初中英语语法讲座(一)

1、初中英语语法讲座（一）姓名_一、名词关于名词，我们必须掌握名词的数，名词的格。单数-可用a、an来修饰可数名词单数，在元音发音开头的单词前用an，而不是a可数名词名词的根据数 复数不可数名词1.复数的构成方法：(1)一般在复数名词后加s，如：dog-dogs。(2)以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词加es，如：watch-watches。(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加es，如：country-countries。请区别：如果是元音字母加y结尾的名词，则只须加s如：monkey-monkeys。(4)以o结尾的名词，只有potato(土豆)，tomato(西红柿)加es 构成复数。(5)

2、以f、fe结尾的名词，变f、fe为v再加es，如：knife-knives。2.单复数形式相同的词：sheep-sheep，fishfish, Chinese-Chinese，Japanese-Japanese3.特殊变化的单词有：(1)tooth-teeth，foot- feet(2)man-men，woman-women，policeman-policemen, Frenchman-Frenchmen请区别：German(德国人)-Germans(3)childchildren4.常以复数形式出现的名词：people(人)，clothes(衣服)，trousers(裤子) glasses(

3、眼镜) ,这些名词作主语时，同学们应特别注意它们的谓语，用复数。如：My clothes are (be) newer than yours.5.有些名词看似复数形式，实际上是单数。这一点是同学不易掌握的，应特别加以记忆。如：news(消息)，maths(数学)，physics(物理)No news is good news.6.可用how many，many，a few，few，a lot of，lots of，some，any等来修饰可数名词复数。How many are there in your pencil-box? (knife)不可数名词：1.常见的不可数名词有：water，ri

4、ce，fish，meat，等。应特别记medicine,news,work,homework,housework,money,chalk,weather,cotton,wood.2.不可数名词无复数，作主语时常看成单数。 如：Some bread over there. (be)3.常用how much, much, a little, little, a lot of ,some, any等来修饰不可数名词。4.常用a piece of, a cup of等来表示不可数名词的量。如要表达“两片面包”这样的意义，bread仍为不可数名词，不加s，而piece则可加s。即：two pi

5、eces of bread请区别：可数名词也可用量来表示，如：三箱苹果three boxes of apples例： 1、These two pieces of bread are over there.(be)2、Could I have three ,please？A. piece of bread    B. .piece of breads   C. pieces of bread    D .pieces of breads名词的格名词所有格的构成方法，在名词后加“ 's”。如：Tom Tom's译

6、为“的”，若遇上以s结尾的复数名词，则在s后加“ '”即可。如：Teachers' Day , two weeks' holiday，而不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格，仍按惯例加's 。如：Children's Day关于名词所有格，应掌握以下几点：1.可用名词所有格表示地点。如：my aunt's 我姑姑家。 go to the doctor's 去医生家。2.表示两人共同拥有，在最后一个名词后加's如：Lucy and Lily's 露西和莉莉的3.掌握词组：a girl of five 一个五岁的女孩 a friend

7、 of mine 我的一个朋友eg ; The white shirt is and blue one isA、Kate ,my   B .Kate's ,mine    C .Kate ,mine   D .Kate's, my二、冠词冠词是词汇中的基础的，也是简单的部分，所以同学们有必要掌握其基本用法，中考也会体现这一点。归纳起来，同学们应该掌握以下几点：1.冠词指不定冠词a, an和定冠词the2.不定冠词an常用于元音发音开头的词前，如：an hour, an English car.   

8、 请区别：a useful machine3.指上文提到过的人或物，用定冠词the4.在世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the.如：the sun ,the moon, the earth5.定冠词the用于序数词前，表示方位的名词和形容词最高级前。如：the first, the best ,in the south6.在复数姓氏前加the，表示××一家人，常看成复数。如：The Browns are going to Shanghai for a holiday this summer.7.在介词短语中常用定冠词the，如：in the box ,behind the c

9、hair8.特别注意不能用定冠词the的几个方面：(1)在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不用冠词。如：in summer, in August 请区别：in the spring of 1945. (这里表示特指，故加the)(2)一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词。   如：have breakfast ,play football(3)一些固定词组中，如：go to bed ,go to school ,by bus ,at night.9.在有些词组中，有冠词和无冠词意思不同，请注意区别： in front of 在前面      

10、  in the hospital 在医院里     in the front of 在范围内的前部       in hospital (生病)住院 There's 800-metre-long road behind hospital. A. an, an       B .a, a        C .an, the    

11、   D. a, the初中英语语法讲座(二)姓名_三、数词同学们首先应会读会写所有基数词和序数词，以及与数词有关的钟点表达法。对数词的考查，中考常采用单选题及听力题，这些题型归纳起来，应掌握以下几点特别容易出错的地方。1.基数词变序数词。其规律为：1,2,3特殊记，加th 从4起 (first, second, third, fourth)8少t，9去e，千万别忘记 (eighth ,ninth)逢5逢12，ve变f (fifth ,twelfth)20到90，y要变ie (twentieth ,ninetieth)若是几十几，前基后序别倒位 (ninety-first)

12、2.hundred,thousand,million 在构成具体的数字时用单数形式。   如：five hundred people.只有在表达笼统的多数时才加s，构成复数形式。hundreds of 数以百计的，成百上千的thousands of 数以千计的，成千上万的millions of 数百万的这些词组前不能用具体数字。3.序数词常与定冠词the 连用。eg: Henry has learned eight French words this year.A. hundred      B. hundreds 

13、0;  C .hundred of     D .hundreds ofThe lesson is the most difficult one in Book Two. (twenty)另外，同学们还应掌握与数词有关的钟点表达法。顺读法(钟点分钟)  如：4:30 four thirty 4:45 four forty-five4:15 four fifteen倒读法(分钟topast钟点) 如：4:30 half past four4:15 fifteen past foura quarter past four4:45 fifteen t

14、o fivea quarter to five练习题1.At the beginning of the_(twenty) century, the world's population was about 1700 million.2.Are these_(watch)yours? Yes.3.You don't look well. You'd better go to the_(doctor) at once.4.Would you give me _, please?A. two papers    B .two piece of p

15、aper    C. two pieces of paper    D .two pieces of papers5.There are three _and seven _in the picture.A. monkeys , sheeps    B. monkeys, sheep   C. monkies, sheep   D. monkies, sheeps6.A lot of_ are talking with two_.A. Germans, Frenchmans&

16、#160;  B. Germen, Frenchmans    C. German, Frenchmen   D. Germans, Frenchmen7.June 1 is _.A. the Children's Day   B. the C hildrens' Day   C .Children's Day   D. Childrens' Day思考题1._people went out to see what had happened.A. Thousand

17、s of B. Three thousand of C. Thousand of D. Three thousands2.We have been in the school for_.A. three and a half month          B .three and a half monthsC. three month and a half          D .three months and half3.

18、_English is_ useful language.A.A, an       B./, a        C. The, an       D. A, /初中英语语法讲座（三）姓名_四、代词(一)人称代词主格Iyouheshe it we youthey宾格me youhimherit us youthem物主代词形容词性my yourhis her its our your their名词性mineyour

19、shis hersits oursyours theirs反身代词myselfyourself himself herselfitself ourselves yourselves themselves1.形容词性物主代词在句中只能作定语，相当于一个形容词，名词性物主代词在句中可作表语、主语和宾语，相当于一个名词。2.注意名词性物主代词在句中所指代的关系,是单数还是复数。如：These books aren't ours.     Ours are new. (这里ours=our books)     This i

20、s not our room.     Ours is over there. (这里ours=our room)3."of+名词性物主代词"表示所属如：a sister of his 他的一个妹妹    a friend of mine 我的一个朋友4.人称代词在并列使用时的顺序为：“第二人称，第三人称，第一人称”。如：You, she and I all enjoy the music.5.关于反身代词，同学们须掌握其固定结构：enjoy oneself=have a good time (过得很愉快

21、) by oneself=alone (单独、独自)help oneself to (随便吃/喝 些.)learn sth. by oneself  =teach oneself sth. (自学)练习题1.-Whose trousers are these?      -_, I think.A. They  B. Their   C. Theirs   D. Them2. Nobody taught_ English.   He taught_.A. him, himself

22、60;  B. his, himself    C .him, by himself   D. his, his（二）修饰可数词manyfew 表否定意义a few 表肯定意义修饰不数名词muchlittle 表否定意义a little 表肯定意义few 和 little 与 quite 或 only 连用时，常加不定冠词 a.如:There are quite a few new books in the library.用little, a little, few, a few填空:1.I often stay at home becaus

23、e I have _ friends here.2.Jim,don't go and get some water. There is _ water in the glass.3.Though he learned French only _ weeks. He can speak very well.4.Lily had _ bread because she was hungry yesterday.（三）不定代词: something, anything, nothing.当形容词修饰这三个不定代词时，常后置。 如：something newThere's _ in t

24、oday's newspaper. 中考题A. important anything     B. important somethingC. anything important     D. something important(四)另外，代词some, every, all, both, either, another1.some（一些，某） 一般用于肯定句中    注：some有时也可用于表示请求的疑问句中。any（任何） 多用于疑问句和否定句 Will you gi

25、ve me some water? Would you like some meat? May I ask some questions? Could I have some apples?2.every单数名词 “每一个” 强调共性，作定语,形式上为单数。 each “每一个” 强调个性，作定语、主语、宾语和同位语，常与of连用。如：Each student was asked to try again.Each of them has a nice skirt. Every child likes playing games.3.all “(全部)都” 表示三者或三者以上，作同位语时，一般

26、放在连系、助动词之后，行为动词之前。  none “没有”表示三者或三者以上都不，后常跟介词of如： We are all from Canada. = All of us are from Canada.None of us is/are afraid of dogs.（单、复数均可）4.both “（两者）都” 作主语时，看作复数；作定语时，后跟名词复数。either “两者中任何一个” , 作主语时，谓语用第三人称单数;作定语时，后跟名词单数。neither “(两者)都不”,含有否定意义，用法同either。如：They both swim well.  Both

27、of them swim well.There are trees on both sides of the street. = There are trees on either side of the street.Neither of us is going to Beijing next week Neither answer is right.5. another +单数名词, “另一个”   one the other “一个，另一个”the other +复数名词= the others “其他的人或物” （指确定范围内剩下的全部）others “别人”(五)

28、疑问代词 5个“wh”, 即who, whose, whom, what, which这里，which是同学们不易掌握的内容，其实，同学们只须记住，对作定语的内容提问，常用which.I'm going to take the skirt on the right. (97中考题)_ _ are you going to take?初中英语语法讲座（四）姓名_五、形容词 副词大多数的形容词、副词都有三个等级：原级：比较级： 比较.，更.一些最高级： 最.（A）1.构成：(规则情况)情    况变 化 方 法例     

29、;      词单音节词和少数双音节词:一般情况加er, estclever-cleverer-cleverest以字母e结尾加r, stnice-nicer-nicest重读闭音节、末尾只有一个辅音字母时双写加er, est big-bigger-biggest以辅音字母加y结尾 变y为i加er, estearly-earlier-earliest部分双音节和多音节词在词前加more, mostslowly-more slowly-most slowly2.不规则变化，须熟记：good/well-better-best   

30、;    many/much-more-most    far-farther-farthestbad/badly/ill-worse-worst     little-less-least(B)常见的使用情况1.as as 和.一样（中间用原级）2.not as(so) as 和.不一样（中间用原级）3 than . .比.（用比较级）4.有范围修饰的用最高级        如:in, of, among或用从句修饰的eg. Wint

31、er is the coldest season of the year.This is the best film that I have ever seen .5.比较级+and+比较级 意为“越来越.”eg: wetter and wetter more and more beautiful6. The+比较级，the+比较级 越.就越.eg:The more, the better. 越多越好(C)注意点：1.形容词最高级前一定要用the,副词最高级前可省略。2.可用much, a little, even, still等修饰比较级。3.在比较级中为了避免重复，在than后常用one,

32、 that, those等词来替代前面提到过的名词。eg: The weather here is warmer than that of Shanghai.(D)掌握三种同义句转换：1.He is taller than any other student in his class.=He is the tallest (student)in his class.2.This film is less interesting than that one.=This film isn't as interesting as that one.=That film is more int

33、eresting than this one.3.I prefer maths to English.=I like maths better than English.96中考题：Which do you like _, fish, meat _ eggs?A .best, or B .better, or C .best, and D. better, and此外，关于形容词、副词的内容同学们还须掌握：1.形容词修饰名词作定语，跟在连系动词之后作表语。2.副词修饰动词、形容词或其它副词enough属例外词：形/副+enough to do enough+名词 eg; she is old

34、enough to go to school. 她够上学的年龄了。3.区别几组易混淆的副词:也too用于肯定、疑问句also 较为正式书面语either 用于否定句已经already 常用于肯定句、疑问句yet 常用于否定句、疑问句不再no (not any) longer 从时间上讲no (not any) more 从动作上讲如此这样such 修饰名词 eg: such a big boxso 修饰形容词、副词 eg: so big单独、独自alone 作表语 =by oneself孤独的lonely 可作表语、定语eg: A group of girls are singing and

35、dancing _ over there. (happy)练习题1.The students are having a good time in the park.   Some are drawing by the lake. _ are climbing the hill.A. Others  B. Other  C. Another  D. The other2.There isn't _ in today's newspaper.A. important something   B. important any

36、thingC. anything important   D. nothing important3.-Whose watch is this, Mary? Is it your sister's?  -No ,Mum. It's not _. It's _.A. hers, my  B. her, my  C. Mine, hers  D. hers, mine思考题1.The Changjiang River is the third _ river in the world.A. long  B

37、. longer  C. longest  D. the longest2. An elephant is _ than a horse.A. more strong  B. much stronger  C. the most strong  D. much more strong3. Which do you like _, tea, orange or water?A. good  B .Well  C. Better  D. Best初中英语语法讲座（五）姓名_六、介词1与形容词搭配的词组有：be afra

38、id of （怕）be angry with （生某人的气）be away from （不在某地）be different from （与不同）be good at （善于）be good/ bad for (对有益/有害)be interested in （对感兴趣）be late for （迟到）be/get ready for （为作好准备）be sure of (对有把握)be worried about （为感到担忧）2介词后常用人称代词宾格和动词-ing形式1)You must take good care of her.2)Thank you for teaching us so

39、 well.3几组易混淆的介词A“在.之后”in + 一段时间（用于一般将来时）after + 一段时间（用于一般过去时）after + 一点时间（常用于一般将来时）如：The baby stopped crying after half an hour.The baby will stop crying in half an hour.They will visit their teacher after Friday.Bfor +一段时间since +过去的一点时间这两者均用于现在完成时，具体在时态部分，我会继续向同学们讲解。Cbe made of "用制成"be ma

40、de in “由某地制造”be made by somebody “由某人制成”Din, on, at表时间in “在某月(季节、年)等”eg: in 1996, in January, in summer固定词组：in the morning, in a week, in a minute, in time, in the endon "用于指具体的某一天或专指某一天上午、下午或晚上等"eg: on Christmas Day, on the night of February 16at “用于具体时刻前和某些固定词组中”固定词组：at seven, at the mom

41、ent, at night, at last, at first, at noon, at times, at once, at this time of the year, at the beginning of, at the end of this month, at the same time注意：在表时间里，下列情况下一般不用介词。词组里有：next, last, this, that, tomorrow, yesterday, one, every, all 以及the day before yesterday和the day after tomorrow 前不用介词 。 

42、;  如:不能说 in tomorrow ,只能说 tomorrow 在明天E.except +宾格/doing something "除之外” （不包括本身）Everyone is at school today except Lin Tao. (同义句转换)=Only Lin Tao isn't at school today.F“用” 通过交通工具 by plane用语言 in English通过媒介 on /over the telephone,  on /over the radio,  on TV用工具手段 with a pen, w

43、ith one's handsGbetween “在和（两者）之间”between.and.,between the two.among 在.之间(三者或三者以上)eg. Sue spent over two hours _ her homework yesterday evening.A. on   B. with    C. at   D. over语法补充资料介词I 要点1、介词和种类（1） 简单介词，常用的有at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, wit

44、hout等。（2） 复合介词，如by means of, along with, because of, in front of, instead of等。2、介词和其他词类的习惯搭配关系（1） 和动词的搭配，如agree with, ask for, belong to, break away from, care about等。（2） 和形容词的搭配，如afraid of, angry with, different from, good at（3） 和名词的搭配，如answer to , key to, reason for, cause of, visit to等.3、介词短语可以有自

45、己的修饰语，这种修饰语通常有right, just, badly, all, well, directly, completely等少数几个副词。如：He came right after dinner.He lives directly opposite the school.4、 某些介词的意义与用法举例（1） at, on, in（表时间）表示时间点用at,如at four o'clock, at midnight等；表示不确定的时间或短期假日也用at,如at that time, at Christmas等。指某天用on, 如on Monday, on the end of N

46、ovember, 指某天的朝夕用on,如on Friday morning, on the afternoon of September lst等。指长于或短于一天的时段用in,如in the afternoon, in February, in Summer, in 1999等。（2） between, among（表位置）between仅用于二者之间，但说三者或三者以上中的每两个之间的相互关系时，也用between, 如I'm sitting between Tom and Alice.The village lies between three hills.among用于三者或三

47、者以上之间。如：He is the best among the students.（3） beside, besidesbeside意为"在旁边"，而besides意为"除之外"。如：He sat beside me.What do you want besides this?（4）in the tree, on the treein the tree 指动物或人在树上，而on the tree 指果实、树叶长在树上（5）on the way, in the way, by the way, in this wayon the way 指在路上 in

48、the way 指挡道by the way 指顺便问一句 in this way 用这样的方法（6）in the corner, at the cornerin the corner 指在拐角内 at the corner 指在拐角外（7）in the morning, on the morningin the morning 是一般说法 on the morning 特指某一天的早晨（8）by bus, on the busby bus 是一般说法 on the bus 特指乘某一辆车II 例题 例1 Do you know any other foreign language_ Engli

49、sh?A except B but C beside D besides例2 He suddenly returned _ a rainy night.A on B at C in D during例3 I'm looking forward _your letter.A to B in C at D on初中英语语法讲座（六）姓名_七、连词1并列连词bothand 既又谓语用复数动词neithernor 既不也不含否定意义，（就近原则）谓语动词由靠近它的那个主语来决定单复数。eitheror   “或者 或者”“不是就是”and“和”  连接两个并列成分,连接谓语

50、时,两个动词时态应一致。but “但是” 表转折，不能与 though 同时出现在句中。or “或者”在否定句中，并列句中的列举常用 or，而不用 and。eg: I have brothers and sisters.(否)I don't have brothers or sisters.= I have no brothers and no sisters.2引导宾语从句的连词陈述句：that 可省略一般疑问句：if /whether “是否”特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词3引导原因状从的有：because (不能与so同时出现在句中)4引导时间状语从句的连词：A.when（当时候），as

51、 soon as（一就），notuntil（直到才），after（在之后），引导的主从复合句，主句为一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时来代替一般将来时。eg: I won't leave until he comes back.B.since（自从以来）引导的主从复合句，主句为现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。eg：We haven't met each other since she left here last year.C.while（当时候，一边一边）它引导的时间状语从句常用进行时态。eg: My father came in while I was doing my home

52、work.5引导条件状语从句的连词：if   “如果”，引导条件状从，主句用一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时。请区别于if“是否”相当于 whether，引导宾语从句，时态根据语境确定eg:1)I don't know if it (rain) tomorrow.2)If it _ (rain) tomorrow, I _ (not climb) the hills.3)Joan and Mary haven't seen each other _they left school five years ago.  A. as   B. be

53、fore   C .after   D. since语法补充资料连词I 要点1、 连词的种类（1） 并列连词用来连接并列关系的词、短语或分句，如and, for, or, bothand, eitheror, neithernor等。（2） 从属连词用来引导从句，如that, if, whether, when, after, as soon as等。除了从属连词（引导状语从句）外，还有其它可以用来引导从句的词类。它们是连接代词和连接副词（引导名词性从句），关系代词和关系副词（引导定语从句）。 2、 常用连词举例(1)and 和，并且 They dran

54、k and sang all night.(2) bothand 和， 既也Both my parents and I went there.(3) but 但是，而I'm sad, but he is happy.(4) eitheror 或或， 要么要么Either you're wrong, or I am.(5) for因为I asked him to stay, for I had something to tell him.(6) however 然而，可是Af first, he didn't want to go there. Later, howeve

55、r, he decided to go.(7) neithernor 既不也不Neither my parents nor my aunt agrees with you.(8) not onlybut(also) 不但而且He not only sings well, but also dances well.(9) or 或者，否则Hurry up, or you'll be late.Are you a worker or a doctor?(10) so 因此，所以It's getting late, so I must go.(11) although 虽然Altho

56、ugh it was late, they went on working.(12) as soon as 一 就I'll tell him as soon as I see him.(13) because 因为He didn't go to school, because he was ill.（14）unless 除非，如果不I won't go unless it is fine tomorrow.（15）until 直到He didn't leave until eleven. (瞬间动词用于not until 结构) He stayed there

57、until eleven.（16）while 当时候，而 (表示对比)While I stayed there, I met a friend of mine. (while后不可用瞬间动词)My pen is red while his is blue. （17）for 因为He was ill, for he didn't come. (结论是推断出来的)（18）since自从I have lived here since my uncle left.（19）hardly when 一 就I had hardly got to the station when the train

58、left.（20）as far as 就 来说As far as I know, that country is very small.You may walk as far as the lake. (一直走到湖那里)II 例题例1 John plays football _, if not better than, David.A as well B as well as C so well D so well as例2 She thought I was talking about her daughter, _, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.A when B where C which D while例3 Would you like a cup of coffee _ shall we get down to business right away?A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise初中英语语法讲座（七）姓名_八、动词可以分为四类：实义动词（或称行为动词）连系动词、情态动词以及助动词。（一）实义动词 （行为动词）1.不及物动词:不能直接跟宾语