The Arctic The Metdown University of Michigan北极融化密歇根大学

1、http:/ should we care? world is warming rapidly anthropogenic causes arctic feeling affects the most arctic is an indicator of changes to comehttp:/ arctic is especially susceptible to the negative affects of climate change due to factors such as ice cover, elemental fluxes of carbon, albedo changes

2、, permafrost melt, ecosystem shifts, and the involvement of multiple positive feedback loops. to what degree is the arctic susceptible to negative climate change affects and why?hypothesis:http:/ global issues arctic issues implications solutions conclusionhttp:/ the world is warming 0.6 degrees cel

3、sius in the 20th century not natural fluctuation short time scale anthropogenic causes carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide have increased by 31%, 150% and 17% fossil fuel combustion greenhouse gas emissionsglobal issueshttp:/ concentrations and emissions http:/www.pca.state.mn.us/programs/indi

4、cators/iom-0402.htmlarctic issues permafrost meltarctic issues arctic glacier and ice cap melt glaciers in western canada and alaska have dumped 900 trillion gallons of water into the ocean in the last 50 years sea ice equal to the size of texas has melted over the north pole (chen 2006)terrestrial

5、carbon cycle climate feedbacka shorter season for snow pack and ice formationsnow and ice albedo positive feedback cyclearctic issues ecosystem shift species cannot move further north because there isnt any land. shrubs decrease albedo.http:/ climate change is accelerated in the arctic presence of p

6、ositive feedback loops changes will directly effect the entire globe indicator of the changes to come for the rest of the worldhttp:/ short term: adaptation to current situation aid, innovation, and information long term: adaptation to expected effects mitigation global cooperationhttp:/www.ghgonlin

7、/images/ipcc5b.gifconclusion changes in the arctic serve as “canary” for the world accelerated climate change in the arctic requires forward-thinking policy overall goals: adaptation and mitigation on appropriate scales sustainable growth global effort for global issuehttp:/www.welshmountainzoo

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12、 arctic perspective. ambio 35 (4): 148-152. de brauw, alan. 2006. the kyoto protocol, market power, and enforcement. applied economics 38 (18): 2169-2178. de woul, m., hock, r. 2005. static mass-balance sensitivity of arctic glaciers and ice caps using a degree-day approach. annals of glaciology. 42

13、: 217-224. hausen, james, sato, makiko, ruedy, reto, lo, ken, lea, david w., and medina-elizade, martin. 2006. global temperature change. proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states. 103(39): 14288-14293.references cont.intergovernmental panel of climate change. “climate cha

14、nge 2001: the scientific basis”. 2001. http:/www.unep.se/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/images/fig7-6.gif (23 october 2006)karl, t., trenberth, k. 2003. modern global climate change. science. 302:1719-1723.ling, f., zhang,t. impact of the timing and duration of seasonal snow cover on the active layer and perm

15、afrost in the alaskan arctic. 2003. permafrost and periglacial processes. 14: 141-150. liston, g., mcfadden, j., sturm, m., pielke, r. 2002. modeled changes in arctic tundra snow, energy and moisture fluxes due to increased shrubs. global change biology. 8(1): 17-32. mller, a.p., flensted-jensen, e.

16、, and mardal, w. 2006. dispersal and climate change: a case study of the arctic tern sterna paradisaea. global change bio. 12(10): 2005-2013. oechel, w., hastings, s., vourlitis, g., jenkins, m., riechers, g., grulke, n. 1993. recent change of arctic tundra ecosystems from a net carbon dioxide sink to a source. nature. 361: 520-524. pbs. hot times in alaska. chedd-angier production company. 2004.potter, c. 2004. predicting climate change effects on vegetation, soil thermal dynamics, and carbon cycling in ecosystems of interior alaska. ecological modeling. 175(1): 1-24. riordan, b., verbyla, d