Week 2 The reason loneliness could be bad for your health课件

1、Mind and BodyThe reason loneliness could be bad for your healthBackground Information Loneliness: a feeling, usually sad and sometimes devastating, that one needs more companionship than one is currently getting.“Causes of Loneliness:1. Interpersonal Loneliness You miss somebody who was once close t

2、o you. 2. Social Loneliness The individual feels cut off from a group that he or she feels is important.3. Culture Shock The loneliness that happens when you move to a whole new culture. 4. Cosmic Loneliness Its also known as existential loneliness,“5. Psychological LonelinessLoneliness Loneliness:

3、Men who are lonely, or bereaved, or who lose their partners are known to be more vulnerable to disease and death, whereas women are more resilient. II Medical Terms 致病基因 慢性炎症 心脏病 基因表达 白细胞 官能团 病毒感染 对抗细菌 抗菌反应 寄主 genetics of disease chronic inflammation heart disease expression of genes white blood cel

4、ls functional group viral infection protect against bacteria antibacterial response hostMedical Terms AntibioticsAntibiotics抗生素抗生素 Drugs that are used to treat infections caused by bacteria细菌 or fungi真菌. Penicillin is one type of antibiotic. Antibodies Antibodies Proteins that help to fight infectio

5、n in the body. AntibodiesAntibodies抗体抗体 are substances which a persons or an animals body produces in their blood in order to destroy substances which carry disease Immune systemImmune system免疫系统免疫系统 Cells and proteins in the body that defend it against infection. Drug resistance耐药性耐药性 When a drug u

6、sed to treat a patients disease does not work or stops working.III Words and Expressions 1、gregarious爱交际的；合群的 Someone who is gregarious enjoys being with other people She is such a gregarious and outgoing person.她很外向，喜欢交朋结友。 In our society, the ideal self is bold, gregarious, and comfortable in the

7、spotlight. 在我们的社会中，理想的自我是大胆的、合群的，在聚光灯下从容自如的。2 2、InflammationInflammation发炎；炎症发炎；炎症 An inflammation is a painful redness or swelling of An inflammation is a painful redness or swelling of a part of your body that results from an infection, a part of your body that results from an infection, injury, o

8、r illness.injury, or illness. The drug can cause inflammation of the liver.The drug can cause inflammation of the liver.该药该药会引起肝脏炎症。会引起肝脏炎症。 throat inflammations.throat inflammations.咽喉发炎咽喉发炎 It causes inflammation, discharge and chronic scarrIt causes inflammation, discharge and chronic scarring.in

9、g.它会导致发炎、流脓和长期结疤。它会导致发炎、流脓和长期结疤。 Inflammation is an antibacterial response. Inflammation is an antibacterial response. 炎症是抵抗细菌的反应。炎症是抵抗细菌的反应。3、lurk潜伏，潜藏，埋伏潜伏，潜藏，埋伏 If someone lurks somewhere, they wait there secretly so that they cannot be seen, usually because they intend to do something bad Some w

10、orrying signs continue to lurk in the data. 这些数据中依然隐藏着一些令人担忧的迹象。 Bacteria often lurk on the kitchen sponge, your computer keyboard and the dirty laundry. 细菌潜伏在厨房的洗碗布上、你的电脑键盘和脏衣服上。 Avoid both primary and secondary smoke like the plagueplague. 避免吸烟和二手烟，就像远离瘟疫一样。plague 瘟疫4 Plague瘟疫 In 2004, eight villa

11、gers in Qinghai province died of plagueplague. 2004年，中国青海省八位村民死于鼠疫。 The lung disease is caused by the same bacterium as bubonic plaguebubonic plague. 这种肺病与黑死病一样，是由同一种杆菌引起的。5 Virus-viruses 5 Virus-viruses 病毒病毒 VS bacterium-bacteriaVS bacterium-bacteria细菌细菌 BacteriaBacteria are very small organisms. (

12、are very small organisms. (微生物微生物) ) Some bacteria can cause diseaseSome bacteria can cause disease A A virusvirus is a kind of germ that can cause disease.is a kind of germ that can cause disease. A A germgerm is a very small organism that causes is a very small organism that causes diseasedisease

13、There are many different strains of flu virus.There are many different strains of flu virus.流感流感病毒有很多不同类型。病毒有很多不同类型。 HIV, the virus believed to cause AIDS. HIV, the virus believed to cause AIDS. HIVHIV是一种据说会引发艾滋病的病毒。是一种据说会引发艾滋病的病毒。6、stave off 避开；延缓；推迟（令人不快的事物） In a desperate attempt to stave off def

14、eat, he reluctantly promised wholesale reform of the constitution. 为了竭力避免败局，他勉强答应要对宪法进行大规模修改。 But the reality of discovery was a different matter, and he did all he could to stave it off. 但所发现的实际情况完全是另一回事，所以他只好尽自己所能暂缓其发生。IV Questions 1 Why does the author suggest opening a conversation with a strang

15、er? Loneliness can make you ill.Questions 2 What is the authors conclusion according to the paper published last year? Lonely people, it seems, are at greater risk than the gregarious of developing illnesses associated with chronic inflammation, such as heart disease and certain cancers.Questions 3

16、Why does a gregarious person have a 50% better chance of surviving than a lonely one? Broadly speaking, the genes less active in the lonely were those involved in staving off viral infections. Those that were more active were involved in protecting against bacteria.Questions 4 Why does the author th

17、ink the protection against bacterial infection is a bigger relative risk to the lonely? For inflammation is an antibacterial response. Dr Cole thus suggests that past evolution has created a mechanism (the details of which remain unclear) which causes white cells to respond appropriately.V 长难句翻译 1、I

18、t examined, and combined the results of, 148 previous studies that followed some 300,000 individuals for an average period of 7.5 years each, and controlled for factors such as age and pre-existing illness. 该论文回顾了过去对约30万人进行平均每人7.5年跟踪调查的148个研究，控制了年龄和已有疾病等条件，然后将这些研究结果进行了综合分析。长难句翻译 2、Dr Cole harvested

19、samples of white blood cells from both lonely and gregarious people. He then analysed the activity of their genes, as measured by the production of a substance called messenger RNA. This molecule carries instructions from the genes telling a cell which proteins to make. Cole博士收集了孤独之人和爱交际之人的白细胞样品。然后他

20、分析了他们基因的活性靠测量信使RNA的多少。这种分子携带着基因上的指令，告诉细胞合成那类蛋白质。长难句翻译 3、Broadly speaking, the genes less active in the lonely were those involved in staving off viral infections. 一般来说，孤独的人体内活力较低的基因是那些帮助人们避开病毒感染的基因。而那些活力较高的基因帮助人们抵抗细菌。长难句翻译 4、Dr Cole suspects this could help explain not only why the lonely are iller,

21、 but how, in evolutionary terms, this odd state of affairs has come about. 科尔博士猜想，这也许不仅能解释为什么孤独者更容易生病，而且可以从进化论角度说明这种奇特的情况是如何出现的。长难句翻译 5、The crucial bit of the puzzle is that viruses have to be caught from another infected individual and they are usually species-specific. Bacteria, in contrast, often just lurk in the environment (like tetanus), and may thrive on many hosts (as does bubonic plague, for example). 这个谜团中最关键的一环在于：病毒必然来自于另一个受感染的个体，而且它们常常有物种特性。相反，细菌一般只是潜伏在自然环境里（比如破伤风杆菌），并可能在许多寄主身上蓬勃生长（例如腺鼠疫）。长难句翻译 6、W