双语化学速成必备基础5页

1、双语化学速成必备基础一、元素和单质的命名“元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”，有时为了区别，在强调“单质”时可用“free element”。因此，单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。下面给出的既是元素的名称，同时又是单质的名称。1、主族元素和单质： IA IIA IIIA IV A V A VIA VIIA0Hydrogen HeliumLithiumBerylliumboronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeonSodiumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgonPotassi

2、um CalciumGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKryptonRubidiumStrontiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenonCesiumBariumThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadonFransiumRadium2、过渡元素和单质Fe : iron Mn : manganese Cu: copper Zn: zinc Hg: mercury Ag: silver Au: gold二、化合物的命名：化合物的命名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右读，这与中文读法顺序是相

3、反的。表示原子个数时使用前缀：mono-di -tri- tetra -penta- hexa- hepta- octa-，nona-,deca-,但是在不会引起歧义时，这些前缀都尽可能被省去。1、化合物正电荷部分的读法直呼其名，即读其元素名称。如CO: carbon monoxide Al2O3: aluminium oxide N2O4 ：Dinitrogen tetroxide ( tetra-,mono- 后缀中的a,o在后一o之前省去)对于有变价的金属元素，除了可用前缀来表示以外，更多采用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态，或用后缀-ous表示低价，-ic表示高价。如 FeO: iron(I

4、I) oxide 或 ferrous oxide Fe2O3: iron (III) oxide或ferric oxide Cu2O: copper(I) oxide 或cuprous oxideCuO: copper(II) oxide或cupric oxide 2、化合物负电荷部分的读法2.1、二元化合物：常见的二元化合物有卤化物，氧化物，硫化物，氮化物，磷化物，碳化物，金属氢化物等，命名时需要使用后缀-ide，如：fluoride， chloride， bromide， iodide， oxide ，sulfide ，nitride, phosphide, carbide，hydride

5、; OH-的名称也是用后缀-ide：hydroxide，非金属氢化物不用此后缀，而是将其看成其它二元化合物（见.）；非最低价的二元化合物还要加前缀，如 O22-: peroxide O2- : superoxide举例： NaF: sodium fluoride AlCl3: aluminium chloride Mg2N3: magnesium nitride Ag2S：silver sulfide CaC2: calcium carbide Fe(OH)2：iron(II) hydroxide 有些物质常用俗称，如NO nitric oxide N2O nitrous oxide2.2、

6、非金属氢化物除了水和氨气使用俗称water，ammonia以外，其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称，命名规则根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同。对于卤族和氧族氢化物，在化学式中写在前面，因此将其看成另一元素的二元化合物。举例： HF hydrogen fluoride HCl hydrogen chlorideHBr hydrogen bromide HI hydrogen iodide H2S hydrogen sulfide H2Se hydrogen selenide H2Te hydrogen telluride对于其它族的非金属氢化物，在化学式中写在后面，可加后缀ane，氮族还可加-ine举

7、例： PH3: phosphine或phosphane AsH3: arsine或arsane SbH3: stibine或stibane BiH3: bismuthane CH4: methane SiH4: silane B2H6: diborane2.3、 无氧酸命名规则：hydro-词根-icacid举例： HCl: hydrochloric acid H2S : hydrosufuric acid2.4、 含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子化学专业英语用前后缀的不同组合显示不同价态的含氧酸和含氧酸根阴离子，价态相同的含氧酸及含氧酸根阴离子具有相同的前缀，不同的后缀。高某酸per-ic 正酸ic

8、亚酸-ous 次酸 hypo-ous高某酸根per-ate 正酸根ate 亚酸根-ite 次酸根hypo-ite其它的前缀还有ortho-正 meta- 偏 thio-硫代举例：HClO4 perchloric acid ClO4- perchlorate ionHClO3 chloric acid ClO3- chlorate ionHClO2 chlorous acid ClO2- chlorite ionHClO hypochlorous acid ClO- hypochlorite ionH2SO4 sulfuric acid H2SO3 sulfurous acidHNO3 nitr

9、ic acid HNO2 nitrous acid HPO3 metaphosphoric acid S2O32- thiosulfate ion2.5、 盐正盐：根据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称。如FeSO4 iron(II) sulfate KMnO4 potassium permanganate酸式盐：同正盐的读法，酸根中的读做hydrogen，氢原子的个数用前缀表示。如NaHCO3: sodium hydrogencarbonate 或 sodium bicarbonate NaH2PO4: sodium dihydrogenphosphate复盐：同正盐的读法，并且阳离

10、子按英文名称的第一个字母顺序读。如 KNaCO3: potassium sodium carbonateNaNH4HPO4: ammonium sodium hydrogenphosphate水合盐：结晶水读做water或hydrate如AlCl3?6H2O: aluminum chloride 6-water或 aluminum chloride hexahydrate AlK(SO4) 2?12H2O aluminium potassium sulphate 12-water三、 物理性质（physical properties）colour : colourless, red-brown

11、, violet-black, purple-black, pale yellow, dark brownsmell: odourless, pungent, penetrating, offensive, choking, bitter,sour, sweet state: solid, liquid, gas, gaseous, oily, crystalline, uncrystalline, molten, fusedsolubility: soluble, insoluble, slightly soluble, very soluble ,density: heavy, light

12、 , less dense, denser, greatly denser, slightly denser, about the same densehardness: hard, soft , ductile, malleabletoxicity: toxic, poisonous melting point, boiling point: high, lowconductivity: electronic conductivity ; thermalconductivity ; conductor ; insulator; semiconductor四、 化学性质 (chemical p

13、roperties)stability: stable , unstable, reactive, unreactiveredox property: oxidizing ability, reducing ability, oxiding agent(oxidant), reducing agent (reductant), oxidation, reduction, oxidation state, valence, strong, weakacid-base property: acidic, basic, strong, weak, monobasic acid, monoacidic

14、 base, 五、 化学方程式（Chemical Equations）1、 反应名称 combination；decomposition；displacement；double displacement；redox reaction；nonredox reaction；disproportionation；neutralization；exothermic reaction; endothermic reaction; reversible reaction; forward reaction; reverse reaction; spontaneous reaction; nonsponta

15、neous reaction 2、 反应条件heat; burn; ignite/ignition ; electrolyze/electrolysis; under/at ambient/room temperature; under standard pressure; with/in the prescence of a catalyst 3、 读法3.1 nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to form ammonia at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst.1 mol

16、nitrogen reacts with 3 mol hydrogen to form 2 mol ammonia at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst. 3.2 nitrogen combines with hydrogen to form ammonia at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst. ammonia decomposes to nitrogen and hydrogen at high temper

17、ature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst.3.3 Reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst gives ammonia. At high temperature and pressure, reaction of nitrogen with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst takes place. 六、 化学计算 (Chemi

18、cal Calculation)1、 化学术语atomic mass/weight ; molecular weight; amount (of substance); mole; number of moles; molar mass; molar volume; concentration; molarity ; excess agent; limiting agent；reactant; product; yield;2、 数学术语 × ÷运算名称addition substraction mulplication division动词读法add substract(

19、ed)?from multiply(ied)?by divide(d)?by介词读法plus minus times over运算结果 sum difference product quotient0.001 o/zero point o o one2/3 two thirds equals/is equal to is approximately equal to less than greater thanx2 x squared ; x3 x cubed ; x-10 x to the minus tenth power100oc one hundred degrees centigra

20、de 5% five percent (by mass,volume)（） round brackets/parentheses square/angular brackets braceslinear planar trigonal square tetrahedral 七、 化学实验（Chemical Experiments ）1、 实验用品( equipments / apparatus ) 烧瓶round-bottom/florence flask 锥形瓶(conical) Erlenmeyer flask 三角漏斗funnel 长颈漏斗thistle tube 试管架test-tube rack 集气瓶bottle ; glass jar 滴定管burette 烧杯beaker 玻棒glass rod 洗瓶wash bottle 干燥管drying tube 试管刷 t