公共管理国外名著选读考点

1、公共管理国外名著选读考点公共管理国外名著选读考点名词解释：5*4 '1.Glass ceiling exists over womenand minoritiesthat allows themto think they can adva nee into man ageme nt levels where in realitymallthey are discrim in ated aga in st. Thus only a disproporti on ate, s perce ntage of woma n and mino rities make it into man ag

2、eme nt roles.2.Affirmative acti on was created to give certa in group ing of people prefere nee over others to compe nsate for past discrim in atio opp onents of affirmative acti on.3.Prin cipalage nt theory: Whe nin dividual are not always in formedadequately, they have not the technical skills to

3、make decisions that will serve their best in terests. Others have the compete nee and in formatio n to make decisi on on behalf of theprin cipal in thepri nciple's in terests.4.Strategic man ageme nt: is an approach to man agi ng an orga ni zati on that emphasizes Ion g-term thi nking and, as th

4、e term states, managing strategically in stead of reactively or in tuitively.5.Public pers onnel man ageme nt is "the man ageme nt of a system whereby public age ncies recruit, compe nsate, and discipli ne their employees. The system is no rmally characterized by a watchdog differe ntiati on be

5、twee n the structures that perform pers onneltasks and structures that protect employee's rights and in sulate the process from politics."6.The complia nee audit is the simplest and most com mon form of scrutiny of p public agencies. An auditor checks whether financal tran sacti ons un dert

6、ake n by a public age ncy comply with releva ntfinancial laws and regulations.7. A balanee budget would be one in which revenues and expenditures for the coming year are equal, without the need to borrow to makeup for a deficit or funds shortfall.8. EEO: Equal employme nt opport unity was intend to

7、create a levelplay ing field by giving every one and equal cha nee at educatio n and employme nt.9. Strategic planningis the all important first step in strategicman ageme nt. It ide ntify the effects of curre nt decisi on on future operati on.10. Leadership: Theacti on of who, whether elected, appo

8、 in ted, oremerg ing by group consen sus, directs, coord in ates, and supervises the work of others for the purpose of accomplish ing a give n task.简答题5*6 '1. The four central issues in organization behavior:(1) Social pressure cause in dividual group member to con form.(2) Educative work teams

9、do n urtured.no t just happe n, they must be builtand16a gover nment age ncy requires broadto military tactics and strategiescope tha n(3) Making major changes in strategies that are similar to orga ni zati on theory.(4) If an orga ni zatio n is to be become and rema in effective, its members must e

10、n gage in gen erative lear nin g, lear ning that enhance our capacity to create.2. The tenets of classical organization theory:(1) Organization exist to accomplish production-related and econo mic goals(2) there is one best way to organize for production, and that way can be found through systematic

11、, scientific inquiry.for(3) Production is maximized through specializationand division labor.(4) People and organizationact in accordanee with rational economicprin ciples.3. F(1)(2)(3)(4)ur con diti ons for successful team build ing:In terdepe ndenceLeadershipJoint decisi onEqual in flue nee4.e key

12、 purpose of the budgetary process:(1)auth(2)(3)(4)(5)Con trol over public money and acco un tability to public ity.Predictability and pla nningRelati ng expe nditure to reve nueVarying spe nding to suit the economyusing the budget as a lever for efficie ncy.5. Four over-arching principles define the

13、 IGR:(1) Constitutional government(2) Formal federalism(3) the diversity of government(4) Pervasive democracy6. Measurement for evaluating the productivity agency:(1) a comprehensive set of scrutiny mechanisms designed to examine performa nce and productivity(2) Detect and expose fraud or lack of co

14、mpliance with financial man dates.(3) Assesses and evaluate broader issues to do with program effective ness.7. Main purposes of codes of ethics:(1) Codes of ethics aid in the formation of a professionalconsensus.(2) Codes of ethics provide a point of referenee when a public admi nistrator is faced

15、with a dilemma.(3) Codes of ethics provide a basis for educating members.8. Four models of government that underlie current public sector reform proposal:(1) Market government(2) Participative government(3) Flexible government(4)Deregulated gover nment9. The new public management:(1)Privatization of

16、 many government activities(2)Down siz ing of public bureaucracies(3)and emphasis on government making policy rather than deliveringservces(4)Greater use of non profits in service delivery(5)Deregulatio n(6)Reduced bureaucratic complexity(7)the decline of the politically neutral career public servic

17、e(8)and emphasis on measuri ng report ing and reward ing performa nee10.Hierarchy of ethics:(1) Personal morality(2) Professional ethics(3) Organizational ethics(4) Social ethics翻译：3*10'ChapterlPublic administration refers to two distinguishable but closely related activities:(1) a professional

18、practice (vocation, occupation, field of activity) and (2) an academic field which seeks to understand, develop, criticize, and improve that professional practice as well as to train individuals for that practice. The simple meaning of the term is quite direct: itrefers on the one hand to the admini

19、stration or managementof matters which have principally to do with the society, polity and its subparts which are not esse ntially private, familial, commercial, orindividualistic, and on the other hand to the disciplined study of suchwithmatters. In this simplest meaning public administrationhas to

20、 doman agi ng the realm of gover nmen ted and other public activities. This simple defi niti on conv eys the esse nee of public admi nistratio n and probably covers the vast majority of activities and concerns of con temporary public adm ini strati on.公共管理涉及两种明显不同但又紧密联系的活动：(1) 职业领域(职业、工作、活动领域)致力于了解，

21、发展、批评和提高这种职业培训的学术领域。这个术语的简单含义是非常直接的：一方面，它指主要与社会、政治组织、以及其 分支有关的事务，而这些分支基本上不是私人家庭、商业和个人的。另一方面，它指对这些事物的严谨研究。就其最简单的意义来说，公共管理涉 及政府和其他公共活动的管理。这个简单的定义表达了公共管理的本质，也可能包含了当代公共管理的大部分问题和活动Chapter2The term "administrationstate ” is intend to convey several realitiesof con temporary gover nment: that a great

22、deal of the society's resources are spe nt on the salaries and fun cti ons of public administration; that public administration are crucial to the operati on of con temporary gover nment; that, as a whole, they are politically powerful and that the n ati on has decided on a course of attempting

23、to solve its problem and achieve its aims through the use of admi nistrative acti on.“行政型国家”这一术语是表达当代政府的若干现实。大量的社会资源被浪 费在了公共行政部门所开销的薪酬和行政活动中。公共部门的管理者对当代 政府的运作是至关重要的；作为一个整体，公共部门的管理者同时拥有行政 权力；国家通常采用行政的方法试图来解决他们遇到的问题，以及实现相应 的目标。Chapter5The system of federalism was established by the con stituti on. Jam

24、es Bryce expla in s:" it has long bee n agreed that the only possible form of government for American is a federal one." The chief deter native to a federal system of government is a unitary system, as in Franceor Japan, where there are no state government and all significantpowerlies with

25、 the national government. Such system may be good for getting things done and for focus ing acco un tability. They avoid overlap and duplicati on levels of gover nment or complex system of federal state finan cial relati ons. But non-un itary federal system offer great strengths in terms of enhancin

26、g diversity of recognizing the variances among aspirati on, values and resources that people hold in differe nt com mun ities and corners across this n ati on. Our system of federalism places significant democratic governments in every city and crossroads and, by so doing, the pote ntial gover nment

27、 is reduced.联邦制度是在宪法的基础上建立的。詹姆斯布莱斯解释说：”一直以来， 一致认为，对美国来说唯一可能政府的形式是联邦政府。联邦政府系统主要 采用的是一个单一的系统，如法国和日本，没有州政府，所有重要的权力是 在国家政府手中。这种系统可能的好处就是做实事和重点问责制。他们避免 重叠和复杂联邦国家财政制度的关系。但非单一的联邦系统可以加强多样性 方面的优势，承认全国各个不同地区人民所拥有的愿望，价值和资源以及民 族的差异性。我们联邦制度让伟大的民主政府渗透到每一个城市和国家的每 一个角落，并通过这样做，使出现一个偏远和反应迟钝的独裁政府的潜在风 险降低。Chapter8Perfo

28、rma nee Man ageme nt con sists of six phases.1. The orga ni zati on specifies clear and measurable objectives.2. Man ageme nt selects and uses performa nee in dicators to measure the organization ' s progress in attaining its objectives.3. The performanee of each employees (or team) is evaluated

29、 regulary.4. Performanee incentives are used to help motivate employees to meetthe organization' s objectives.5. Finan cial and huma n resources are coord in ated and budgeted in a manner that focuses resources on orga ni zati onal objectives.6. The organization' s progress is assessed at the end of each budgetcycle, and goals are re-set to continu ously improve performa nee over successive budget cycles.绩效管理包括六个阶段(1) 该组织确定明确和可衡量的目标(2) 管理者选择和使用绩效指标来衡量该组织在实现其目标的进展情况(3) 每个员工或团队的表现定期评估(4