他们万一失败，他们也不会泄气。熟悉并掌握好下面的基本句式:条件从句主句与现在事实相违背过去式（动词是be用were）should/would +

6、 动词原形与过去事实相违背had +过去分词would/should + have + 过去分词与未来事实相违背1）should +动词原形2）were +动词不定式3）过去式（动词是be也可以用were）would/should + 动词原形需要注意以下几点：1. 省略if的几种情况，当条件状语从句的谓语部分含有had、should、或、vere时，就将这 样的词had、should、或were搬到句首把句子写成倒装句而将连词if省略。例如：1) if you were the manager here, what would you do?=were you the manager her

7、e, what would you do?你若是这里的经理，你会怎么办？2) if he should act like that again, he would be fired immediately.=should he act like that again, he would be fired immediately. 要是他再那样做，他会被立即解雇的。3) if we had time to spare, we would be glad to go to the park=had we time to spare, we would be glad to go to the pa

8、rk.如果能抽11!吋问，我们很乐意逛公园。4) if it were not for the discovery of electricity, the modern world would experienee great inconvenience =were it not for the discovery of electricity, the modern world would experience great inconvenience 假如没有发现电，现代世界将很不方便。2. 含蓄条件句有时为了表达的需要，在虚拟语气中并不总是111现if引导的条件句，而通过其他手段来 替代条

9、件句. 用介词短语替代条件句。常用介词有with, without, but for等女口： 1) we couldnft have succeeded without your help (=if we hadnrt got your help).2) but for the rain(=if it hadn't been for the rain), we would have finished the work.3) without air, there would be no life on the earth.要是没有空气，地球上就不会有生命了。4) but for your

10、 help, the little boy would have been drowned要是没有你们的帮助，那个小男孩早就淹死了。5) we could have done the work better in that case要是那样的话，我们本可以把工作干得更好一些的。(2)用一个副词或连词but / otherwise /or等表示虚拟条件和真实情况交织在一句中如：1) he telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or (=if he hadn't telephoned to inform me of your birthday)

11、i would have known nothing about it.2) there might have been a terrible accident, but he braked the car before it was too late.=if he hadnl braked the car before it was too late3) he would have come to see you earlier but he just came back from his business trip .(本句 中 的上下文是：but he just came back fr

12、om his business trip,表示：要是他在家没出差的话) 他本来早就来看你了，可他却出差刚刚回来。4) but that you helped me, i would have failed in the experiment.(本句中的上下文是：but that you helped me,表示：要不是有你帮助我)要没有你帮助我, 我的试验本做不成功的。(3) be动词在表示与现在事实相反的从句中一般用wereo在非正式情况下，第一、第三人 称后偶尔也用was女li: if he were you, he would go at once.主句中的should通常用于第一人称w

13、ould, could以及might可以用于各种人称 在表示与将来事实相反的条件句中，只能用should,而不能用would, could和might等 女u: if it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping.(should rain 也可以用 rained, were to rain 代替)(6)错综时间非真实条件句中的虚拟语气在错综条件句子中，虚拟条件从句和主句动作发生的时间不一致，因此，主句和从句的 谓语动词应根据所指的吋问选用适当的虚拟语气形式。例如：1) if i were you, i would n't have m

14、issed the film last night.如果我是你，我就不会错过昨天晚上的那部电影。(从句与现在事实相反，主句与过去事实相反。)2) if he had followed the doctor's advice, he would recover already.如果他遵照医生的劝告，现在病就好了。(从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。)3) if the boy hadn't been saved this afternoon, his family would not be in peace now.如果那个男孩今天下午没有被救，他的家现在就不会如此安宁。4

15、) if the machine were in good conditions, we would have used it in our last experiment.要是这台机器情况良好，我们上次就将它用于试验了。5) if you were to visit hainan in two days, i could arrange for some of my friends there to meet you at the airport.假如你过两天去海南，我现在就可以安排我在那儿的刖友去机场接你。 当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为”错综时 间条

16、件句”动词的形式要分别根据它所表示的不同时间作相应的调整。【练习题】一、单选题a note to him.b. had known; would have sent1. if iwhere he lived, ia knew; wouldc. know; would sendd. knew; would have sent2. mary is ill today. if she, shea. were not ill; wouldn't bec. had been ill; should have been3 if you had enough money, whata will yo

17、u buyabsent from school.b. had been ill; wouldn't have beend. hadn't been ill; could be9b. would you buyc would you have boughtd will you have bought5. 1him the answerpossible, but i was so busy then.a. could tell; if it had beenb. must have told; were itc. should have told; had it beend. sh

18、ould have told; should it be6. you didn't take his advicehis advice, yousuch a mistake.a. had you taken; wouldn't have madeb. if you had taken; would makec. were you lo take; shouldn't have maded. have you taken; won t have made7. if he, hethat food.luckily he was sent to the hospital im

19、mediately.a. was warned; would not takeb. had been warned; would not have takenc. would be warned; had not takend. would have been warned; had not taken8. 1 didn't see your sister at the meeting if she, she would have met my brothe匚a. has comeb. did comec. camed. had come9. jane would never have gone to the partythat mary would come to see he匚a. has she known b. had she known c讦 she know d. if she has known10.1 dicing know his telephone numbe匚it, ithen.a. had i