必修三四知识点总结

1、学习必备欢迎下载高一英语必修4各单元学问点归纳unit1 women of achievement重要词汇拓展1 achievement n.成就，功绩 achieve v. 达到，完成，实现2 welfare n福利事业，福利3. project n.方案 , 方案 ,设计，工程 , 企业 , 事业，科研项目; 课外自修项目vi.伸出 , 突出设想自已处身于into4. specialist n. 专家，专业工作者special adj. 特殊的，特地的specialize vi. 专攻，特地从事5. connectionn. 连接，关系connect v. 连接6. conditionn.

2、 状况（不行数），条件（可数），环境（复数）on no condition决不7. organizationn. 组织，机构，团体organize vt. 组织 ;筹备 , 成立 ;使加入工会，使有条理8. behave v. 举止，表现 behavior n. 行为，举止9. shade n. 阴凉处v. 遮住光线10. worthwhile adj.值得的，值得做的it is worthwhile doing sth./ to do sth. worth adj.值，值得be worth doingworthy adj.值得做的，可敬重的be worthy of sth/ being do

3、nebe worthy to bedone11. observe v.观看，观测，遵守observation n.观看，观测12. respect v./n.敬重，敬重，敬意respectable adj.值得敬重的，正派的，风光地respectful adj.有礼貌的，敬重的13. argue .v.争辩，辩论argument n.争辩，辩论argued-adj引起争辩的14. entertainment-n款待，消遣entertain-v款待；款待，消遣，抱有，怀着（想法、疑问）15. crowd n.人群，观众v.挤满，使拥挤crowded adj.拥挤的16. inspire v.激励

4、，激发 inspired adj.受到激励的，有灵感的inspiring adj.激励人的 inspiration n.激励，灵感17 support v.支持，拥护supporter n.支持者，拥护者18. refer-vi谈到，查阅，参考19. intend v.方案，准备 intention n.准备，目的，意图20. considerate adj.考虑周到的 consider v. 考虑，认为consideration n考虑，体谅considering prep考虑到21. kind adj慈爱的，和善的，友爱的kindnessn 慈爱，好意，和善学习必备欢迎下载22. deli

5、ver v.递送，生（小孩），接生，发表（演讲等）delivery n. 投递，交货，分娩23. modest adj虚心的，谦让的，适度的重点短语梳理1 devoteto doing sth 把.用心致志于2 human beings人类3 move off离开，启程，动身4 lead al过ife着的生活贡献给 devote oneself to致力于，献身于be devoted to5 crowd in涌上心头，涌入脑海6 look down on/ upon藐视，瞧不起7 refer to查阅，参考，谈到其中， to 为介词 8 by chance碰巧，凑巧9. come across

6、偶遇，碰见10. carry on连续，坚持carry out实行，执行，完成11. be dressed in穿着dress as 装扮成 12.fight for为.而战fight against与战争 13.put to death判死刑14. concern oneself with关注留意15. intend to do sth./ doing sth.准备做某事16. in the shade of在的树荫下，在的庇护下17. gain doctor s de获g得ree博士学位18. be considered as被看做.19. take turns to do sth实行步骤

7、做某事20. do research on做方 面的讨论21. mean to do准备做某事mean doing意味着22. by now直到现在重点句型再现1 she spent years observing and recording their daily activities.她花去多年的时间观看和记录它们的日常活动；（spend+ 时间 / 金钱 +doing sth花时间或金钱去做某事）2 only after her mother came to help her for the first few months was she allowed to begin her pr

8、oject.她的母亲头几个月来帮过她的忙；这才使她得以开头自己的方案；（only 位于句首并修饰状语，句子要发生部分倒装，将助动词或联系动词置于主语之前）学习必备欢迎下载3 following jane s way of studing chi,mopusr group are all going to visit them in the forest.我们一行人将依据jane 讨论猩猩的方法去森林里拜望他们；（-ing 作方式状语；留意非谓语动词作状语时的区分：-ing 主动 / 进行 / 连续， -ed 被动/ 过去， to do 主动 / 将来）4. it seemed that she

9、 had been very busy in her chosen carrer travelling abroad tostudy as well as writing books and articles看起来她忙于所选择的和写作一样的到国外讨论；（it seemed that+从句：似乎是，看起来似乎是；as well as仍有）5. what made her succeed later on was the kindness and consideration she showed to all her patients后来使她胜利的是她对全部病人献出的爱心和爱护；（what mad

10、e her succeed主语从句；明白what 引导的名词性从句的译法，明白它们在句中的成分：作主语、宾语、表语、同位语）语法剖析（主谓一样）主谓一样，指人称和数方面的一样关系；分为:语法一样 , 内容一样 , 就近一样；一 语法一样原就: 即主语为单数, 谓语用单数 , 主语为复数 , 谓语也用复数；以下为留意事项 :1. 单数主语即使后面带有with , along with, together with, like象 , but 除了 ,except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than而不是 , including, in a

11、ddition to引导的短语 ,谓语动词仍用单数； 如: air as well as water is matter.空气和水都是物质； no one except two servants was late for the dinner.除了两个仆人外, 没有一个人迟来用餐；2. 用 and 连接的并列主语,假如主语是同一个人,同一事 ,同一概念 , 谓语动词用单数,否就用复数；如:the poet and writer has come.那位诗人兼作家来了. 一个人 a hammer and a saw are useful tools.锤子和锯都是有用的工具. 两样物 用 and 连

12、接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体, 如 :bread and butter黄油抹面包 , knife and fork 刀叉 等作主语时 , 谓语动词用单数；3. 不定式 短语 , 动名词 短语 ,或从句作主语时, 谓语动词用单数. 如 : serving the people is my great happiness.为人民服务是我最大的幸福.when we ll go out for an outing has been decided.我们什么时候出去郊游已打算了；4. 用连接的并列主语被each, every或 no 修饰时 , 谓语动词用单数.every boy and ever

13、y girl likes to go swimming.每个男孩和每个女孩都喜爱去游泳.学习必备欢迎下载no teacher and no student was absent from the meeting.没有老师也没有同学开会缺席. each man and each woman is asked to help.每个男人和每个女人都被请去帮忙；5. each of +复数代词 , 谓语动词用单数. 复数代词 +each,谓语动词用单数.如: each of us has something to say.我们每个人都有话要说；6. 如主语中有more than one或 many a

14、/an ,尽管从意义上看是复数, 但它的谓语动词仍用单数；但 more+ 复数名词 +than one做主语时 , 谓语动词仍用复数. 如:many a boy likes playing basketball.很多男生都喜爱打篮球. more than one student was late.不只一个同学迟到more persons than one come to help us.不止一个人来帮忙我们；7. none做主语时 , 谓语动词可用单数, 也可用复数 ;但在代表不行数的东西时总是看作单数 ,因而谓语动词要用单数. 如:none of us are is perfect.人无完人

15、；none of this worries me.这事一点不使我焦急；8. 名词如 : trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses等作主语时 , 谓语动词必需用复数 . 如:his clothes are good.但这些名词前如显现a pair of ,谓语一般用单数.如: a pair of glasses is on the desk.桌上有一副眼镜；9. 形复意单名词如:news ;以 ics 结尾的学科名称如: physics, mathematics, economics;国名如 : the united states;报纸名如 : th

16、e new times;书名如 : arabian night< 天方夜谈 >以及 the united nations<联合国 >等作主语时 , 谓语动词用单数；10. “ a名+词 +and a half“ ,“ one and a名ha词lf ”+语时 , 谓语动词要用单数. 如:only one and a half apples is left on the table.,“ the number of 名+ 词 ”等作主留意 : one or two +复数名词作主语, 谓语动词用复数形式, 如:one or two places have been vis

17、ited.参观了一两个地点；二 内容一样原就:1. 主语中有 all, half, most, the rest等, 以及 ”分数或百分数 + 名词 ”做主语时 ,谓语动词单复数取决于连用的名词.如:the rest of the bikes are on sale today.剩下的自行车，今日出售；60%of the apple was eaten by little boy.这个苹果的60% 都被这个小男孩吃了；most of the apples were rotten.大部分的苹果都是烂的；most of the apple was eaten by a rat.这个苹果的大部分被老

18、鼠吃了；2. 不定数量的词组, 如 :part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主语时 , 谓语动词的单复数取决于量词后面名词的数.如:a part of the textbooks have arrived.一小部分教科书已运到；a part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig.这个苹果的一部分被猪吃光了；学习必备欢迎下载3. 加减乘除用单数. 如:fifteen minus five is ten . 15减去 5 等于 10；4. 表示时间 , 金钱 ,

19、 距离 , 度量等的名词做主语时, 尽管是复数形式, 它们做为一个单一的概念时 , 其谓语动词用单数. 如:ten miles is a good distance.十英里是一个相当的距离；5. 1通常作复数的集体名词. 包括 police , people, cattle等, 这些集体名词通常用作复数 .如:the british police have only very limited powers.(2) 通常作不行数名词的集体名词. 包括 equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage等.(3) 可作单数也可作复数的集体名词. 包括audience,

20、committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public等. 如:the committee has/have decided to dismiss him.委员会打算解雇他；6. the +形容词 / 过去分词形式”表示一类人或事物, 作主语时 , 谓语动词用复数.如: the injured were saved after the fire.三 就近原就1. 由 here, there, where等引导的倒装句中, 有时主语不止一个时谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一样 . 如:here comes the bus公共

21、汽车来了.here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you.给你一支钢笔和几张纸；where is your wife and children to stay while you are away.你不在这儿的时候, 你爱人和孩子在哪儿呆呢？2. 用连词 or, either. or, neither.nor, not only.等bu连t a接ls的o 并列主语, 谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一样；如：neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it同学和老师都不知道这事.h

22、e or you have taken my pen.他或你拿了我的钢笔；留意 : one of +复数名词 +who/that/which引导的定语从句中, 定语从句的动词为复数；如：mary is one of those people who keep pets.玛丽是饲养宠物者之一；the only one of +复数名词 + who/that./which引导的定语从句中，定语从句的动词应为单数；mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets.玛丽是唯独一个饲养宠物的人；units 2 working the land重要词汇

23、拓展1 sunburn v.日晒，晒黑sunburnt adj.晒黑的2 struggle v./n.挣扎，奋斗，努力struggle againststruggle forstruggle with学习必备欢迎下载3 decade n. 十年，十年期4 super n. 冗员 , 额外人员 ; 口 特级品 , 特大号商品 ;超级市场adj 特级的 , 极好的 ,特殊的5. hunger n.饥饿，期望 /v. 使饥饿 hungry adj.饥饿的；期望的6. output n.产量，输出， input输入，消费7. disturbingadj引起苦恼的，令人担心的，disturb v.打搅，

24、麻烦8. expand vt.扩大 , 扩展 ,张开 , 使发 , 详谈 ; 引伸9. circulate v.循环，流通circulation n.循环，流传10. battle n.战争，战争v. 搏斗，奋斗11. therefore adv.因此，所以12. rid vt摆脱，除去13. freedomn自由，自主freeadj自由的，免费的14. equip v. 配备，装备 equipment n.设备15. export v.输出，出口n. 输出（品） import v. 输入，进口n. 进口（品） 16.nationality n国籍， nationaladj国家的，民族的nat

25、ionn. 国家 17.occupationn 工作，职业，占据occupyv. 占用，使从事，把留意力集中于. 占领, 占据18.confuse v.使困惑，使犯难confused adj.感到困惑的confusing adj.令人困惑的19 regret v./n.懊悔，遗憾 regretful adj.懊悔的，遗憾的20. productionn. 生产，制造， productive可生产的，可制造的，producev 生产，制造21. discoveryn.发觉，发觉， discover-v发觉，22. focusv.集中，聚焦， n焦点，中心点23. reduce v.削减，缩减 r

26、eductionn. 削减，缩减 24 comment n./v.评论，谈论重点短语梳理1 if not假如不. if so假如这样，2. consider oneself sth自认为是consider sb sth认为某人是3. since then从那时起4. search for a way to do sth查找做某事的途径； 5.thanks to幸亏，由于，由于（to 为介词） 6.ridof 摆脱 ，除去get rid of除去7. be satisfied with对感到中意8 would rather do than do宁愿，宁可也不=would do rather th

27、an do 9with the hope of满怀期望 .10. in some way在某种程度上学习必备欢迎下载11. cause damage to对造成危害；12. build up增强，强大13. lead to导致，造成 to 为介词 14. focus on集中（留意力、精力等）于15. keepfrom/o使f免受（影响、损害等）重点句型再现1. dr yuan longping grows what is called super hybrid rice.袁隆平博士种植的是被称为“超级杂交水稻”的稻种；（what 引导的名词性从句在句中作宾语）2. the special s

28、train of rice makes it possible to produce one-third more of the crop in the same field.这种特殊的稻种使得同样的田地多收成三分之一的产量；（makes it possible中 it 为形式宾语， to do 不定式短语为真正宾语）3. it s a great pity tha 很t遗憾的是.4. using his hybrid rice， farmers are producing harvest twice as large as before.由于使用了他的杂质水稻，农夫的丰收是以前的两倍；（-i

29、ng 动词短语作缘由状语）语法剖析（非谓语动词- 动词的 -ing 形式作主语和宾语）一、动词 -ing 形式作主语 动词 -ing 形式作主语常用来表示常常性和习惯性的动作；动词-ing 形式作主语通常放在句首，谓语用单数形式；例如：listening to music is my sisters hobby. 动词 -ing 形式作主语时，为了保持句子平稳，可以用it 作形式主语；常用的结构：1. it is + no use / no good / useless etc.+ v-ing2. it is + nice / good / interesting / a waste ofit

30、 is no use crying over spilt milk.二、动词 -ing 形式作宾语 动词 -ing 形式既可作动词的宾语，又可作介词的宾语；1. 以下动词或短语只接动词-ing 形式作宾语：-ing例如：etc. + vadmit, avoid, appreciate, consider, enjoy, escape, finish, keep, mind, miss, suggest等动词 ; can t stand, give up, feel like, keep on, think of, set about, dream of等短语；2. 在以下短语中，to 是介词，

31、后面应用动词-ing 形式作宾语：be / get used to, look forward to, devoteto, pay attention等to；, object to3. 以下动词或短语既可以跟动词-ing 形式作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区分：学习必备欢迎下载 like, love, prefer如表示常常性的行为后接动词-ing 形式；如表示详细的行为常用动 词不定式， 但要留意： 假如 like, love, prefer前有 would ，后面就接动词不定式；如： wouldyou like to go shopping with me. 以下几组词接动词-i

32、ng 形式作宾语和不定式作宾语含义不同： forget doing遗忘已做过某事；forget to do遗忘要做某事 remember doing记得做过某事；remember to do记住要做某事 mean doing意思是，意味着；mean to do准备做regret doing懊悔做过某事 ;regret to do遗憾要做某事can t help doing禁不住做；can t help to do 不能帮忙做； 在 allow, permit, advise等动词后直接跟动词-ing 形式作宾语， 假如这些词后面出名词或代词作宾语，其后要用动词不定式作宾语补足语；如：we do

33、n t allow smoking in the cla ssroom. we don t allow students to smoke. 动词 need, require, want作“需要 ”解时，其后用动词-ing 的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语，这时动词-ing 的主动形式表被动意义；如：your coat wants washing. = your coat wants to be washed.三、动词 -ing 的复合结构动词 -ing 的复合结构即：物主代词或名词全部格作宾语时也可以用代词宾格或名词一般格 +动词 -ing ；如：lucy tusrning up surp

34、rised everyone present. would you mind my / me using your mobile phone.四、动词 -ing 的时态、语态以及否定形式动词-ing 有一般式 doing和完成式havingdone两种时态，一般式的被动语态是being done ，完成式的被动语态是having been done；动词 -ing 的完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前；动词 -ing 的否定形式是在doing 之前加 not ；例如： i m sorry for not having told you the news earlier.unit 3 a

35、 taste of english humour重要词汇拓展1 humour n.幽默 humorous adj.幽默的2 content adj.满意的，中意的n. 满意；内容v. 使满意3 performer n.表演者，演出者perform v.表演；做，履行，执行performance n.表演，履行4 astonishv. 使诧异 astonishing adj.令人诧异的astonished adj.感到诧异的5 fortunate adj.幸运的 fortune v.幸运，运气fortunately adv.幸运地unfortunately adv.不幸地学习必备欢迎下载6 de

36、pressedadj. 悲伤的 , 抑郁的 ,消沉的，萧条的depress-v使消沉 , 使懊丧 , 愁苦，使贬值 ,7. ordinaryadj. 平常的，一般的8. boredadj. 厌烦的 bore v. 使厌烦 boring adj.令人厌烦的9. entertain v.使欢快，款待entertainment n.款待；消遣，消遣10. throughoutprep. 遍及，贯穿adv. 处处，始终，全部 11.homelessadj无家可归的，12. wornadj用旧的，用坏的，破烂的13. overcome v.战胜，克服14. convince v.使信服 convinci

37、ng adj.令人信服的 convinced adj.信任的，信服的15. direct v. 导演， 指示， 指挥adj. 直的， 直接的 director n. 导演， 指挥 directly adv.直地，直接地direction n.指导，方向 16.enjoymentn 享乐，欢快，乐趣 17.outstanding adj.突出的，杰出的，显著的18.particular adj.特殊的，特殊的particularly adv.特殊地，特殊地19 occasion n. 时刻， 场合 occasional adj. 有时的， 暂时的 occasionally adv.有时地，有时地

38、20. slide v./n.滑动，滑行21. amuse v. 使发笑，使开心amused adj. 开心的 amusing adj. 逗人发笑的，令人开心的 amusement n.开心，欢快22. whisper v./n.耳语，低声说23、react v. 做出反应，回应reaction n. 反应，回应重点短语梳理1 break into闯入，进入2 up to now直到现在3 brighten the lives of照亮某人的生活道路 4 feel/be content with对满意 5 badly off穷的，缺少的6 in search of查找. 7 pick out选

39、择出，辨认出 8 on the edge of在边沿 9 cut off切断，断绝10 in silence缄默，不作声11. make use of使用12. be angry about对很愤怒13. star in担任主角，主演学习必备欢迎下载重点句型再现1.he made people laugh at a time when they felt depressed, so they could feel more content with their lives.在人们感到懊丧的时候，卓别林使他们开怀大笑，于是人们对自己的生活感到比较满足；2 no one was ever bore

40、d watching himhis subtle acting made everything entertaining.看他的表演没有人会感到无聊他奇妙的表演使得一切都那么滑稽可笑；3 instead they are hiding in a small hut on the edge of a mountian during asnowstorm with nothing to eat.相反，他们被暴风雪困在山边的一个小木屋中，没有任何东西可吃；with的复合结构作相伴状语语法剖析（动词的-ing 形式作定语、表语和补语）一、动词 -ing 形式作表语1. 表示主语的内容,可以转换到句首作

41、主语her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible.= keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible is her job她的工作是尽量使报告厅保持洁净；2. 表示主语具有的特点、性质和状态动词 ing相当一个形容词）the problem is quite puzzling.这个问题很令困惑；3. 常用来作表语的现在分词有astonishing, amusing, confusing, disappointing, boring, encouraging, inspiring, m

42、oving, tiring, interesting, surprising等；全析提示：动词-ing 形式作表语时，其规律主语往往是句子中的主语，但用作表语的-ing 形式也可带有自己的规律主语；what worries me most is her staying too late every night.staying too late everynight 的规律主语是her二、动词 -ing 形式作定语1 单个的动词 -ing 形式可以作前置定语，一般具有两种含义； 说明被修饰名词的用途和性能；a reading room = a room which is used for rea

43、ding阅览室running shoes=shoes for running跑鞋a working method =a method for working工作方法 表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示常常性动作或当时的状态；学习必备欢迎下载developing countries = countries that are developing进展中国家an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary看起来很一般的房子a puzzling problem = a problem

44、that puzzles somebody困扰人的问题2 作定语的动词-ing 形式如是一个短语，就应放在被修饰词的后面, 做后置定语，相当于一个定语从句；they lived in a house facing south.=which is facing south他们住在一所朝南的房子里；do you know the boy playing basket.（ =who is playing basket你熟识在打篮球的那个男孩吗？the man visiting japan =the man who is visiting japan is my uncle正在拜访日本的那个男人是我的

45、叔叔；三、动词 -ing 形式作宾补1、动词 -ing 形式作宾语补足语常放在宾语后面，表示一个正在进行的主动性的动作， 强调一个过程或一种状态；when we returned, we found a stranger standing in front of the house.2、当主句转换为被动结构时, 原先作宾语补足语的动词-ing 形式便转换为主语补足语；they found the film very exciting. = the film is found very exciting.3、能用 -ing 形式作宾语补足语的几类动词:1) 表示感觉和心理状态的感官动词，（常见的

46、有see, hear, feel, smell, find, notice, observe, look at, listen to等） + sb + doing sth（作宾补）i felt somebody standing behind me.2) 表示指使意义的动词使役动词，（常见的有have, set, keep, get, catch, leave等）+sb/ sth + doing sth 作宾补）we kept the fire burning all night long.我们让火整夜燃烧着；i won t have you running about in the room

47、.我不答应你在房间里跑来跑去；4、see, hear, feel, watch等动词之后用-ing 形式和动词不定式作宾语补足语的区分：we heard the telephone ring.we heard the telephone ringing.前者表示动作正在进行，后者表示（或强调）动作的全过程；unit4 body language重要词汇拓展1. statement; n.陈述；说明state-vt.陈述；表达；声明2. greet-v问候，迎接，打招呼greetingn 敬礼，致意greetings问候语，致词3. represent-v.代表，象征representative

48、 -n.代表4. association; n.社团；联系；联想 associate;vt.使发生联系 , 使联合 adj. associated联合的 , 关联的学习必备欢迎下载5. curious adj.奇怪的 curiously adv.奇怪地6. dormitoryn 宿舍7. approach; vi.&vt.接近；靠近n. 接近；方法；途径. approachable -adj.可到达的；可靠近的8. defend -vt.爱护；保卫defense- n.防卫；防卫设备；防备9. major-adj.主要的 minor -adj.较小的；次要的10dash-v猛冲，突进

49、.11. misunderstand -vt.误会；误会 misunderstanding -n.误会；误会 understanding -n.谅解 , 懂得12. adult-n成人，成年人adj成人的，成熟的13. spoken- adj.口语的unspoken-adj.非口语的；未说出口的14. function-n作用，动能，只能v- 起作用，运转 15.likely- adj.可能的16. false adj错误的，假的true真的，正确的17. ease-n.安逸；舒服vt. 减轻（痛楚；担忧）easeful-adj.舒服的 , 安逸的18. truly- adv.真实地；真诚地；

50、真正地true-adj.真实的 , 真正的19. anger- n.怒气；怒火angry- adj.愤怒的重点短语梳理1. defend against保卫以免受 2.intruduce sb to sb向某人介绍某人 3.kiss sb on some part亲吻某人的某个部位 4.in defence防备，保证5. together with与某人一起6. be likely to很可能；有期望7. reach one s hand out to s把th手伸出来取某物 8.on the contrary相反9. nod at sb向某人点头10. greet sb with/by通过向

51、某人问候11. express one s fee表lin达gs某人的感情12. in general总的来说；通常13. at a job fair在求职会上14. be nervous about对感到紧急15. at ease舒服；欢快；自由悠闲16. loseface 丢脸17. turn one s bac背k t对o ；背弃18. turn one s head aw把a头y转过去学习必备欢迎下载19. be willing to期望. , 情愿.20. look upset about sth对.感到懊丧重点句型再现1. i saw several young people en

52、ter the waiting area looking around curiously.我观察几个年轻人走进了等候区，奇怪地向四周张望；2. the first person to arrive was tony garcia from colombia, closely followed by julia smith from britain.第一个到达的是从哥伦比亚来的托尼.加西亚，随后紧跟着的是英国的茱莉亚 .史密斯；3. she stepped back appearing surprised and put up her hands, as if in defense.她后退了几步，看上去有些惊讶，并举起了手，似乎是在防卫；4. not all cultures greet each other the same way, nor are they comfortable in the same way withtouching or distance between people.各种文化背景下的人互致问候的方式不尽相同，身体接触和相互间距的程度也不尽相同；5. we can often be wrong about each other, so it is an