Tpo24阅读分析

1、tpo24 reading 01 lake water (1) paragraph2: the questions become more complicated when actual volumes of water are considered: how much water enters and leaves by each route? discovering the inputs and outputs of rivers is a matter of measuring the discharges of every inflowing and outflowing stream

2、 and river. then exchanges with the atmosphere are calculated by finding the difference between the gains from rain, as measured (rather roughly) by rain gauges, and the losses by evaporation, measured with models that correct for the other sources of water loss. for the majority of lakes, certainly

3、 those surrounded by forests , input from overland flow is too small to have a noticeable effect. changes in lake level not explained by river flows plus exchanges with the atmosphere must be due to the net difference between what seeps into the lake from the groundwater and what leaks into the grou

4、ndwater. note the word net: measuring the actual amounts of groundwater seepage into the lake and out of the lake is a much more complicated matter than merely inferring their difference. 3. which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the movement of water into a lake? heavy rain a

5、ccounts for most of the water that enters into lakes. rainfa ll replaces approximately the amount of water lost through evaporation. overland flow into lakes is reduced by the presence of forests . seepage has a smaller effect on water level than any other input. 此题关键词难找，所以可以用排除法，当然也可以根据有序性往下找。这里我们用

6、排除法。a的 heavy rain和 most of thewater原文完全没有相关信息， 错； b 的 evaporation和 rainfall做关键词定位至第三句，但文章明确说了可以通过蒸发跟雨水获得的差值计算湖水与大气的交换，也就是说二者是有差异的，b 说反； c 的 forests做关键词定位至第四句，说周围有森林的湖陆上来水很难有明显影响，推出c 说水量减少是正确选项，因果关系；d 的 seepage做关键词定位至最后，但原文没有任何比较的相关信息，错(2) paragraph4: by whatever means, a lake is constantly gaining w

7、ater and losing water: its water does not just sit there, or, anyway, not for long. this raises the matter of a lake s residence time. the residence time is the average length of time that any particular molecule of water remains in the lake, and it is calculated by dividing the volume of water in t

8、he lake by the rate at which water leaves the lake. the residence time is an average; the time spent in the lake by a given molecule (if we could follow its fate) would depend on the route it took: it might flow through as part of the fastest, most direct current, or it might circle in a backwater f

9、or an indefinitely long time. 7. it can be inferred from paragraph 4 that the length of time a given molecule of water remains in a lake depends entirely upon the average speed of a lake s currents can be measured by the volume of the lake alone can be greater or lesser than the residence time is si

10、milar to the length of time all other molecules remain in that lake 以 a given molecule of water做关键词定位至最后一句，说residence time是平均值，一个分子在lake 里的时间取决于它的route ，有可能很快也有可能很慢，所以正确答案是c，或者多或者少。 a 和 b 原文没说； d 说反，原文都说了一个具体的分子和residence time 不一样，错(3) 14.complete the summary by selecting the three answer choices th

11、at express the most important ideas in the passage. water enters, remains, and eventually leaves a lake in a variety of ways. answer choices by measuring the water quantities at each of a lakes inputs and outputs, it can be determined whether water enters the lake mainly from surface or groundwater

12、sources. (对应第三段前半部分，正确) changes in lake level and volume are caused principally by the amount of evaporation of water into the atmosphere. (原文没说，不选 ) it is sometimes possible to decide whether a lake is surface water dominated or seepage dominated by simple observation at different seasons. (对应第三段后半

13、部分，正确) the average period of time that molecules of water spend in a lakethe residence time varies from lake to lake and overtime within a particular lake. (对应第五段首句，而且第六段也在说变化，正确) the residence times of surface-water-dominated lakes are usually longer than those of seepage-dominated lakes. (原文没说，不选

14、) the residence time of a lake frequently depends on the kinds of organisms to be found in the lake. (organism是 renewal减慢带来的影响，不是residence time的决定因素，不选 )reading 02 breathing during sleep (1) paragraph4: but that is not all that changes. during all phases of sleep, several changes in the air passages

15、 have been observed. it takes twice as much effort to breathe during sleep because of greater resistance to airflow in the airways and changes in the efficiency of the muscles used for breathing. some of the muscles that help keep the upper airway open when breathing tend to become more relaxed duri

16、ng sleep, especially during rem (the phase of sleep in which there is rapid eye movement). without this muscular action, inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloon the narrow passages tend to collapse. also there is a regular cycle of change in resistance between the two sides of the nose. if som

17、ething blocks the good side, such as congestion from allergies or a cold, then resistance increases dramatically. coupled with these factors is the loss of the complex interactions among the muscles that can change the route of airflow from nose to mouth. 5. what is the authors purpose in stating th

18、at inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloon? to refute the argument that additional effort is necessary for breathing during sleep to argue that rem sleep is more important than nrem sleep to illustrate the difficulty of breathing during sleep to illustrate how blockage of narrow passages can b

19、e prevented during sleep 修辞目的题，先看修辞点所在的句子，但原句整个都是一个例子，往前看。前一句仍然在说肌肉 relax 的事情，因此也是例子，所以看开头，开头说air passage在睡觉期间变了很多紧接着就解释睡觉期间呼吸很难，也就是开头所指的变化是睡觉的时候呼吸变难，所以正确答案是c。a 的 refute与原文相反； b 的比较和 d 的 prevent blockage原文都没说(2) paragraph4: but that is not all that changes. during all phases of sleep, several change

20、s in the air passages have been observed. it takes twice as much effort to breathe during sleep because of greater resistance to airflow in the airways and changes in the efficiency of the muscles used for breathing. some of the muscles that help keep the upper airway open when breathing tend to bec

21、ome more relaxed during sleep, especially during rem (the phase of sleep in which there is rapid eye movement). without this muscular action, inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloon the narrow passages tend to collapse. also there is a regular cycle of change in resistance between the two side

22、s of the nose. if something blocks the good side, such as congestion from allergies or a cold, then resistance increases dramatically. coupled with these factors is the loss of the complex interactions among the muscles that can change the route of airflow from nose to mouth. 6. all of the following

23、 are mentioned in paragraph 4 as being characteristic of breathing during sleep except relaxation of the muscles involved in the respiratory system changes in resistance between the two sides of the nose easier airflow in the passages of the upper airway absence of certain complex muscle interaction

24、s a 的 relaxation of the muscles做关键词定位至第三句，正确；b 的 two sides of the nose做关键词定位至倒数第三句，正确； c的 upper airway做关键词定位至第三句， 但答案的 easier airflow原文完全没说， c 错，选； d 的 complex muscle interaction做关键词都定位至最后一句，正确，不选(3) paragraph5: other respiratory regulating mechanisms apparently cease functioning during sleep. for e

25、xample, during wakefulness there is an immediate, automatic, adaptive increase in breathing effort when inhaling is made more difficult (such as breathing through a restrictive face mask). this reflexive adjustment is totally absent during nrem sleep. only after several inadequate breaths under such

26、 conditions, resulting in the considerable elevation of carbon dioxide and reduction of oxygen in the blood, is breathing effort adjusted. finally, the coughing reflex in reaction to irritants in the airway produces not a cough during sleep but a cessation of breathing. if the irritation is severe e

27、nough, a sleeping person will arouse, clear the airway, then resume breathing and likely return to sleep. 8. it can be inferred from paragraph 5 that a very mild irritation during sleep will likely cause the sleeping person to increase the breathing effort wake up and remove the source of irritation

28、 cough while still sleeping stop breathing temporarily while still sleeping 以 irritation做关键词定位至最后一句，说如果 irritation太严重， 睡着的人就会醒， 按照正常的叙述顺序应该是先叙述mild 的情况，前一句果然在说coughing reflex没产生 cough ，而产生了 cessation of breathing，呼吸停止的状况， 所以答案是d。c 与原文相反； b 是 severe的时候才有的，a 没说(4) paragraph5: .this reflexive adjustmen

29、t is totally absent during nrem sleep. only after several inadequate breaths under such conditions, resulting in the considerable elevation of carbon dioxide and reduction of oxygen in the blood, is breathing effort adjusted. finally, the coughing reflex in reaction to irritants in the airway produc

30、es not a cough during sleep but a cessation of breathing. 9. the word considerable meaning to significant steady usual necessary considerable可观的，相当的，重要的，所以正确答案是significant。原文说在若干次inadequate breaths之后，二氧化碳含量怎么上升氧气含量下降，才能调整breathing，一般我们说显著的变化，所以答案a，其他答案都不准确(5) paragraph1: of all the physiological dif

31、ferences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade, changes in respiratory control are most dramatic. not only are there differences in the level of the functioning of respiratory systems, there are even changes in how they function. movements of the rib c

32、age for breathing are reduced during sleep, making the contractions of the diaphragm more important. yet because of the physics of lying down, the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult for the diaphragm to do its job. however , there are many other changes that aff

33、ect respiration when asleep. paragraph2: to better understand breathing during sleep, it is, however, helpful to first understand how respiration works in general. during wakefulness, breathing is controlled by two interacting systems. the first is an automatic, metabolic system whose control is cen

34、tered in the brain stem. it subconsciously adjusts breathing rate and depth in order to regulate the levels of carbon dioxide (co2) and oxygen (o2), and the acid-base ratio in the blood. the second system is the voluntary, behavioral system. its control center is based in the forebrain, and it regul

35、ates breathing for use in speech, singing, sighing, and so on. it is capable of ignoring or overriding the automatic, metabolic system and produces an irregular pattern of breathing. 12. look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. to better unde

36、rstand breathing during sleep, it is, however, helpful to first understand how respiration works in general. 两个过渡点，名词respiration和连词 however 。根据 respiration可以初步确定答案是b 或者 c，但根据 however断定 b 不对，因为两个however不能连续出现，所以正确答案是c(6) 13. directions: from the seven statements below, select the statements that corr

37、ectly characterize breathing during wakefulness and those statements that correctly characterize breathing during sleep. drag each answer choice you select into the appropriate box of the table. two of the answer choices will not be used. this question is worth 3 points. answer choices sleepwakefuln

38、ess none a.the role of the rib cage increases and the role of the diaphragm decreases. b.carbon dioxide in blood rises and oxygen drops. c.the coughing reflex is extremely complex. d.a great deal of effort is used for breathing. e.upper airways are resistant to colds and allergies. f.there is a drop

39、 in the volume of air that is exchanged. g.automatic and voluntary respiratory systems are both involved. a 选项对应第一段第三句，属于wakeful部分b 选项对应第五段第四句，二氧化碳多氧少，属于sleep 部分c 选项原文没说reflex 复杂，不属于任何一列，不选d 选项对应原文第四段第三句，属于sleep 部分e 选项原文没说，不选f 选项对应原文第六段第二句，属于sleep 部分g 选项对应原文第二段首句，属于wakeful部分reading 03 moving into pu

40、eblos (1) paragraph3: population growth is considered a particularly influential push. after several generations of population growth, people packed the landscape in densities so high that communal pueblos may have been a necessary outcome. around sand canyon, for example, populations grew from 5 -1

41、2 people per square kilometer in the tenth century to as many as 30 - 50 by the 1200s. as densities increased, domestic architecture became larger, culminating in crowded pueblos. some scholars expand on this idea by emphasizing a corresponding need for arable land to feed growing numbers of people:

42、 construction of small dams, reservoirs, terraces, and field houses indicates that farmers were intensifying their efforts during the 1200s. competition for good farmland may also have prompted people to bond together to assert rights over the best fields. 5. according to paragraph 3, which of the f

43、ollowing was one of the consequences of increasing population densities? people were increasingly crowded into collections of large housing units. people stopped planting crops that have relatively low yields. domestic buildings were pushed beyond the canyon limits. the natural landscape was destroy

44、ed. 以 density做关键词定位至第二句，说经过若干代人口增长，density实在太大， 使得 pueblo成为一个不可避免的结果，所以正确答案是a，crowdinto collections of large housing units。b 的 crop ，c 的 canyon limits和 d 的destroy原文都没讲(2) paragraph3: population growth is considered a particularly influential push. after several generations of population growth, peop

45、le packed the landscape in densities so high that communal pueblos may have been a necessary outcome. around sand canyon, for example, populations grew from 5 -12 people per square kilometer in the tenth century to as many as 30 - 50 by the 1200s. as densities increased, domestic architecture became larger,