毕业设计（论文）-中英寒暄语对比研究

1、专业提供全套毕业设计学科分类号050201本科毕业论文（设计）题目中英寒暄语对比研究a contrastivestudyof the phaticcommunion between english and chinese姓名杨嬪学号1002010540209院（系）外国语学院专业英语年级2010 级指导教师杨秀岚职称教授-o-四年四月declarationi, yang jing, the undersigned, hereby declare that this essay does not contain any material which has been accepted for t

2、he award of any other higher degree or graduate diploma in any tertiary institution and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, this essay does not contain any material previously published or written by another person, except when due reference is made in the text of the essay.signed:dated:co

3、ntentsabstract in chinese1abstract in english2i introduction31research background31.2 research purpose31.3research significance3ii. theoretical frameworks42.1 the definition of phatic communion42.2 the origin of phatic communion4iii. difference between chineseand english on phatic communion53.1 diff

4、erent backgroundson different phatic communionbetweenchineseand westerncultures53.2 chinese and western people thinking in different ways on the different causes by thetraditional greetings73.3 different communicative habits due to differences ongreetingsbetweenchinaandamerica8iv. conclusion10biblio

5、graphy11acknowledgements12在当今这个经济飞速发展的时代，全球化跨文化交际活动越来越频繁。 寒暄语，作为一种表示寒暄、应酬的辅助性语言，是维持良好社会关系的有 效润滑剂。寒暄语具有缩短交际者之间的距离、打破僵局、表示敬意以及乐 于与之结交等功能。寒暄语的多功能性决定了它在跨文化交际活动中的重要 性。本文从中西思维方式、文化背景、交际习惯等各个层面研究了英汉寒喧 语的差异，以期对跨文化交际做出些微贡献。关键词：寒嘖语;思维方式;文化背景;交际习惯;对比研究abstractwith the fast development of the economy, the globa

6、l intercultural communication has become more and more frequent. phatic communion, as a ministrant language to express negotiations and social engagement, is a well lube for the social relationship phatic communion has many functions, such as to shorten the communication distance between people, to

7、break the deadlock, and to show respect to other people. also, it is a strategy to maintain comfortable interpersonal relationship- phatic communion is important in intercultural communications- therefore, the paper studies the differences of phatic communion between english and chinese from differe

8、nt aspects, such as their mode of thinking, their cultural background, and their habits of communication.key words: phatic communion; mode of thinking; background of culture; habit of communication; contrastive studyi. introductionwith the fast growing of the intercultural communication activities,

9、chinese and western countries are getting to know more and more from each other about their history, culture, and customs. people always conjecture from many different angles for their different experiences. phatic communion, as one function of language, has been used into solecism. after that, ther

10、e are more and more studies about phatic comm union. different countries and customs have different expressions to perform phatic communion. the function of phatic communions is similar in chinese and western countries, that is to keep comfortable relationship between people.1.1 research purposeto c

11、ompare phatic communion between english and chinese is to improve mutual understanding between people from the two different cultures. phatic communions under different cultures of different countries are quite different. at the same time, different conditions such as different backgrounds, differen

12、t thinking way, and different habits result in different phatic communion. all kinds of living ways make great influences on people's mind. and people in different countries also have different ideas of phatic communiofll2 research significancethis paper analyzes the differences of phatic commun

13、ion between english and chinese language. phatic communion，s emotional information is passed as a language method under the constraints of thinking, manners and customs and other factors, and the meaning and purpose of expression is differen匸 after knowing these, we can make accurate and rational us

14、e of greetings at different occasions. in the 21st century global intercultural communication becomes more usual as the exchange of chinese and western trade has become more frequen匚 and the constant trade frictions between china and the west have a regulatory and eliminating role in promoting cross

15、-cultural communication.ii theoretical frameworks2.1 the definition of phatic communionphatic communion, to make greetings when people meeting, is a lip service from the word-ocean. from ci hai, phatic communion was used to ask the weather whether it is warm or cold. but o' donnel and todd have

16、the relatively broad division. they believe that takings can be seemed as phatic communion except the subject (todd, 1980:124). sun xuemei said that greetings are used to produce a certain atmosphere or maintaining social contact (2009:122). phatic communion is including two different sideslanguage

17、communication and non-language communication (zhu, 1989:16). he said that language is not the only method to make the contracts between people sometimes, only a smile, a nodding, a shaking and a hug can achieve the same effect. and there is another definition of phatic communion. phatic communion is

18、 an informal type of discourse that does not cover any functional topics of conversation or any transactions which need to be addressed (wang, 2012:238).there are some definitions of the phatic communion in peopled daily life. different nations and countries have different ways to perform the phatic

19、 communion. from here we can see that phatic communion is not only used to ask the weather, but also can be greeting words of communication with each othe匚 phatic communion on a certain occasion used properly or not will directly affect the following communication. sometimes even can directly relate

20、s to whether the state and society harmonious development. cuirently, deeply understand the definition of the phatic communion and properly use it is what the people need to do right now2.2 the origin of phatic communionphatic communion is the prologue when people meet and a stepping stone for the c

21、ommunication. it as a conversational interaction between fiiends and acquaintances, often can only pmvide a little information, is driving the conversation to a great extent of the both sides. noirick once said that from the pragmaticfunction of the spee<jlch acts, phatic communion acts as a suff

22、icient amount of social roles. in order to show thegood behavior from the speaker (norrick, 1978:277). as people mention about the phatic communion, we can naturally think of a great british social anthropologistmalinowski he was the first man in the world who put forward the term- phatic communion

23、and start using it .primitively： there is a study about social changes and cultural custom of trobriand islands in the west of pacific. he ate with the local residents about two years while he lived there. although it seems to have litde useful puipose to maintain and establish the good relationship

24、s between themselves and the society, he found that there are many subtle words in the interpersonal communication between people. phatic communion, put by malinowski, has no practical meaning but to maintain the relationship between people communicative language (malinowski, 1923:59) . this term is

25、 recognized very soon by all sectors of the community. then it has become an impoitant research object of social language. malinowski points out several characteristics of phatic communion. first of all, phatic communion is a kind of behavior patterns, mther than to pass thought. secondly, all kinds

26、 of phatic communion, is a kind of language activity. and this kind of activity is to complete a social function. last but not least, the function is used to overcome the strange and silence that makes people uncomfortable.phatic communion in china is also known as socializing language, which refers

27、 to socializing general sense of language, rather than establishing and maintaining social ties associated with body language. according to malinowski article "the problem of meaning in piimitive language，； phatic communion is divided into verbal communication and non-verbal communication aspec

28、ts. it does not mean that all social situations need the help of language, but people can use a smile, a nod, a hug, shaking hands, kissing on the cheek to achieve expected communicative effect.clark suggested determine which was gneetings are the three conditions:(1) the particular situational cont

29、ext. (for example, a small talk at the bus station.)(2) language and paralanguage aspect of communicative behavior.(the use of the regular expression, such as discussing the weather.)(3) social function. (to avoid silence, establish and maintain a good atmosphere in some situations.xclaik 1990:165)p

30、eople can use the phatic communion reasonable after the understanding of the greetings and decision conditions. but just to know this is for to meet today's communication of the international community. people need to understand further on the basis of different people in different places how to

31、 use different phatic communion.iii. different phatic communions between chinese and western peopledifferent phatic communion tends to convey different communicative purposes. chinese and western culture and customs also influence the expression of the phatic communion. so people need to compare chi

32、nese and western countries5 phatic communion from different aspects. here are there major aspects of the differences.3.1 different phatic communion due to different backgrounds of chinese and western cultureschina is a state of ceremonies and also pays more attention to etiquette civilizations. so t

33、he phatic communion is very important in the chinese speaking countries. when people get together, they will use some useful phatic communion words to show their respect to other people. take “have you eaten yet?5 as an example, there are some fixed coinmunications.(1) a: have you eaten yet?b: no. h

34、ow about you?a: i have already had dinner with my fiunily. it is my sister5 s birthday today. so we had dinner together.(2) a: where are you going?b: pm going to potter in the garden. have you eaten yet?from the two spectacles above, we can see, “have you eaten yet?" is a special greeting in ch

35、inese culture. especially, this pattern was used frequently in rural area. this special phatic communion can be regarded as a greeting pattern of chinese national cultural tradition there are two original reasons; firstly, the lack of food and clothing in the past china was a long-teim unsolved prob

36、lem. secondly, qiina cares about food very much, a "bite of china” as it is called. so this sentencehave you eaten yet, expresses the concern of other people, also, it reflects chinese people's hospitality. in english-speaking countries, phatic communions are legion. "hello is one of t

37、he most widely used one. english people always say hello with their friends and acquaintances. they use 'hello' at the beginning of a conversatiori. some people also use other phatic communion instead, such as “how do you do： "how are you? or “good morning, good afternoon, good nigh广 an

38、d so on and so forth. here are three fixed communication spectacles: a: hello!b: hello! a: how are you?b:iam fire thank you, and you?a: lam fine, too .thanks.(3) a: good morning!b: good morning!as an important medium for cross-cultural communication and culture, phatic communion has a very close rel

39、ationship with the economic development of all countries. because language has effects on culture, language has anti-impact of counter-culture; language is an important part of culture. like learning a language, people first have to learn the culture of the target language. because there is no langu

40、age exists without its culture and without language. culture can not be understood by human being too. people have to understand the differences between the chinese and western cultural background so as to know the different phatic communion between english and chinese. in western countries, marriag

41、e and age are regarded as privacy. they pursue equality. meanwhile they believe that everyone has their own rights. english people usually express their idea directly.china is a country with 5000 years history. chinese people emphasizes on justice and benefit they are humble, hospitable and delicate

42、. the inquiries of the younger7 s marriage and age by the elder and superior are considered as a concern, and wid never be thought as an interference to their privacy .the most typical greeting in china is to ask questions about the topic of money, marriage and health. take money for example, "

43、your skirt is so beautiful, how much? where did you buy it? about maniage, “have you married? do you have children?" about health, “are you ok? go to the hospital and see the doctor?" while in western countries people think that these topics are not necessary and hurt people's self-est

44、eem. as a result they usually ask other people about “how your vacation was or how about your family? if they have more intimate relationship, they would ask each otherhow many children do you have? at this time, the relationships between people close or not affect the content of their conversation

45、secretly. this is an absolute evidence for different cultuml backgrounds directly affecting the different greetings used in different social situation.3.2 different traditional greetings caused by different thinking waysnowadays, phatic communion plays an extremely important role in cross-cultural c

46、ommunication the phatic communion likes a good lubricant before using the greetings direcdy, people need to know the different ways of thinking between chinese and western. the most typical example is talking about age and wages. china is an ancient nation, has a laudatory name of "nation of th

47、e etiquette. politeness is chinese traditional moral excellence both the acquaintances and the strangers, the elders and the younger, men and women are never shy to talk about age and wages. sometimes these topics are considered as a kind of care for others. for the elders，it is a natural topic - by

48、 asking peopled age to express their respect, for example, to wish the old that their happiness is like the east sea and longevity over the southern hill. as it can be seen from these events, showing respect for the old man and care for children is a virtue of chinese people. for americans, like peo

49、ple in any other cultures, ginwing up is a wonderful pmcess. but growing up is another different case. growing up old is not exactly to be celebrated for people in youth-oriented american culture. most americans like to look young, act young and feel young. although some people in some countries val

50、ue the aged as a source of experience and wisdom. americans seem to favor those who are young or at least '"young at heart”. many older americans find the “golden years，to be anything but golden. economically, "senior citizens" often stiuggle just to get by. older people may suffe

51、r from poor nutrition, medical care and housing. some even experience age discrimination. despite the challenges they face, americans in their 6 "twilight years” generally refuse to give up on life. they find a vaiiety of ways to keep themselves active. they really do not want to fell embarrass

52、ed in public. it is not only about their self-esteem but also about their human right. so people feel that their privacy is very important. they rarely talk about age, especially the women，s age.talking about people's wage is another topic, which people from different cultures hold different opi

53、nions. there is an extremely simple relationship between americans. they dorf t like to drop across and have coffee at other9 s home at night .they just say hello although they are acquaintances. so they can，t understand why chinese prefer to chatting in public. whats more, chinese people like talki

54、ng with each other about the money or the salary. here, people would like to talk about the different thinking of money in the world. chinese people are not afraid of talking about the number of money. how much money they eam? people would never fell embarrassed to talk in the public on money. peopl

55、e can locate their own economic situation after asking other peopled income. even they can know more about the talent market. the people who not find a job also can work by asking others income to detemiine their own development. on the contrary，western people do not want to mention this. at the sam

56、e time, they really do not want to be asked about the money or salaries they have earned. sometimes, english men like to talk about investment and stock. when they are hunting a job, they would like to talk the different income from different job they believe that they can find a good job after a co

57、mparison. one more thing to mention about money is that chinese people usually buy something when they can afford it, while americans would like to enjoy credit card consumption一they would spend tomorrow wage today, whether they can afford it or not. from this we can see different ways of thinking w

58、ill lead people expressing the differences in intercultural communications.3.3 different communicative habits due to differences on greetings between chinese and western peoplewith the rapid development of intercultural communication activities, phatic coinmunion plays an irreplaceable role between

59、people from different cultures. china has an old saying, 4to know the enemy and know you and you can fight a hundred battles with no danger of defeat?5 so if people want to have a farther relationship, they would better to know more about the different communicative habits.due to the dift(cnt cultural backgrounds and different ways of thinking, the communication habits have many