考研英语一真题及答案

1、年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Secti on I Use of En glishDirecti ons: Read the follow ing text. Choose the best word(s) for each nu mbered bla nk and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 poi nts).In 1924 America's Nati onal Research Coun cil sent two engin eers to supervise a series of in dustrial experi

2、me nts at a large teleph on e-parts factory called the Hawthor ne Pla nt n ear Chicago. It hoped they would lear n how stop-floor lighting1workers' productivity .In stead, the studies en ded 2giving their n ame to the "Hawthor ne effect", the extremely in flue ntial idea that the very

3、to being experime nted upon cha nged subjects' behavior.The idea arose because of the4behavior of the wome n in theHawthor ne pla nt. Accord ing to5of the experime nts, their hourly outputrose whe n lighti ng was in creased, but also whe n it was dimmed. It did not6what was done in the experime

4、nt;7somethi ng was cha nged, productivityrose. A(n)8that they were being experime nted upon seemed to be9to alter workers' behavior10itself.After several decades, the same data were11to econo metric thean alysis. Hawthor ne experime nts has ano ther surprise store12thedescripti ons on record, no

5、 systematic13was found that levels ofproductivity were related to cha nges in lighti ng.1. A affected B achieved C extracted D restored2. A atB upC withD off3. A truthB sightC actD proof4. A con troversial B perplex ingC mischievous D ambiguous5. A requireme ntsB expla nati onsC acco untsD assessme

6、nts6. A con cludeB matter C in dicateD work12 / 127. A as far asB for fear that C in case that D so long as9. A suitableB excessiveC eno ughD abundant10.A aboutB forConD by12.A con trary toB con siste nt withC parallel with D peculiar to13.A evide neeB guida neeC implicati on D source14.A disputable

7、B en lighte ningC reliable D misleadi ng15.A In con trastB For exampleC In con seque nee D As usual16.A dulyB accide ntallyC unpredictably D suddenly17.A failedB ceased Cstarted D con ti nued20.A breaki ngB climbi ngC surpass ing D hitt ing8. A aware nessB expectati on C sen time ntD illusi onSecti

8、on II Readi ng Comprehe nsionPart ADirecti ons: Read the followi ng four texts. An swer the questi ons below each text by choosi ng A, B, C or D. Mark your an swers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 poi nts)Text 1Of all the cha nges that have take n place in En glish-la nguage n ewspapers dur ing the past quar

9、ter-ce ntury, perhaps the most far-reach ing has bee n the in exorable decli ne in the scope and serious ness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader un der the age of forty to imagi ne a time whe n high-quality arts criticism could be found in mos

10、t bigcity n ewspapers. Yet a con siderable nu mber of the most sig nifica nt collecti ons of criticism published in the 20th cen tury con sisted in large part of n ewspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their lear ned contents were once deemed suitable for publicati

11、 on in gen eral-circulatio n dailies.We are eve n farther removed from the un focused n ewspaper reviews published in En gla nd betwee n the tur n of the 20th cen tury and the eve of World War II, at a time whe n n ewspri nt was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was con sidered an orn ame nt to

12、the publicati ons in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was take n for gra nted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at len gth about the eve nts they covered. Theirs was a serious bus in ess, and eve n those reviewers who wore their lear ning lightly, like George Ber

13、nard Shaw and Ern est Newma n, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calli ng, and were proud to be published in the daily press.have “ So few authbrains eno ugh or literary gift eno ugh to keep their own end up in jour nalism,Newman wrote, “ that I am

14、tempted to define journalism ' as a term ofapplied by writers who are not read to writers who are.'”Un fort un ately, these critics are virtually forgotte n. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Man chester Guardia n from 1917 un til shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a wr

15、iter of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though,he was also one of En gla nd's ctarsshoal-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was kni ghted in 1967, the first music critic to be so hono red. Yet only one of his book

16、s is now in pri nt, and his vast body of writ ings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chanee that Cardus' s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospectseems remote. Journ alistic tastes had cha nged long before his death, and postmoder n readers have little use for the richly

17、upholstered Vicwardia n prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur traditi on in music criticism has bee n in headl ong retreat.21. It is in dicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 thatA arts criticism has disappeared from big-city n ewspapers.B En glish-la nguage n ewspapers used to carry more arts

18、 reviews.C high-quality n ewspapers retai n a large body of readers.D young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22. Newspaper reviews in En gla nd before World War II were characterized byA free themes. B casual style. C elaborate layout. D radical viewpo in ts.23. Which of the fol

19、lowi ng would Shaw and Newma n most probably agree on?A It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goalsB It is con temptible for writers to be journalists.C Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.D Not all writers are capable of journalistic writi ng.24. What can be lear ned about Ca

20、rdus accord ing to the last two paragraphs?A His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.B His reputati on as a music critic has long bee n in dispute.C His style caters largely to moder n specialists.D His writ ings fail to follow the amateur traditi on.25. What would be the best title for

21、the text?A Newspapers of the Good Old DaysB The Lost Horiz on in NewspapersC Mour nful Decli ne of Jour nalismD Promi nent Critics in MemoryText 2The Bilski case invo Ives a claimed pate nt on a method for hedgi ng risk in the en ergy market. The Federal circuit issued an unu sual order stat ing tha

22、t the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather tha n a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should "rec on sider" its state street Bank ruli ng.26. Busin ess-method pate nts have rece ntly aroused concern because ofA their lim

23、ited value to bus in essB their conn ecti on with assetallocati onC the possible restrictio n on their gra nti ngD the con troversy overauthorizati on27. Which of the followi ng is true of the Bilski case?B It invo Ives a very big bus in ess tran sacti onC It has bee n dismissed by the Federal Circu

24、itD It may cha nge the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word "about-face" (Li ne 1, Para 3) most probably meansA loss of good willB in crease of hostilityC cha nge of attitudeD enhan ceme nt of dig nity29. We lear n from the last two paragraphs that bus in ess-method pate ntsA are immune

25、 to legal challe ngesB are ofte n unn ecessarily issuedC lower the esteem for pate nt holdersD in crease the in cide nee of risks30. Which of the followi ng would be the subject of the text?A A looming threat to bus in ess-method pate ntsB Protectio n for bus in ess-method pate nt holdersC A legal c

26、ase regard ing bus in ess-method pate ntsD A prevail ing trend aga inst bus in ess-method pate ntsText 3The researchers' argume nt stems from a simple observ ing about socialin flue nee, with the excepti on of a few celebrities like Oprah Win frey whose outsize prese nee is primarily a fun cti o

27、n of media, not in terpers on al, i nflue neeeve n the most in flue ntial members of a populatio n simply don't in teract with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity in flue ntials who, accord ing to the two- step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by in flue

28、ncing their frie nds and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each pers on so affected, must the n in flue nee his or her own acqua intan ces, who must in tur n in flue nee theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay atte nti on to each of these people has little to do w

29、ith the in itial in flue ntial. If people in the n etwork just two degrees removed from the in itial in flue ntial prove resista nt, for example from the in itial in flue ntial prove resista nt, for example the cascade of cha nge won't propagate very far or affect many people.Buildi ng on the ba

30、sic truth about in terpers onal in flue nee, the researchers studied the dyn amics of populati ons mani pulat ing a nu mber of variables relat ing of populati ons, mani pulati ng a nu mber of variables relati ng to people's ability to in flue nee others and their tendency to be in flue need. Our

31、 work shows that the prin cipal requireme nt for what we call "global cascades" -the widespread propagati on of i nflue nee through n etworks -is the prese nee n ot of a few in flue ntials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily in flue need people, each of whom adopts, say, a look or a

32、brand after being exposed to a sin gle adopti ng n eighbor. Regardless of how in flue ntial an in dividual is locally, he or she can exert global in flue nee on ly if this critical mass is available to propagate a cha in reacti on.31. By cit ing the book The Tippi ng Point, the author intends toA an

33、 alyze the eon seque nces of social epidemicsB discuss in flue ntials' fun cti on in spread ing ideasC exemplify people's in tuitive resp onse to social epidemicsD describe the esse ntial characteristics of in flue ntials.32. The author suggests that the "two-step-flow theory"A ser

34、ves as a soluti on to market ing problemsB has helped explai n certa in prevale nt trendsC has won support from in flue ntialsD requires solid evide nee for its validity33. What the researchers have observed reee ntly shows thatA the power of i nflue nee goes with social in teraetio nsB in terpers o

35、n al li nks can be enhan eed through the mediaC in flue ntials have more eha nn els to reaeh the publieD most eelebrities enjoy wide media atte nti on34. The un derl ined phrase "these people" in paragraph 4 refers to the ones whoA stay outside the n etwork of soeial in flue neeB have litt

36、le eon taet with the souree of in flue neeC are in flue need and the n in flue nee others D are in flue need by the in itial in flue ntial35. what is the esse ntial eleme nt in the dyn amies of soeial in flue nee?A The eager ness to be aeeeptedB The impulse to in flue neeothersC The readi ness to be

37、 in flue needD The in eli nati on to rely onothersText 4Ban kers have bee n blam ing themselves for their troubles in publie. Behind the see nes, they have bee n tak ing aim at some one else: the aeeo unting sta ndard-setters. Their rules, moa n the ban ks, have foreed them to report eno rmous losse

38、s, and it's just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the priee a third party would pay, not the priee man agers and regulators would like them to feteh.It was banks that were on the wrong pla net, with aeeo unts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market pri

39、ees overstate losses, beeausethey largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, n ot the likely exte nt of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank's shares trade below their book value, suggesti ng that inv estors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the para

40、lysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of book ing losses, yet are relucta nt to buy all those supposed barga ins.A follow unfav orable asset evaluati on rulesB collect payme nts from thirdpartiesC cooperate with the price man agersD reevaluate some of theirassets.37. Accord ing to the a

41、uthor , the rule cha nges of the FASB may result inA the dimini shi ng role of man ageme ntB the revival of the bankingsystemC the ban ks' l on g-term asset lossesD the weake ning of itsin depe ndence38. Accord ing to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB's attempt toA keep away from pol

42、itical in flue nces.B evade the pressure from theirpeers.C act on their own in rule-sett ing.D take gradual measures inreform.39. The author thi nks the banks were "on the wrong pla net" in that theyA misi nterpreted market price in dicatorsB exaggerated the real value of their assetsC n e

43、glected the likely existe nee of bad debts.D denied book ing losses in their sale of assets.40. The author's attitude towards sta ndard-setters is one ofA satisfaction. B skepticism. C objectiveness D sympathyPart BDirecti ons: For Questio ns 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the l

44、ist A-G and fill them into the nu mbered boxes to form a cohere nt text. Paragraph E has bee n correctly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your an swers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 poi nts)C Will such variati ons bring about a cha nge in the overall structure of the

45、food and drink market? Defi nitely not. The fun cti oning of the market is based on flexible trends domin ated by pote ntial buyers .In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather tha n the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this cha nge will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-grow ing nu mb

46、er of both domestic and in ter nati onal con sumers, regardless of how long the curre nt con sumer patter n will take hold.G However, none of these requireme nts should deter large retailers (and eve n some large good producers and exist ing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master

47、 the in tricacies of wholesali ng in Europe sta nd to reap con siderable gains.41f 42f 43f 44 f E f 45Part CDirecti ons: Read the followi ng text carefully and the n tran slate the un derli ned segme nts into Chin ese. Your tra nslati on should be writte n carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 poi nts)Wh

48、en one of these nonecono mic categories is threate ned an d, if we happe n to love it .We invert excuses to give it econo mic importa nee. At the begi nning of cen tury son gbirds were supposed to be disappeari ng. (46) Scie ntists jumped to the rescue with some disti nctly shaky evide nee to the ef

49、fect that in sects would eat us up if birds failed to con trol them. the evide nee had to be econo mic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these round about acco unts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least draw n n ear the point of admitt ing that birds should con ti nue

50、as a matter of intrin sic right, regardless of the prese nee or abse nee of econo mic adva ntage to us.A parallel situati on exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eati ng birds. (48) Time was whe n biologists somewhat over worded the evide nee that these creatures preserve the health of ga

51、me by killi ng the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.Section 皿 WritingPart A51. Directi ons:You are supposed to write for the postgraduate associati on a no tice to recruit volun teers for an in ter nati onal conference on globalizati on, you should con clude t

52、he basic qualificati on of applica nt and the other in formati on you think relative.You should write about 100 words. Do not sig n your own n ame at the end of the letter. Use "postgraduate associati on" in stead.Part B52. Directi ons:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the followi ng draw ing. In your essay, you should1) describe the draw ing briefly,2) expla in its inten ded meaning, and the nYou should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 poi nts)年全国