词汇学之种构词法PPT课件

1、Affixation(30%-40%) Compounding(28%-30%)Conversion (26%) The most productive methodsShortening (8%-10%)Blending 1%-5%clippingacronymyBackformationSound reduplication第1页/共108页 Affixation falls into two categories: prefixation and suffixation and the differences between them are just the differences b

2、etween prefixes and suffixes.第2页/共108页 The major prefixes can be classified into 10 categories by their meaning.1.Negative Prefixes否定前缀2.Reversative or privative prefixes逆反前缀3.Pejorative prefixes贬义前缀4.Prefixes of degree or size表范围和程度的前缀5.Prefixes of orientation and attitude表方向和态度的前缀6.Locative prefix

3、es方位前缀7.Prefixes of time and order表时间和顺序的前缀8.Number prefixes数字前缀9.Conversion prefixes转化前缀10.Miscellaneous prefixes其他类型的前缀第3页/共108页un第4页/共108页non第5页/共108页dis第6页/共108页 prefixes meaningexamplesun-not,the converse ofunwisenon-nonessentialdis-dishonestin-informalim-immatureil-illegalir-irregular第7页/共108页

4、un第8页/共108页de第9页/共108页dis第10页/共108页 prefixes meaning examplesun-reversingthe actionunpackde-decodedis-disconnect第11页/共108页mis第12页/共108页mal第13页/共108页pseudo第14页/共108页 prefixes meaningexamplesmis-wronglymishearmal-badmalformedpseudo-falsepseudoscience第15页/共108页arch第16页/共108页super第17页/共108页out第18页/共108页

5、 prefixes meaningexamplesarch-supremearchbishopsuper-more thansupermarketout-surpassingoutlivesur-oversurchargesub-belowsubnormalover-excessiveoverconfidentunder-too littleunderhandhyper-extremehypercriticalultra-extremeultrafashionablemini-littleminiskirt第19页/共108页co第20页/共108页counter第21页/共108页anti第

6、22页/共108页 prefixes meaningexamplesco-withcooperatecounter-againstcounterattackanti-againstanti-clockwisepro-forpro-Chinese第23页/共108页sub第24页/共108页inter第25页/共108页trans第26页/共108页 prefixes meaningexamplessub-undersubwayinter-between, among internationaltrans-across, from one place to anothertransplantfo

7、re-frontforename第27页/共108页fore第28页/共108页pre第29页/共108页post第30页/共108页 prefixes meaningexamplesfore-beforeforeseepre-in advancepreschoolpost-afterpostindustrialex-formerex-presidentre-againresell第31页/共108页semihemi第32页/共108页unimono第33页/共108页bidi第34页/共108页prefixesmeaningexamplessemi-, demi-, hemi-halfsem

8、i-feudal, demi-circle, hemisphereuni-, mono-oneuniform, monotonebi-, di-twobilingual, dioxidetri-threetrianglequadr(i)-, tetra-fourquadrennial, tetrapetalous第35页/共108页prefixesmeaningexamplesquinqu-, penta-fivequinquagenarian, pentagonhexa-, sex-sixhexahedron, sexcentenarysept-, hepta-sevenseptangle,

9、 heptadocta-eightoctadennea-nineennead第36页/共108页a第37页/共108页be第38页/共108页 Before nouns and adjectives to form transitive verbs befriend (to behave as a friend to) becloud (to cover with clouds使遮暗, 蒙蔽) benumb (To make numb, especially by cold;To make inactive; dull:使失去知觉：使失去活力；使迟钝 belittle becalm (To m

10、ake calm or still; soothe.使平静：成为安静的或静止的；使镇静) With nouns plus ed to yield adjectives bespectacled( Wearing eyeglasses) Benighted(Overtaken by night or darkness陷入黑暗;Being in a state of moral or intellectual darkness; unenlightened.蒙昧的：处于道德或智力的愚昧状态的；未启蒙的)第39页/共108页en第40页/共108页Before nouns or adjectives

11、 to create transitive verbs.1. 使成为使成为2. 使处于使处于状态状态Before nouns, enslave(cause to be); empower(v. 授权）embody (v. 体现）endanger(V.使处于危险之中)Before adjectives to form verbsenable enrichenlargeendear使受喜爱ensure担保第41页/共108页 prefixes examplesa-astridebe-becalmen-enlargeem-empower第42页/共108页auto第43页/共108页neo第44页/

12、共108页 Question: Why is the classification of suffixes different from the classification of prefixes? Prefixes primarily function as a semantic modification of the base, while suffixes have only a small semantic role and their primary function are to change the grammatical function of the base. Prefi

13、xes are classified on a semantic basis and suffixes on a grammatical basis 第45页/共108页 Noun suffixes Adjective suffixes Verb suffixes Adverbs suffixes第46页/共108页De-nominal noun suffixesDe-verbal noun suffixesDe-adjective noun suffixesNoun and adjective suffixes第47页/共108页sterInvolved in第48页/共108页eerSki

14、lled in；engaged in第49页/共108页ful第50页/共108页De-verbal Noun suffixes (1)antOccupation and participation;第51页/共108页De-verbal Noun suffixes (2)ing第52页/共108页De-adjective Noun suffixes (1)ness第53页/共108页De-adjective Noun suffixes (2)ity第54页/共108页De-adjective Noun suffixes (2)ity第55页/共108页 Some suffixes, when

15、 added to bases related to human beings or nationality names, yield words that can be used both as nouns and adjectives. -ese: Chinese; Lebanese; officialese -an, -ian: Australian, Cambodian -ist: racist, socialist -ite: Chomskyite, Thatcherite第56页/共108页suffixesmeaningexamples-sterperson engaged in

16、an occupation or activitygamester-eermountaineer-er(or)driver-antinhabitant-letsmall, unimportantbooklet,-ettesmall; imitation; femalecigarette, leatherette, usherette-essfemalehostess第57页/共108页suffixesmeaningexamples-hoodstatuschildhood-shipconditiondictatorship-domrealmofficialdom-ingstatebathing-

17、fulamounthandful-tionstateoppression第58页/共108页-ifymake, endow with第59页/共108页ize第60页/共108页ateGive or make or become第61页/共108页 De-nominal adjective suffixes De-verbal adjective suffixes第62页/共108页like第63页/共108页less第64页/共108页y第65页/共108页able (ible)第66页/共108页ful第67页/共108页suffixesmeaningexamples-fulfull of

18、hopeful-lesswithoutmeaningless-lyhaving the quality offriendly-likelikechildlike-ysomewhat likesilky第68页/共108页suffixesmeaningexamples-ishsomewhat likefoolish-somecausingtroublesome-ablecapablechangeable-edhavingmoneyed-altypical ofregional第69页/共108页suffixesmeaningexamples-ary (ory)connected withimag

19、inary-esquelikepicturesque-ousfull ofmalicious-ictypical ofdramatic-ivehaving the quality ofattractive第70页/共108页ly第71页/共108页ward (s)第72页/共108页suffixesmeaning examples-lyin a mannerattentively-warddirection of movementhomeward-foldtimeshundredfold-wisein the manner ofas far asis concernedcrabwiseweat

20、herwise第73页/共108页1. The definition of compounding and compoundComposition or compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word. It is a common device which has been productive at every period of the English language. Today the largest

21、 number of new words are formed by compounding. 第74页/共108页2.Forms of compoundsSolid: bedtime, honeymoonHyphenated: above-mentioned, town-planningOpen: reading material, hot line第75页/共108页3. Formation of Compounds Noun compounds Adjective compounds Verb compounds Through conversion: nickname; first-n

22、ame Through backformation: lip-reading to lip-read chain-smoker to chain-smoke第76页/共108页 Noun compounds Headache, housekeeping, hot line, swimming pool, raindrop, breakdown, biological clock, identity crisis第77页/共108页 Adjective compounds Weather-beaten rocks, peaceloving people, everlasting friendsh

23、ip, a difficult-to-operate machine, a made-up story, an on the spot inspection, taxfree products, fire-proof dress第78页/共108页 Verb compounds Formed by back-formation house-keep from housekeeper windowshop from window-shopping mass produce from mass production hen-peck from hen-pecked spoon-feed from

24、spoon-fed.第79页/共108页 Verb compounds Formed by conversion to blue-print, to cold-shoulder, to outline, to honeymoon, to snowball, to chain-smoke, to sweet-talk, to job-hop.第80页/共108页Question: What is conversion? Why is it called zero-derivation? Conversion is a word-formation whereby a word of a cert

25、ain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation(零位派生). change of word-class; functional shift derivation process without the addition of an affix第81页/共108页 Conversion to Nouns Conversion to Verbs Conversion to AdjectivesWords produ

26、ced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives and verbs, among which the conversion between nouns and verbs are the most productive.第82页/共108页 De-verbal De-adjectival Miscellaneous conversion第83页/共108页1) Deverbal （由动词转化而来的名词）（由动词转化而来的名词）Almost all monomorphemic (单语素结构的)verbs can be used as nouns

27、， which are semantically related to the original verbs in various ways.a.State (of mind or sensation) (doubt; want; desire)b.Event or activity( search; laugh; teach-in)c.Result of the action (catch; find, answer)d.Doer of the action( help; cheat, bore)e.Tool or instrument to do the action with (cove

28、r; wrap)f.Place of the action (pass; walk; divide)第84页/共108页2) De-adjectival 由形容词转化成的名词Full conversion完全转换完全转换:1. A noun fully converted from an adjective has all the characteristics of nouns. 2. It can take an indefinite article or (e)s to indicate singular or plural number.第85页/共108页 Complete conv

29、ersion A native, two natives, a returned native He is a natural for the job. Tom is one of our regulars, he comes in for a drink about this time every night. To them she is not a brusque crazy, but appropriately passionate. They are the creatives in the advertising department第86页/共108页 Partial conve

30、rsion 部分转换部分转换1.Nouns partially converted from adjectives do not possess all the qualities a noun does.2.They must be used together with definite articles as nouns while retaining some of the adjective features. 3.The gradable adjectives can keep their comparative or superlative degrees.4.Words in t

31、his category generally denote a group of the kind.第87页/共108页 Partial conversion Denoting a quality or a state common to a group of person: the deaf, the blind, the poor, the wounded Denoting peoples of a nation (ending in sh, -se, -ch): the English, the Chinese, the Danish, the Scotch Denoting a qua

32、lity in the abstract: a strong dislike for the sentimental, to distinguish the false and the true, from the sublime to the ridiculous Denoting a single person (converted from participles): the accused, the deceased, the deserted, the condemned第88页/共108页3). Miscellaneous conversion其他类型的转换 Nouns conve

33、rted from other classes as conjunctions, modals, finite verbs, prepositions, etc.第89页/共108页The use of the verb converted is both economical and vivid.Three kinds of conversion to verbs Denominal: to pocket the money; the nurse the baby De-adjectival: The photograph yellowed with age. Miscellaneous c

34、onversion: The students tut-tut the idea.第90页/共108页 It occurs mostly between nouns and adjectives.第91页/共108页 构词法()第92页/共108页4.4 Blending4.5Backformation4.6 Shortening第93页/共108页 The definition of blending Blending（拼缀法）is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining parts of

35、two words. The result of such a process is called a blend or telescopic word or portmanteau word. Blending is thus a process of both compounding and abbreviation. Structurally blends may be divided into four types. 第94页/共108页 Examples newscast (newsbroadcast) brunch (breakfastlunch) smog (smokefog)

36、talkathon (talkmarathon) slimnastics (slimgymnastics) videophone ( video telephone)第95页/共108页 sci-fi hi-fi workaholic stagflation Unicom sitcom motel dawksciencefiction highfidelity workalcoholic stagnationinflation United Communicationssituationcomedymotorhoteldovehawk第96页/共108页 The definition of b

37、ackformation Back-formation（逆成法） is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed suffix. It is also known as a reverse derivation. 第97页/共108页 Examples edit from editor automate from automation enthuse from enthusiasm gloom from gloomy donate from donation brai

38、nwash from brainwashing sleep-walk from sleep-walking第98页/共108页 Types of shortening or abbreviation（缩略法） 1) clipped words（剪切词）: those created by clipping part of the word (usually a noun), leaving only a piece of the old word. The clipped form is normally regarded as informal.第99页/共108页 Types of sho

39、rtening or abbreviation（缩略法） 2) initialisms（首字母连写词）: a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; an initialism is pronounced letter by letter.第100页/共108页 Types of shortening or abbreviation（缩略法） 3) acronyms（首字母拼音词）: words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as words. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters.第101页/共108页 1) Clipped words ad=advertisement expo=exposition phone=telephone pr