chapter 2 呼吸系统

1、chapter 12respiratory systemactivity 1: choose the ones that air passes through during breathing and arrange them in the right order 1.alveolar ercostal muscles4.trachea5.nostrils6.bronchi7.pleural cavity8.nasal cavities9.laryngopharynx10.nasopharynx11.oropharynx12.visceral pleura

2、13.parietal pleura14.mediastinum15.bronchiole16.alveolar ductthe right orderlnostrils nasal cavities nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx trachea bronchi bronchiole alveolar duct alveolar sacdiaphragm / intercostal muscles / pleural cavity / visceral pleura / parietal pleura / mediastinumrespirator

3、y functionventilationgas exchangeairway respiratory muscleair volumeeffective capillary bedairway pressure gradientrespiratory function testn spirometry肺量测定法,呼吸量测定法n airway resistance & compliancen diffusion capacityn (肺弥散量 )n exercise respiratory function testspirometry termsnvc (vital capacity

4、) 【p116】 ntv (tidal volume) 【p116】 nfev1(1st second forced expiratory volume) 【p116】 nerv (expiratory reserve volume) 【p？】 nirv (inspiratory reserve volume) 【p？】 nic (inspiratory capacity) 【p114】 static parameters静态参数ntlc (total lung capacity) 【p116】 nrv (residual volume) 【p?】 nfrc (functional resid

5、ual capacity) 【p114】 diffusion abnormality:ninterstitial lung diseases 【p?】 npulmonary edema 【p116】 npulmonary vascular disorders 【p116】 physical examination of the chest视诊inspectionrespiratory frequencyrespiratory frequency 1. tachypnea 1. tachypnea 【p113】 2424次次/ /分分 2. bradypnea2. bradypnea 【p110

6、】 12expectoration 【p113】 characters:mucoid: produced with many acute or chronic infectionspurulent: contains wbc pieces and necrotic tissue blood-stainedwith special odor anaerobic infection rusty：pneumococcal pneumoniaserous： alveolar carcinomacommonly seen respiratory symptomshemoptysis 【p111】 blo

7、od originating below the level of the larynx that being coughed outfrom blood-tinged sputum to massive gross bloodnot hematemesis （ vomited out ）commonly seen respiratory symptomsdyspnea 【p111】 inspiratory dyspnea expiratory dyspnea mixed dyspneacardiac dyspnea symptoms of congestive heart failure c

8、an cause orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea when elevated-filling pressure is present. orthopnea【112】difficulty in breathing in the supine positionrelieved by sitting up, which reduces the degree of pulmonary congestion by pooling blood in the lower extremities and lowering left ventricular

9、filling pressures, improving the diaphragmatic movement, increasing vital capacityparoxysmal nocturnal dyspneasymptoms: awaking short of breath at nightoften obtaining relief by sitting up for a period of timein the most advanced cases, the patients become acutely dyspneic, cyanotic and very frequen

10、tly produce foamy sputum tinged with bloodparoxysmal nocturnal dyspneasignsmoist rales at the both lung basestachycardiawheezingbronchospasm【p110】activity 2: find their english equivalent for the following common respiratory conditions1.慢性阻塞性肺病2.百日咳3.胸膜炎4.气胸5.气管炎6.白喉7.支气管炎8.声带炎9.血胸， 胸腔积血10.喘鸣11.肺气肿，

11、气肿12.鼻出血，鼻衄13.脓胸14.缺氧15.喉炎16.胸膜积水17.血氧不足18.胸膜痛19.肺出血20.肺炎21.鼻炎activity 2: find their english equivalent for the following common respiratory conditions1.慢性阻塞性肺病chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) /chronic obstructive lung disease (cold)2.百日咳pertussis /whooping cough3.胸膜炎pleurisy4.气胸pneumoth

12、orax5.气管炎tracheitis6.白喉diphtheria7.支气管炎 bronchitis8.声带炎 chorditis9.血胸， 胸腔积血hemothorax / hemathorax10.喘鸣 stridor11.肺气肿，气肿 emphysema12.鼻出血，鼻衄 epistaxis13.脓胸pyothorax14.缺氧anoxia15.喉炎laryngitis16.胸膜积水hydrothorax17.血氧不足hypoxemia18.胸膜痛 pleuralgia / pleurodynia19.肺出血 pneumorrhagia20.肺炎pneumonia21.鼻炎rhinitisactivity 3: translate the following into english.本品可快速缓解下列疾病所致症状：本品可快速缓解下列疾病所致症状：过敏性鼻炎过敏性鼻炎 过敏性皮炎过敏性皮炎 过敏性哮喘过敏性哮喘适应症：适应症：用于慢性鼻炎、季节性过敏性鼻炎用于慢性鼻炎、季节性过敏性鼻炎(枯枯草热草热)、慢性特发性（、慢性特发性（idiopathic）荨麻疹和其）荨麻疹和其他与组胺相关的皮肤疾病如搔痒等；本品还可快他与组胺相关的皮肤疾病如搔痒等；本品还可快速缓解流