祈使句-直接引语变间接引语

1、祈使句的直接引语变间接引语在第一单元中我们学习了陈述句和疑问句的直接引语变间接引语的用法，本期主要讲解祈使句的直接引语变间接引语的用法。先看两个句子： 1. “Put your coat in the closet,”the landlord said to him. The landlord asked him to put his coat in the closet. 2. The father said to his children,“Don't move!”The father told his children not to move. 从以上两个句子可以看出：例句1是表

2、示“请求”的口气；例句2是表示“命令”的口气。 由此看来，当我们转述祈使句时，通常将原句中的动词变为动词不定式，并在不定式的前面加上ask, order, tell等转述动词，形成三种结构：表示邀请、请求某人做某事时用ask sb. to do sth.; 表示叫、吩咐某人做某事时用tell sb. to do sth.; 表示命令某人做某事时用order sb. (not) to do sth.。例如： She said to us, “Please have a rest.” She asked us to have a rest. The old man said, “Don't

3、 smoke in the hall.”The old man told me not to smoke in the hall. The officer said, “Go away.” The officer ordered us to go away. 注意：当祈使句的直接引语变为间接引语时，因为祈使句表示“请求”、“命令”等口气，所以祈使句直接引语变为间接引语时不存在时态的变化。但是人称、指示代词、时间、地点状语等的变化还应根据陈述句直接引语变间接引语的方法进行相应的改变。例如： One of the doctors said, “Let me go on with the opera

4、tion, Dr. Bethune.” One of the doctors asked Dr. Bethune to let him go on with the operation. 不知道同学们注意到没有，该句直接引语中有个称呼语Dr. Bethune，一般把它当作宾语用。再如： “Go and wash your face, Tom,” Mother said.Mother told Tom to go and wash his face. 顺便提一下，祈使句的间接引语变直接引语也应该遵循陈述句间接引语变直接引语的方法。例如： Wei Fang asked him to give it

5、 to her. “Give it to me, please,” Wei Fang said to him. 只要同学们认真记住以上三种祈使句直接引语变间接引语的基本结构，相信同学们一定能学会祈使句的直接引语变间接引语。 小试牛刀：A)变下列直接引语为间接引语。 1.“Stop talking!”the monitor said to the class.     _     _ 2. “Repeat it three times,” the teacher said to her.     _

6、60;   _ 3. “Will you buy some bread for me?” he said to her.     _     _ 4.“Don't take off your coat,” she said to her sister.     _     _ 5. “Stay here!” the officer said to the soldier.     _    

7、; _ B)填空完成间接引语，每空一词。 6. “Don't forget to give the message to my wife,” he said to Li Ping.     He _ Li Ping _  _  forget to give the message to _ wife. 7. “Mum, please help me find my shirt,” he said.     He _  his mother _  help _

8、 find _  shirt. 8. “Use your knife to cut the boots open,” the officer said to the guard.     The officer _  the guard  _  _  _ knife to cut the boots open. 9. “Don't spend too much time on football!” Mother said to me.     Mother

9、_  me  _  _  _ too much time on football. 10. “Will you sleep and get up early, children?” Father said.     Father _  the children _  _  and _  up early. C)单项选择。 11. “Don't worry about me,” she _  her sister.     A.

10、said to B. referred to C. thanked to D. spoke 12. “ _  help me with my English?”she said.     A. Shall we B. Do you C. Could you D. Might you 13. She told me _  a noise in the hall.     A. don't make B. not to make C. make not to D. to make not 14. Martin

11、_  his dog to lie down under the big tree.     A. made B. had C. promised D. ordered 15. His father asked the boy, “ _  are doing this for?”     A. What; you B. Which; you  C. Where; we D. Why; we Key: A) 1. The monitor told the class to stop talking

12、. 2. The teacher asked her to repeat it three times. 3. He asked her to buy some bread for him. 4. She asked her sister not to take off her coat. 5. The officer ordered the soldier to stay there.  B) 6. told; not to; his 7. asked; to; him; his 8. ordered; to use his 9. told; not to spend 10. as

13、ked; to sleep; get  C)1115 ACBDA DIRECT SPEECH AND INDIRECT SPEECH直接引语与间接引语（1） 引述别人的原话称为直接引语，用自己的话转述别人的话，称为间接引语。它们都是复合句中的宾语从句。直接引语要放在引号内，不用连词连接；间接引语不用引号，通常用连词连接于主句。转换时应注意：A 引用的原话是陈述句，改为间接引语时，通常用连词that引导宾语从句，还要根据意思适当改变人称，时态以及时间状语，地点状语等。当主语的谓语动词是现在时，宾语从句中的动词时态不变；当主句的谓语动词是过去时态时，则宾语从句中的动词时态应作相应的改变。

14、 时态的改变时态的改变直接引语间接引语一般现在时过去时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时一般过去时过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时can ,may ,mustcould, might, had to动词，指示代词，状语的改变（略）（2） 引述的是疑问句时，变为间接引语时，一般疑问句用whether 或if来引导，选择疑问句只能用whether，特殊疑问句用原来的疑问词。不论一般或特殊疑问句，变间接引语时，通常按原陈述句的语序，即把动词放在主语的后面。 “Are you feeling better today?” the doctor asked my sister. The doctor

15、 asked my sister if she was feeling better that day? “Is this book yours or his?” She asked me. She asked me whether that book was mine or his.(只能用whether) He asked me ,“Why didnt you come here yesterday?” He asked me why I hadnt gone there the day before.(3) 引用的原句如果是祈使句，变为间接引语时，句字的谓语动词要用含有祈使意义的动词如t

16、ell, ask, order(命令)。引语的动词要改为不定式。如果祈使句是否定形式，在动词不定式前加not. He said to me,“Tell me something about the film.”He asked me to tell him something about the film. The teacher said to the students,“Dont open your books.”The teacher told the students not to open their books.Exercises1. Paul said,“It is high t

17、ime we left the place.”2. He said,“If what you said is true I must go to the police.”3. He said,“After the lecture I had to rush home.”4. Mary said,“When I saw them last they were listening to the recording.”5.“I am starting the work the day after tomorrow,” Mike said.6.1. 1）当直接引语是陈述句时，间接引语通常用that引导

18、，that也可以省略。当直接引语是一般疑问句时，间接引语要用if或whether引导，且疑问语序要变成陈述语序。当直接引语为特殊疑问句时，间接引语要用特殊疑问词引导，且疑问语序要变成陈述语序。(2) 若主句是过去时态，则间接引语也要是过去时态。(3) 要根据实际情况将人称作相应的改变。如：He said, “I am a teacher.” (直接引语)He said that he was a teacher.(间接引语)He asked me, “Are you a teacher?” (直接引语)He asked me if / whether I was a teacher. (间接引

19、语)He asked me, “What are you doing?” (直接引语)He asked me what I was doing. (间接引语)一、如何变人称：学生在将直接引语变间接引语时。常常弄不清人称变化。下面有一句顺口溜“一随主。二随宾，第三人称不更新”。“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如：She said. "My brother wants to go with me. "She said her brother wanted to go with her.“二

20、随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如：He said to Kate. "How is your sister now?"He asked Kate how her sister was then。“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如：Mr Smith said。 "Jack is a good worker。"Mr Smith said

21、 Jack was a good worker。二、如何变时态：直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整。现在时它需改为过去时态；过去时态改为完成时；过去完成时则保留原来的时态。如：1)She said. "I have lost a pen."She said she had lost a pen2)She said. "We hope so."She said they hoped so.3) She said. "He will go to see his friend。"She said he would go to s

22、ee his friend。但要注意在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不变化。直接引语是客观真理。"The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth, the teacher told me. The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如：Jack said. "John, where were you goin

23、g when I met you in the street?"Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如：Xiao Wang said. "I was born on April 2l, 1980。" Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980。直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语，时态不变。如：He said, "

24、I get up at six every morning。" He said he gets up at six every morning。如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式（例：ought to， had better, used to)和已经是过去时的形式时，（例：could, should, would, might）不再变。如：Peter said. "You had better come have today。" Peter said I had better go there that day。三、如何变状语：直接引语变间接引语，状语变化有

25、其内在规津，时间状语由“现在”改为“原来”（例：now变为then, yesterday。变为 the day before）地点状语，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代词修饰的状语，由“此”改为“彼”（例：this 改为that),如：He said, "These books are mine." He said those books were his.四、如何变句型：直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句。如：She said, "Our bus will arrive in five minutes."She said that

26、 their bus would arrive in five minutes.直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句.如：He said, "Can you swim, John?" He asked John if he could swim."You have finished the homework, havent you?" my mother asked. My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework."D

27、o you go to school by bus or by bike?" He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike.直接引语如果是特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序）。She asked me, "When do they have their dinner?" She asked me when they had their dinner.直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为"tell(ask, order, beg等) sb (not)

28、to do sth."句型。如："Dont make any noise," she said to the children. She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise. "Bring me a cup of tea, please," said she.She asked him to bring her a cup of tea.直接引语如果是以“Lets”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest +动句词（或从句）。”如：He said, "Lets

29、 go to the film." He suggested going to the film.或He suggested that they should go to see the film.先看Unit 1 Grammar (Direct and Indirect Speech) 中的两个句子: 1)“I like reading adventure stories,” said John. 变为： John said that he liked reading adventure stories. 2)“How can you do that?” Mary said to

30、Ann. 变为： Mary asked Ann how she could do that. 以上这两个句子是陈述句和疑问句的直接引语变为间接引语的例子。那么，同学们应该怎样把直接引语变为间接引语呢？下面就陈述句和疑问句的直接引语变间接引语进行简要讲解。 因为直接引语变为间接引语是转述他人所说的话，所以主句的动词、从句的人称、从句动词的时态、时间状语等要根据实际情况进行相应的变化。 一、主句动词的变化 一般说来，主句谓语动词常为said或said to，变为间接引语时，当直接引语是陈述句时，said变为said (that)，而said to sb.则变为told sb.。当直接引语是一般疑问

31、句和特殊疑问句时，则要变为asked / asked sb.+ if / whether或asked sb.+ what等特殊疑问词引导的句子。 例如： Mr. Black said, “I'm busy.” Mr. Black said that he was busy. “I'll go to your farm tomorrow,” he said to her. He told her that he would go to her farm the next day. He said, “Are you ready?” He asked (us) if / wheth

32、er we were ready. He said, “What do you want to do?” He asked what I wanted to do. 二、从句人称的变化 由直接引语变间接引语时，从句的主语人称要遵循一主、二宾、三不变的原则。直接引语的主语是第一人称变为间接引语时要和主句的主语保持一致。如果直接引语的主语是第二人称变为间接引语时要与主句的宾语保持一致。如果直接引语的主语是第三人称变为间接引语时，人称不变。例如： They said, “We will go there by bus.” They said they would go there by bus. S

33、he said to me, “Are you interested in science?” She asked me if I was interested in science. His mother said to me, “He can't go to school.” His mother told me that he couldn't go to school. 三、从句动词时态的变化 1. 直接引语变为间接引语时，如果主句中的谓语动词是一般现在时或一般将来时，则间接引语从句的时态保持不变。例如： He says, “I have finished my hom

34、ework.” He says that he has finished his homework. She will say, “I'll do it tomorrow.” She will say that she'll do it the next day. 2. 如果主句的时态是一般过去时，从句的时态则应是与主句时态相应的过去时态。一般现在时一般过去时；一般过去时过去完成时；现在进行时过去进行时；现在完成时过去完成时；过去完成时过去完成时（不变）；一般将来时过去将来时。例如： The girl said, “I'm sorry for being late fo

35、r class.” The girl said that she was sorry for being late for class. He said to me, “I am writing a letter.” He told me that he was writing a letter. 3. 直接引语如果是客观事实或真理，变为间接引语时，从句时态不变。例如： The teacher said, “The earth moves around the sun.” The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun. 四、指示代词、

36、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化 直接引语变为间接引语时，指示代词的变化为thisthat， thesethose等；时间状语的变化为nowthen， todaythat day， yesterdaythe day before, tomorrowthe next day等；地点状语的变化为herethere；动词的变化为comego。例如： 1. She said, “I will come this evening.” She said that she would go that evening. 2. He said, “My sister was here three days ago

37、, but she is not here now.” He said that his sister had been there three days before, but she was not there then. 小试牛刀：A)将下列句子由直接引语变为间接引语。 1. “I am very happy to visit your factory,” he said. 2. “He was here a few weeks ago, and he came again yesterday,” she said. 3. She said to me, “Will you go wit

38、h me?” 4. He said, “What do you think of the novel?” B)填空完成间接引语，每空填一词。 5. Jones said, “I visited Australia last year.”    Jones said that  _   _ _ Australia _ _ _ . 6. Shirley asked Mary, “Are you from America?”    Shirley asked Mary _ _   _ from America.

39、 7. He said, “What are you doing over here?”    He asked _ _ _ doing over _ . 8. I asked her, “Who bought you this new bicycle?”    I asked her _ had bought _ _ new bicycle. Key:A) 1. He said that he was very happy to visit our factory. 2. She said that he had been there a few we

40、eks before, and that he had gone again the day before. 3. She asked me if / whether I would go with her. 4. He asked me what I thought of the novel. B) 5. she had visited; the year before 6. if / whether she was 7. what I was; there 8. who; her that  语法：直接引语与间接引语本单元主要学习陈述句的直接引语转变为间接引语的方法。在转变时常由

41、从属连词that（在口语中可省去）引导，引述动词常用say, tell等，间接引语中须有下列一些变化：1)人称的变化，如： “I'm tired”, he said.“我累了。”他说道。He said he was tired.他说他累了。2)指示代词的变化。this通常改为that, these通常改为 those等。 如：“You may have this book,” said the librarian, “for one week.”“这本书”，图书管理员说道，“你可以借一个星期。”The librarian said that I might have that book

42、 for one week. 图书管理员说那本书我可以借一个星期。3)时间状语的变化。last night, now, three days ago, tomorrow 通常依次改为the night before, then, three days before, the next day/ the following day等。如：She said, “I saw him last night.” 她说：“我昨晚看见他了。”She said that she had seen him the night before. 她说她在前一天晚上看见他了。He said, “Now I live

43、in London.” 他说：“现在我住在伦敦。”He said that then he lived in London. 他说他那时住在伦敦。He said, “I saw her three days ago.” 他说：“我在三天前看见她了。”He said that he had seen her three days before. 他说他在三天前看见她了。4)地点状语的变化。here 通常改为there。如： He said, “She arrived here yesterday.” 他说：“她昨天到了此地。”He said that she had arrived there

44、the day before. 他说她前一天到了那里。5)时态的变化。引述动词如属过去时态，间接引语的时态则一般须有相应的变化。这就是所谓的时态的呼应。a) 现在时态变为过去时态。如：He said, “I'm sorry.” 他说：“对不起。”He said he was sorry. 他说对不起。He said, “You haven't changed much.” 他说：“你没多大变化。”He said that I hadn't changed much. 他说我没多大变化。She said, “He has been waiting.” 她说：“他一直在等着

45、呢。”She said he had been waiting. 她说他一直在等着。 b)过去时态变为过去完成时态，如：He said, “The man came at six.” 他说：“那人是6点钟来的。”He said that the man had come at six. 他说那人是6点钟来的。He said, “When I got home, my mother was cooking.”他说：“昨天我到家的时候妈妈在做饭。”He said that yesterday when he had got home, his mother had been cooking.他说昨

46、天他到家的时候，他妈妈正在做饭。c)将来时态变为过去将来时态，如：She said, “He will come late.” 她说：“他要迟到了。”She said he would come late. 她说他要迟到了。He said, “I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week.” 他说：“我将在这个周末前读完此书。”He said that he would have finished reading the book by the end of that week. 他说他将在那个周末前读完那本书。注

47、意：在下列一些句子中，时态保持不变。“The earth moves around the sun,”the teacher told us.“地球绕太阳转。”老师告诉我们说。The teacher told us that the sun moves around the sun. 老师告诉我们说地球绕太阳旋转。（间接引语仍用现在一般时，因为间接引语说的是客观真理）“The meeting is to be held next Tuesday” he said.“会议于下个星期二举行。”他说道。He said that the meeting is to be held next Tuesd

48、ay. 他说会议于下个星期二举行。（间接引语仍用现在一般时，因为间接引语所说的情况在说话人说话时仍旧存在）He told me, “I will go with you tomorrow.” 他告诉我说，“我明天将和你一起去。”He told me that he would go with me tomorrow. 他告诉我说他明天将和我一起去。（间接引语仍用将来一般时，因为间接引语所说的情况在说话时仍是有效的）先看Unit 1 Grammar (Direct and Indirect Speech) 中的两个句子: 1)“I like reading adventure stories,”

49、 said John. 变为： John said that he liked reading adventure stories. 2)“How can you do that?” Mary said to Ann. 变为： Mary asked Ann how she could do that. 以上这两个句子是陈述句和疑问句的直接引语变为间接引语的例子。那么，同学们应该怎样把直接引语变为间接引语呢？下面就陈述句和疑问句的直接引语变间接引语进行简要讲解。 因为直接引语变为间接引语是转述他人所说的话，所以主句的动词、从句的人称、从句动词的时态、时间状语等要根据实际情况进行相应的变化。 一、

50、主句动词的变化 一般说来，主句谓语动词常为said或said to，变为间接引语时，当直接引语是陈述句时，said变为said (that)，而said to sb.则变为told sb.。当直接引语是一般疑问句和特殊疑问句时，则要变为asked / asked sb.+ if / whether或asked sb.+ what等特殊疑问词引导的句子。 例如： Mr. Black said, “I'm busy.” Mr. Black said that he was busy. “I'll go to your farm tomorrow,” he said to her.

51、He told her that he would go to her farm the next day. He said, “Are you ready?” He asked (us) if / whether we were ready. He said, “What do you want to do?” He asked what I wanted to do. 二、从句人称的变化 由直接引语变间接引语时，从句的主语人称要遵循一主、二宾、三不变的原则。直接引语的主语是第一人称变为间接引语时要和主句的主语保持一致。如果直接引语的主语是第二人称变为间接引语时要与主句的宾语保持一致。如果直

52、接引语的主语是第三人称变为间接引语时，人称不变。例如： They said, “We will go there by bus.” They said they would go there by bus. She said to me, “Are you interested in science?” She asked me if I was interested in science. His mother said to me, “He can't go to school.” His mother told me that he couldn't go to scho

53、ol. 三、从句动词时态的变化 1. 直接引语变为间接引语时，如果主句中的谓语动词是一般现在时或一般将来时，则间接引语从句的时态保持不变。例如： He says, “I have finished my homework.” He says that he has finished his homework. She will say, “I'll do it tomorrow.” She will say that she'll do it the next day. 2. 如果主句的时态是一般过去时，从句的时态则应是与主句时态相应的过去时态。一般现在时一般过去时；一般过去时

54、过去完成时；现在进行时过去进行时；现在完成时过去完成时；过去完成时过去完成时（不变）；一般将来时过去将来时。例如： The girl said, “I'm sorry for being late for class.” The girl said that she was sorry for being late for class. He said to me, “I am writing a letter.” He told me that he was writing a letter. 3. 直接引语如果是客观事实或真理，变为间接引语时，从句时态不变。例如： The teac

55、her said, “The earth moves around the sun.” The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun. 四、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化 直接引语变为间接引语时，指示代词的变化为thisthat， thesethose等；时间状语的变化为nowthen， todaythat day， yesterdaythe day before, tomorrowthe next day等；地点状语的变化为herethere；动词的变化为comego。例如： 1. She said, “I will co

56、me this evening.” She said that she would go that evening. 2. He said, “My sister was here three days ago, but she is not here now.” He said that his sister had been there three days before, but she was not there then. 小试牛刀：A)将下列句子由直接引语变为间接引语。 1. “I am very happy to visit your factory,” he said. 2.

57、“He was here a few weeks ago, and he came again yesterday,” she said. 3. She said to me, “Will you go with me?” 4. He said, “What do you think of the novel?” B)填空完成间接引语，每空填一词。 5. Jones said, “I visited Australia last year.”    Jones said that  _   _ _ Australia _ _ _ . 6. Shirley asked Mary, “Are you from America?”    Shirley asked Mary _ _   _ from Ame