学术英语教学实践：学术英语综合PPT课件

1、范烨复旦大学 大学英语教学部2015.5.31学术阅读Learn to read通过阅读来学习知识和技能：1. 积累词汇2. 培养思辨能力3. 了解学术写作的语言特点和规范教学重点教学重点学会阅读，掌握阅读学术文章的技能：predicting, skimming, scanning, inferencing, summarizing, fast reading Read to learnGiving Thanks for the “Invisible Hand”Jeff Jacoby1. 通过阅读教授词汇 重要性教什么怎么教1.1 教什么Q: 现代英语中包含多少个单词？现代英语中包含多少个单词

2、？Websters Third New International Dictionary114,000 词族(word family)，不包括专有名词词族包括一个主干词，各种屈折变化形式, 及其派生词。happy, happily, happiness, unhappy, happier 1.1 教什么受过教育的英语母语人士知道大约_词族。(Goulden, Nation & Read, 1990; Zechmeister, Chronis, Cull, DAnna & Healy, 1995)20,000高频词汇 (high-frequency words)学术词汇 (aca

3、demic words)专业词汇 (technical words)低频词汇 (low-frequency words)高频词汇高频词汇in, for, the, of, a, look, standA General Service List of English Words （West，1953) 大约 2000 个词族New General Service List（Brezina & Gablasova, 2015 ） 学术学术词汇词汇各学科领域中都会用到的(Martin， 1976)1) 阐述研究过程（动词、名词）formulate, assume, investigate,

4、 establish2) 分析（动词）consist of, result from, derive, base on, indicate3) 评估（形容词、副词）coherent, controversial, significant, implicit, explicitUniversity Word List (Xue & Nation，1984)740 headwordsAcademic Word List (Coxhead, 1998)570 headwords专业词汇专业词汇两种情况1）只在某个专业领域出现 cabotage, amorisation2）属于高频词汇，但是在

5、某个专业领域中有其特别的含义demand, cost, supply, gain, wall学科词典（经济学、地理 ）约1000词条 低频低频词汇词汇两种情况1）刚刚超出高频的范围curious, approximately2）的确很少用的词bifurcate, plummet, ploy, gibbous各类型词汇在academic text中所占的比例高频词汇 （大约80%）学术词汇 （大约9%）专业词汇 （大约4%）低频词汇 （大约4%） (Nation，2001)修读学术英语（综合）的学生大多基础较好，已在传统大英课程中学了大量的高频词汇、学术词汇。95-98%？ fill the g

6、ap0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%各类型词汇在academic text中的比例低频词汇专业词汇学术词汇高频词汇是不是教材生词表里的都要教？一个个讲解？（基本含义+例句？）1)不可能(因为课时有限）2)没必要*有些专业术语学生用不上(endoscope)*学生自己可以通过阅读、查字典等方式 学习生词教师需要教什么？1) 聚焦于system knowledge 而非item knowledge2) 聚焦于容易被学生忽视但很重要的 词块3) 聚焦于词汇的学习方法1)聚焦于 system knowledge帮助学生编织网络，促进记忆和自学例如，构词法Text A,

7、 Unit 1*反复出现的构词模式inexplicable, innumerable, incalculabledistributor, dictator*一个词族的成员coordination, uncoordinated2) 聚焦于词块chunk, bundle, formula, collocation阅读过程中学生往往会忽视词块（Para. 3） It hardly takes a miracle to explain why grocery stores stock up on turkey before Thanksgiving.（Para. 3） It hardly takes

8、a miracle to explain why grocery stores stock up on turkey before Thanksgiving.nativelike selectionnativelike fluency (Pawley & Syder 1983)bundles in academic discourse4-word bundlesframing: in the context of, the existence of thequantifying: a wide range of , the extent to whichplace/time/text:

9、 are shown in figure (Hyland, 2012)Academic Formula List基于语料库的研究- 口语，写作 (2 lists)in response to as opposed to distinguish betweenas a wholein the present studyare as follows in conjunction with ( Simpson-Vlach & Ellis, 2010) Academic Formula List3) 聚焦于学习方法词汇教不完，教不会最重要的是教会学生如何学习词汇词汇的本质，词汇学习的过程特点1

10、.2 怎么教explicit teachingimplicit teachingimplicit explicit Choose the correct form.His company is a large _ of software products.(distribute)nounverbadjective coordinationargue - able in-explicate numeratecalculate 显性教学（构词）教师从课文中选取一部分搭配，翻译成中文让学生中译英，并比较自己的翻译和课文中的语言非专业术语非专业术语在过去的一年里全国数月之间显性教学（词块）教师从课文中

11、选取一部分搭配，翻译成中文让学生中译英，并比较自己的翻译和课文中的语言非专业术语非专业术语在过去的一年里in the year gone by全国across the nation数月之间over the course of many months显性教学（词块）一大批货物an array of goods自发的市场秩序spontaneous order of the market计划经济planned economy 无形之手invisible hand从课文中选取某个段落，设计从课文中选取某个段落，设计cloze test Para. 3Those things we take _ _ _

12、 (或多或少) for granted. It hardly takes a miracle to explain why grocery stores stock _ _ turkey before Thanksgiving, or why Hollywood _ big movies in time for big holidays. Thats what they do. Where is God in that?配对练习配对练习issue endspromote moviesrelease orders issue promote release orderend movie自己在课文

13、中找自己在课文中找chunks和同学分享和同学分享Para. 6The activities of countless far-flung men and women over the course of many months had to be intricately choreographed and precisely timed, so that when you showed up to buy a fresh Thanksgiving turkey, there would be one or more likely, a few dozen waiting. 自己在课文中找自己

14、在课文中找chunks和同学分享和同学分享Para. 6The activities of countless far-flung men and women over the course of many months had to be intricately choreographed and precisely timed, so that when you showed up to buy a fresh Thanksgiving turkey, there would be one or more likely, a few dozen waiting. 重复SpacingType

15、sNumbersSpacing of repetitionsSpaced repetition results in more secure learning than massed repetition. (Bloom & Shuell, 1981; Dempster, 1987)15 分钟分钟 (transaction)Spacing of repetitionsSpaced repetition results in more secure learning than massed repetition. (Bloom & Shuell, 1981; Dempster,

16、1987)15 分钟分钟 (transaction)现在3分钟Spacing of repetitionsSpaced repetition results in more secure learning than massed repetition. (Bloom & Shuell, 1981; Dempster, 1987)15 分钟分钟 (transaction)现在几小时后3分钟 3分钟Spacing of repetitionsSpaced repetition results in more secure learning than massed repetition. (

17、Bloom & Shuell, 1981; Dempster, 1987)15 分钟分钟 (transaction)现在几小时后一天后3分钟 3分钟3分钟Spacing of repetitionsSpaced repetition results in more secure learning than massed repetition. (Bloom & Shuell, 1981; Dempster, 1987)15 分钟分钟 (transaction)现在几小时后一天后 两天后3分钟 3分钟3分钟3分钟Spacing of repetitionsSpaced repet

18、ition results in more secure learning than massed repetition. (Bloom & Shuell, 1981; Dempster, 1987)15 分钟分钟 (transaction)现在几小时后一天后 两天后 一星期后3分钟 3分钟3分钟3分钟3分钟Spacing of repetitionsSpaced repetition results in more secure learning than massed repetition. (Bloom & Shuell, 1981; Dempster, 1987)为什么

19、？15 分钟分钟 (transaction)现在几小时后一天后 两天后 一星期后3分钟 3分钟3分钟3分钟3分钟Spacing of repetitionsSpaced repetition results in more secure learning than massed repetition. (Bloom & Shuell, 1981; Dempster, 1987)Long-term learning depends on physical changes in the brain. (Baddeley, 1990)15 分钟分钟 (transaction)现在几小时后一天

20、后 两天后 一星期后3分钟 3分钟3分钟3分钟3分钟Types of repetition1） Noticing2） Retrieval (receptive & productive)3） Generative/creative usethe company of loved onesarmies of other people不同类型的重复意味着不同的加工程度不同类型的重复意味着不同的加工程度加工加工程度程度越深，越能促进记忆越深，越能促进记忆第一周：学习了Text A, Unit 1部分词汇第三周：重复（哪种类型的重复？）例如，用下列目标词复述Text A主要意思。wondrou

21、s, inexplicable, intricately, coordination, mysterious, innumerable, uncoordinated, ride herd on, pull offNumbers of repetition经过6或7次的重复，大多数目标词汇都能被学会。 (Crothers & Suppes 1967 , Kachroo 1962)学生个体差异, 词本身的差异,每一次repetition性质的差异slake隐性教学（更加重要）教师应该创造良好的环境让学生自然习得常用的词、词组，重要途径之一就是：保证学生有一定的阅读量 *学术英语综合教材中的

22、课文 *教师选择的补充材料 * 学生自主选择的阅读材料自然重复not so creative1.3 总结通过阅读教授词汇 教什么教什么1）item knowledge2) collocation3) how to learn 怎么教怎么教1) explicit teaching (read focus on )2) implicit teaching (read)2. 在阅读中培养思辨能力思辨能力的培养是高等教育的重要组成部分。教什么怎么教2.1 教什么思辨能力层级理论模型 （文秋芳, 2008: 30）2.2 如何教One person cannot make another think c

23、ritically. (Moon, 2008)f_ or f_ critical thinkingacilitateoster1）提醒学生不盲目相信）提醒学生不盲目相信printed words发现不一致之处It takes 8.4 kilos of grain to produce 1 kilo of pork. It takes about 3 kilos of grain to produce just 1 kilo of pork.2）提醒提醒学生学生 suspend judgment3) 创造良好的课堂氛围创造良好的课堂氛围tolerate risk-taking4) Learn t

24、o be critical by practicing being critical. (Brick, 2011)Practicing being critical讨论问题，循序渐进，由浅入深，由易至难针对不同层次的学生问不同的问题，让所有的学生都有成功的体验简单的问题-以Text A, Unit 1 为例能够从文中找到答案，识别、归纳、总结为回答更具挑战性的问题作准备：作者的写作目的是什么？为什么文章多次提到感恩节？ 什么是“无形之手”？作者用了哪些例子来证明“无形之手”的存在？ 对于一些句子的理解？(课后练习Task 2)思辨性更强的问题文章中信息的来源是否可靠？哪些是相关的、不相关的信息

25、？哪些是重要的、次要的信息？作者观点背后的assumption是什么? （hidden assumption）作者的观点是否合理？作者的观点同该领域其他人士的观点是否一致？你是否同意作者的观点？These new violent computer games will never become popular, because most parents dont like their children killing people, even if it is only a game.Task 3/ Work in groups and discuss the following questi

26、ons.According to Adam Smith, “the invisible hand” leads innumerable people, each working for his own gain, to promote ends that benefit many. However, some people think that the free market only promotes selfishness and greed, where businesses try every means to work for their own gain. What do you

27、think? Can “the invisible hand” do anything to deter business malpractices? *教师指令清晰(worksheet)，提供一定的支撑 (尤其是对于水平相对低的学生)*给学生充裕的时间事先准备*团队合作（课前，课上） shared consciousness (Hyland, 2006) *给予相关专业的学生更多的展示机会*教师给予具体的反馈(feedback) 清晰性，相关性，逻辑性，深刻性5)学习别人如何学习别人如何being criticalbad examplesgood examplesUnit 1B The Mi

28、crosoft caseUnit 2B Two views of social responsibilityUnit 6B Math in collegeUnit 8B The globalization debate和学生一起分析作者如何阐述、论证自己的观点，并反驳另一方的观点的。2.3 总结通过阅读培养思辨教什么怎么教增强意识营造氛围亲自实践分析实例3. 通过阅读学习 学术写作的语言特征和规范教什么 怎么教3.1教什么学术语言特征1） high lexical density Investment in a rail facility implies a long-term commitm

29、ent.If you invest in a rail facility this implies that you are going to be committed for a long term.2） high nominal style The train leaves at 5 pm. The trains 5pm departure 3） impersonal constructionsThe data suggest Table 2 shows 避免使用 personal pronouns (I, we)但事实上，有时I, we是可以的，取决于具体的研究领域。 4） Avoid

30、vagueness in word choice(e.g., thing)5） Avoid using slangs, colloquial terms, contractions 6）Use signpost language7) Use specialized vocabulary8） Be cautious in claims*By hedging:modal verbs (may., might)adv. (possibly, perhaps, approximately, roughly, often)adj. (likely, probable)impersonal verbs (

31、suggest, seem)modal nouns (assumption, estimate)*By attribution:X expects YAccording to X, the y I believeTo our knowledge* Specifying conditions: X will happen if analyticalrationalintellectualobjectiveThe academic writers tone is:The academic writers approach is:seriousimpersonalformal论文写作架构abstra

32、ctintroductionbodyconclusionreference每一部分内部的结构3.2 如何通过阅读来教？consciousness raising activities学生可能自己不会注意到这些特点，因为不影响理解 deductive or inductive? easy vs. difficultParas. 2-3 But it probably wont occur to too many of us to give thanks for the fact that the local supermarket had plenty of turkey for sale th

33、is week. Even the devout arent likely to thank God for airline schedules that made it possible for some of those loved ones to fly home for Thanksgiving. Those things we take more or less for granted. It hardly takes a miracle to explain why grocery stores stock up on turkey before Thanksgiving, or

34、why Hollywood releases big movies in time for big holidays. Paras. 2-3 But it probably wont occur to too many of us to give thanks for the fact that the local supermarket had plenty of turkey for sale this week. Even the devout arent likely to thank God for airline schedules that made it possible fo

35、r some of those loved ones to fly home for Thanksgiving. Those things we take more or less for granted. It hardly takes a miracle to explain why grocery stores stock up on turkey before Thanksgiving, or why Hollywood releases big movies in time for big holidays. 学术英语（综合）p62 deductive approach告诉学生int

36、roduction 的基本组成部分让学生阅读两段introduction, 识别其各个组成部分对比不同的语料，发现各类型academic texts 的差异（综合课程）自由对比有针对性的对比自由对比Look at the three extracts below taken from the introductions to three research articles. Can you identify the three disciplines? In what ways are the extracts similar and different?To determine if the

37、 increases in elastic shear moduli seen with MAP2c could be due solely to bundling of ac tautin filaments, the relative light scatter of solutions of actin filaments were measured. It was noted that at dilute molar ratios of MAP2c to actin there was no increase in light scatter. Higher molar ratios

38、increased the scattering. These results suggest that dilute concentrations of MAP2c may have caused actin gelation by organizing the actin filaments into an isotropic network。I want us to consider Saintly Co-operation. One day, while you are waiting to deposit your Social Security check in a bank, y

39、ou are approached by an eccentric tycoon. She has a million dollars but very little time. She offers you ten dollars if you assure her that you will deposit her million dollars in her bank account. Shes in a hurry and cant get any details about you that would enable her to track you down if you fail

40、ed to keep your promise. What do you do? Is it rational for you to put the money in her account? After all, you are still doing better (namely, ten dollars better) than if you had given no assurance at all. But can we really consider this clearly moral, indeed saintly, decision as rational? 有针对性的对比C

41、ompare the two texts, noting their similarities and differences in terms of length, purpose, audience, structure and key language features (tense, voice, hedges, nominal structure, conjunction )教师提供补充阅读材料学生根据自己的专业或者兴趣寻找补充阅读材料识别(formal vs. informal)The following sentences are mixed formal and informa

42、l. Write F or I in the brackets. The project will be completed next year. ( ) I showed that his argument did not hold water. ( ) I wonder why he put up with those terrible conditions for so long. ( ) Five more tests will be necessary before the experiment can be concluded. ( ) Hell have to do anothe

43、r five tests before he can stop the experiment. ( )Some examples of formal and informal EnglishFormal EnglishInformal EnglishThe final required section of a researchreport is a discussion of the results obtained and a statement of any conclusions which may be drawn from those results.The final secti

44、on is to _ the results obtained and _ any conclusions which may be drawn from those results._ little emphasis on Theres little emphasis on Details of the report _ on Page 26.You can find out all about the report on Page 26.The experiment was performed.They _ an experiment.This appeared to _ the prob

45、lem.This seemed to fix the problem.Doctors have _ a new method. Doctors have come up with a new method.The researchers identified the important properties.The researchers _.discussstateThere isare to be founddidrectifyestablishedfound out what theimportant things were 改写（formal informal）Adam Smith c