英美文化课件

1、 an outline introduction of the culture of britain and americanby sara.luo “文化”是一个含义极广的概念，由于其内涵和外延的不确定性，导致对这一概念所下的定义，历来莫衷一是。“文化”一词在我国的出现，至迟可追溯到西汉。刘向说苑指武中有这样几句话：圣人之治天一，先文德而后武务。凡武之兴，为不服也，文化不改，然后加诛。这里所说的“文化”是与“武力”相对的教化。更早在易贲卦(彖传)中也有这样的句子： “观乎天文，以察时变；观乎人文，以化成天下。”句中所谓“人文”、“化成”，孔颖达在周易正义中解释说有两个内容：一是指典籍，一是指

2、礼仪风俗。什么是文化 ?这样，“文化”一词在古代的含义，当指文治教化、文治教化、礼乐典章礼乐典章，这一认识一直延续至近代。然而我们今天使用的“文化”一词，其含义与古代不尽一致,它是19世纪末期通过日文转译从西方引进的。当时，人们并没有专门为它下过定义,只是根据自己的需要和理解去使用它。“文化”一词，英文、法文都写作culture，它是从拉丁文中演化来的，拉丁文cultura含有耕种、居住、练习、留心或注意等意项。19世纪中叶，一些新的人文学科如人类学、社会学、民族学等在西方兴起，文化的概念从而发生了变化，逐步成为概括以上新兴学科的具有现代色彩的重要术语。而在中国，“文化”一词的含义也十分广泛，

3、读书写字、修养、文学、艺术、文博、图书、考古学、民俗、礼仪、民族、宗教等都可称做文化。如此说来，“文化”的含义似乎有些不可捉摸，但有趣的是，模糊语言往往同样能够准确地表达事物。比如“文化”这一概念，我们与其试图精确地界定其内涵、外延，不如从集合的角度对这一概念的范围作一个限制。这样，我们将发现，文化虽然看似包罗万象，但正如很多专家所认为的那样，大致可归纳出三个方面的含义，即观念形态、精神产品、生活方式，包括人们的世界观、思维方式、宗教信仰、心理特征、价值观念、道德标准、认知能力，以及从形式上看是物质的东西，但透过物质形式能反映人们观念上的差异和变化的一切精神的物化产品.此外，“文化”也还包括人

4、们的衣食住行、婚丧嫁娶、生老病死、家庭生活、社会生活等诸多方面的因素。需要说明的是，构成文化的各因子之间总是有着千丝万缕的相互联系，我们学习和研究文化，必须将其作为一个有机的整体，不仅要考察它内部的各构成因素，更要努力探寻它们之间的内在联系。最早把文化作为专门术语来使用的是被称为“人类学之父人类学之父”的英国人泰勒英国人泰勒(ebtylor)，他在1871年发表的原始文化原始文化一书中给文化下了定义： 文化是一个复杂的总体，包括知识、信仰、艺术、文化是一个复杂的总体，包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗，以及人类在社会里所得的一切道德、法律、风俗，以及人类在社会里所得的一切能力与习惯。能力与

5、习惯。 自此以后，不少西方学者纷纷给文化下过定义，以致形成了上千种关于文化的定义。the definition of culture:in 1871 e.b. taylor defined culture as that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals,law, customs, and many other capabilities and habits acquired by.members of society. definition of culturemarshall soulesnineteet

6、h century anthropologist edward tylor was one of the first english-speaking scholars to use the term culture in anthropology culture means the total body of tradition borne by a society and transmitted from generation to generation. it thus refers to the norms, values, standards by which people act,

7、 and it includes the ways distinctive in each society of ordering the world and rendering it intelligible. culture is.a set of mechanisms for survival, but it provides us also with a definition of reality. it is the matrix into which we are born, it is the anvil upon which our persons and destinies

8、are forged. (robert murphy. culture and social anthropology: an overture. 2nd ed. englewood cliffs, nj: prentice hall, 1986: 14)culturefrom wikipedia, the free encyclopediaculture (from the latin cultural stemming from colere, meaning to cultivate)generally refers to patterns of human activity and t

9、he symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance. cultures can be understood as systems of symbols and meanings that even their creators contest, that lack fixed boundaries, that are constantly in flux, and that interact and compete with one anotherculture can be defined

10、as all the ways of life including arts, beliefs and institutions of a population that are passed down from generation to generation. culture has been called the way of life for an entire society.“ as such, it includes codes of manners, dress, language, religion, rituals, norms of behavior such as la

11、w and morality, and systems of belief as well as the art. cultural anthropologists most commonly use the term culture to refer to the universal human capacity and activities to classify, codify and communicate their experiences materially and symbolically. scholars have long viewed this capacity as

12、a defining feature of humans (although some primatologists haveidentified aspects of culture such as learned tool making and use among humankinds closest relatives in the animal kingdom).definition of culture of two different dictionaries英美文化在学术文献中的解释英美文化在学术文献中的解释: 英美文化是指英美国家人民生活方式的总和,包括地理环境,社会历史,风土

13、人情,传统习惯,民间传说,生活方式,文学艺术,宗教信仰,科学技术,价值观念等.the british culturethe british culture1. positions and names to the west and off the european continent , there are several thousands of islands on the continental shelf. they are called the british isles. of all these isles, the largest one is called great bri

14、tain. for the conveniences sake, it is often shortened to britain. still to the west of great britain is the second largest island known as ireland. the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland (u.k.) is made up of great britain and northern ireland, and a number of smaller islands aroun

15、d them. the great britain is traditionally divided intothree parts, or countries:england in the south, scotland in the north, and wales in the southwest.map of u.k. england is the largest and most developed of all the three. its area, about 130 000 square kilometres, takes up nearly 60% of the whole

16、island. its population is more than 46 million which makes up 85% of the countrys wholepopulation. scotland is the second largest both in area and population. it has an area of about 78 760 square kilometres , less than 30% of the whole island, with a population of 5 million, less than 1/10 of the t

17、otal population. wales is the smallest of the three. its area, 20 700square kilometers, makes up less than 9% while its population, 2.7 million, does not exceed 5% of thewhole.ireland had been an independent kingdom before the anglo-norman invaders came in the 13th century. the irish people got the

18、establishmentof the republic of ireland in 1927.1. what are called the british isles?2. what is great britain ?questions:3. what makes up of the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland?4. what are the three parts of great britain? the national flag of u.k. is often called union jack, bu

19、t formally it is called union flag.flag of u.k.the red cross appeared as an emblem of england during the middle ages and the crusades and is one of the earliest known emblems representing england. it achieved status as the national flag of england during the 16th century.flag of englandthe flag of e

20、ngland is the st georges cross. a centred red cross on a white background saint george became the patron saint of england in the 13th century, and the legend of saint george slaying a dragon dates from the 12th century.the proportions of the flag are that the red cross has a width of 1/5 of the heig

21、ht of the flag.1the flag of scotland is a white saltire, a crux decussate (x-shaped cross) representing the cross of the christian martyr saint andrew, the patron saint of scotland,on a blue field. it is named the saltire or the saint andrews cross. third component of union flag, representing irelan

22、d, and called st. patricks cross - though whether this was actually originally any kind of authentic symbol of st. patrick is historically quite doubtful. this file is intended to replace which uses incorrect dimensions and colours based on the flag of jersey the green represents the older gaelic tr

23、adition while the orange represents the supporters of william of orange. (william iii of england) the white in the centre signifies a lasting truce between the orange and the green. the national flag of ireland also known as the tricolour, is a vertical tricolour of green ,white,and orange .do you k

24、now how the union flag comes now?national flower of u.k.do you know the national flower of u.k.?national emblemrosenational song of u.k.god save the queen / (god save the king) god save our gracious queenlong live our noble queengod save the queensend her victorioushappy and gloriouslong to reign ov

25、er usgod save the queenthy choicest gifts in store on her be pleased to pour long may she reign may she defend our laws and give us ever cause to sing with heart and voice god save the queen brief introduction of the history of englishthe native celtsthe roman invasionthe anglosaxon conquestappearan

26、ce of christianity in englandthe warring period and alfredwestminster abbeythe normansthe norman conquest effect of the norman conquest ecologists and historians have found evidence toprove that many centuries ago britain was part ofthe european continent. the earliest natives on this piece of land

27、has to be on guesswork, however,to make the matter simple, we just take the celts as natives who were later also called the britons. the roman army , commanded by julius caesar, invaded england in the first century a.d. and remainedthere for 350 years until 410 a.d. after the romans went back , inva

28、ders from irelandand scotland began to plunder and kill the britons in england. but these britons hardly knew what to do toprotect themselves. just at this time, a band of newcomers landed in the southern part of england, called the jutes , the angles, and saxons who had come from northern europe. t

29、hey helped the britons fought against their fierce neighbours. the result was a victory for the combined britons and anglo-saxons. after the war was over, they refuse to leave.by that time the newcomers had taken possession of all the land now known as england, and the movement known in history as t

30、he anglo-saxonconquest. these new invaders had brought alongtheir language which called old english.in the 8th,9th,and 10th centuries a.d., there camea new wave of invasion by the danes from northeurope. during this period, several small kingdoms gradually reduced, and finally all england was united

31、 under one king. one of the earliest and most important of the english king was alfred the great. in 871 a.d. he became king and took his duties very earnestly. after alfred became king, the danes started to takepossession of all england. and alfred had to fight against them. he built a naval force

32、and later became known as “the father of the british navy.” an englishman, named edward, was then put into throne in 1042. he was a pious christian and he retained a position is history by building westminsterabbey or the abbey.the stone abbey was built around 10451050by king edward the confessor an

33、d was later rebuilt again by henry iii in 1245 .it was the site of the last coronation prior to the norman invasion, that of his successor king harold. diana, princess of wales burials and memorials aristocrats were buriedinside chapels and monks and people associated with the abbey were buried in t

34、he cloisters and other areas. one of these was geoffrey chaucer, who was buried here as he had apartments in the abbey where he was employed as master of the kings works. other poets were buried around chaucer in what became known as poets corner. these include john milton, william wordsworth, thoma

35、s gray, john keats, percy bysshe shelley, george gordon byron, thomas hardy, sir isaac newton ,charles robert darwin ,william blake, and t. s. eliot flag of westminster abbey norman conquest and middle english edward died in 1066. upon his death he recommand-ed harold as his successor. however, will

36、iam, dukeof normandy , was edwards cousin thinking he shouldbe the king of england. thus he started a war and killedharold. he was crowned in westminster abbey on christmas day ,1066. a new line of norman kings beganto rule england and william became known as williamthe conqueror, the 1st anglo-norm

37、an king of england.the bayeux tapestry depicts the norman conquest. the influence of the norman conquest the norman conquest sped up the developmentof feudalism in england. one of the most striking manifestations of the greatinfluence of the conquerors was naturally to be seenin the language. the no

38、rman continued to speak french for about three centuries after their conquestof england while their english subjects retained theirenglish tongue which had developed into “middle english”. by the end of the 14th century, english regained itsposition as the dominant speech used not only by the anglo-

39、saxons but also by the government officials and the law court.henry ii appearance of the jury system andcommon law king johnthe great charterappearance of parliament and the two housesher majestys government the british system of government is known asconstitutional monarchy. the united kingdom of g

40、reat britain and northernireland is reigned over by the monarch( the queen),but she does not rule.v.s.monarchy of the united kingdom the monarchy of the united kingdom (commonly referred to as the british monarchy) is a system of government in which a hereditary monarch is the sovereign of the unite

41、d kingdom and its overseas territories. the present monarch is queen elizabeth ii, who has reigned since 6 february 1952. the queen, the current heir apparent elizabeths eldest son, charles, prince of wales the queens consort, prince philip, duke of edinburgh, and the remainderof the royal family. u

42、ndertake various public duties in accordance with their positions; since the magna carta, and throughthe english civil war and the restoration, the political powers of the monarch have gradually decreased. today, the monarchs role is constitutional, and limited to non-partisan functions such as best

43、owinghonours. the monarch has its royal prerogative. such powersinclude the dissolution of parliament, and the making of the rules for the government and regulation of the civil service and the armed forces. but these powers are only used according to the policies and procedures set down by laws ena

44、cted in parliament andwhere the laws be silent, within the constraints ofconvention and precedent. the monarch has a variety of official and private royal residences, and the crown estate, with assets worth over 7 billion,is one of the largest property owners in the world. what are the queen capable

45、 of ? the queen reigns, but not rule. the united kingdom is governed by her majestys gover- nment in the name of the queen. 2.the queen summons, prorogues and dissolves parliament. 3. the queen can, on ministerial advice, pardon, show mercy to those convicted of crimes.4. the queen confers peerages,

46、 knighthoods and other honours.5.she appoints and dismisses government ministers , judges, members of diplomatic corps, and colonial officers, bishops and some other senior church leaders.6. the queen also appoints the prime minister.7. the queen is regarded the living symbol of national unity.p.s.

47、a. only protestant descendants are eligible to succeed to the throne. the monarch has no free- dom of belief. b. the first candidate for the throne is the 1st son born to a reigning monarch. his title is prince of wales. c. the queens husband can get the title known as the duke of edinburgh. d. the

48、successor succeeds to the throne at the westminster abbey.e. the royal wealth also includes a number of royal palaces, such as buckingham palace, windsor castle, and st jamess palace.buckingham palacequeen victoria, the first monarch to reside at buckingham palace, moved into the newly completed pal

49、ace upon her accession in 1837.aerial view of the castlewindsor castle, in windsor in the english county of berkshire, is the largest inhabited castle in the world and, dating back to the time of william the conqueror, is the oldest incontinuous occupation. queen elizabeth ii spends many weekends of

50、 the year at the castle, using it for both state and private entertaining. parliament of the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland the parliament of the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland is the supreme legislative body in the united kingdom and british overseas terr

51、itories. it alone has parliamentary sovereignty, conferring it ultimate power over all other political bodies in the uk and its territories. at its head is the sovereign,queen elizabeth ii. the parliament is bicameral, with an upper house, the house of lords, and a lower house, the house of commons.

52、 the queen is the third component of parliament. the house of lords includes two different types of members: the lords spiritual (the seniorbishops of the church of england) and the lords temporal (members of the peerage). its members are not elected by the population at large but are appointed by p

53、ast or current governments. the house of commons is a democratically elected chamber with elections to it held at least every 5 years. the two houses meet in separate chambers in the palace of westminster (commonly known as the houses of parliament), in the city of westminster in london. by constitu

54、tional convention, all government ministers, including the prime minister, are members of the house of commons or, less often, the house of lords, and are thereby accountable to the respectivebranches of the legislature. england has been called the mother of parliaments,its democratic institutions h

55、aving set the standards formany democracies throughout the world, and the united kingdom parliament is the largest anglophone legislative body in the world. in theory, supreme legislative power is vested in the queen-in-parliament; in practice in modern times,real power is vested in the house of com

56、mons; the sovereign generally acts on the advice of the prime minister and the powers of the house of lordsare limited.p.s.1 there are 5 noble titles available in britain now are duke, marquis, earl, viscount, and baron.2 today britain has more than 1000 peers who are generally known as lords. all o

57、f them are certain members of the house of lords.3 the house of lords also includes 26 lords spiritual (archbishops and bishops)4 the lords get no pay for their work in parliament.5 the nucleus of the government is known as the cabinet which is headed by the prime minister.6 the prime ministers offi

58、cial residence is no.10, downing street, london.political parties politics in britain is based on the two-party system. there are two most important parties which are calledthe major parties. small parties are called minor parties.the two major parties are the conservative party and the labour party

59、.conservative party (uk) the conservative and unionist party, popularly known as the conservative party, is a political party inthe united kingdom. founded in its present form duringthe early 19th century, it has historically been the principal party of the right, though in the modern day the party

60、and its voters are more associated with the centre-right. the conservative party is descended from the historic tory party which was founded in 1678. due to this lineage the party is still often referred to as the tory party. as well as the more correct description of conservatives, its members are