解题指导三：如何完胜阅读理解

1、自修课三：如何完胜阅读理解题目怎么命一明确4大题型关注10大常考处阅读理解常考的4大题型1阅读理解常考的4大题型细节理解题要求考生对文章中的特定细节或具体事实进行判断和认定。一般来说，此类题目多属直接解答性问题，是高考阅读的四个题型中难度最小的一种。它的得分率相对较高，所占的比重较大，是我们做好阅读理解、夺取高分的基础，此类题目，只要细心就能做对。细节理解题01阅读理解常考的4大题型常见提问方式How was the fire put out according to the text?We learn from the text that on 24 May _.If you take th

2、e evening program at the International House, you will pay about _.Which of the following shows the right order of what happened to the diary?Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the text? 细节理解题01阅读理解常考的4大题型正确选项特征一般可以在文章中直接或间接找到答案，但是不可能与阅读材料一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型去表达相同的意思。题干和正确项的信息值之和等于或者

3、约等于原文中某句的信息值。细节理解题01阅读理解常考的4大题型干扰选项特征与短文细节部分相吻合，部分相悖。是短文细节，但不符合题干要求。是短文细节，但不是要点或主要论据。符合常识，但不是文章内容。明显与短文细节不符或短文未提及。与原句的内容极为相似，只是在程度上有些变动。细节理解题01阅读理解常考的4大题型细节理解题01示例(2014新课标全国卷阅读B节选)Since the first Earth Day in 1970, Americans have gotten a lot “greener” toward the environment. “We didnt know at that

4、time that there even was an environment, let alone that there was a problem with it，” says Bruce Anderson, president of Earth Day USA. But what began as nothing important in public affairs has grown into a social movement. Business people, political leaders, university professors, and especially mil

5、lions of grassroots Americans are taking part in the movement. “The understanding has increased many, many times，” says Gaylord Nelson, the former governor from Wisconsin, who thought up the first Earth Day.Great improvement has been achieved. In 1988 there were only 600 recycling programs; today in

6、 1995 there are about 6,600. Advanced lights, motors, and building designs have helped save a lot of energy and therefore prevented pollution.2021-10-17阅读理解常考的4大题型25According to Anderson, before 1970, Americans had little idea about _.Athe social movement Brecycling techniquesCenvironmental problems

7、Dthe importance of Earth Day【分析】A项指社会运动，原文中未提及，与文章主题不符；B项指回收的技巧，文章第四段有提及，是文章细节，但范围太窄；C项中environmental problems是原文第一段第二句中a problem with it的同义替换，故C项正确；D项指地球日的重要性，虽然在第一、二段中提及了地球日，但不符合题干要求。 阅读理解常考的4大题型词义猜测题不是考查考生的词汇量，而是要求考生根据上下文中的已知信息对单词或词组的具体语义和代词、名词的指代问题进行合理推测。涉及的词语有四类：熟词新义、生僻单词、词组短语和代词。词义猜测题02阅读理解常考的

8、4大题型常见提问方式What does the underlined word “hassle” (Paragraph 1) probably mean?The word “verifying” in Paragraph 3 can be replaced by _.What did Cory Luxmoore mean when he said “Im on high”？词义猜测题02阅读理解常考的4大题型正确选项特征与原文上下文联系非常紧密。可以通过上下文内容的提示确定，原文提示的方式一般有：定义和解释、描述和例证、同义和反义、平行关系以及构词法等。词义猜测题02阅读理解常考的4大题型干扰

9、选项特征与上下文并不相吻合的我们所熟悉的定义。与上下文似乎相吻合的错误定义。词义猜测题02阅读理解常考的4大题型词义猜测题02示例(2014北京高考阅读D节选)Some years ago, the focus for brand name shopping was on a few people with sales a s s i s t a n t s d i s p r o v i n g a t t i t u d e a n d donttouchwhatyoucantafford displays. Now the rise of electronic commerce (eco

10、mmerce) has opened up famous brands to a wider audience. But while eshops can use sights and sounds, only bricksandmortar stores (实体店) can offer a full experience from the minute customers step through the door to the moment they leave. Another brand store seeks to be much more than a shop, but rath

11、er a destination. And scent is just one way to achieve this.69The underlined word “destination” in Paragraph 5 means _.Aa platform that exhibits goodsBa spot where travelers like to stayCa place where customers love to goDa target that a store expects to meet【分析】A项指展出商品的橱窗，本选项有很大的干扰性，细读前文可知，前文虽然提到sh

12、op (商店)，但与上文信息“offer a full experience .”不符；B项中travelers (旅行者)与上文customers不符；C项指顾客喜欢去的地方，与前文信息“offer a full experience .”相符；D项指商店期望达到的目标，与前文信息出入很大。阅读理解常考的4大题型推理判断题要求考生由文章中已知信息出发，对题干要求的内容进行合理化推测，大多会问及文章的暗示、推论、结论、人物的身份和关系、作者的观点、态度和语气等。这类试题，除了需要准确、透彻地理解短文、理顺文章的脉络，还要求考生有一定的思考提炼和逻辑推理的能力。该题型在高考阅读理解中难度较大，是

13、取得高分必须要攻破的一道难关。推理判断题03阅读理解常考的4大题型常见提问方式After reading the story what can we infer about the hospital?We may learn from the text that Sue Townsend is _.Which of the following best describes how the writer feels about stage schools? It can be concluded that the passage is most probably part of a(n) _.推

14、理判断题03阅读理解常考的4大题型正确选项特征“立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念，如only, never, all, absolutely等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留下一些余地的词汇，如often, usually, sometimes, some, may, might, can, could, possibly, probably等。推理判断题03阅读理解常考的4大题型干扰选项特征与常识相吻合，但并不是从短文内容推知的，不是基于文章。看似从原文推断出来的结论，然而实际上与原文不符。推理过头，引申过度。偏离文章主题，属

15、主观臆断的结论。是短文内容的简单重述，而非推断出来的结论，把直接表达当作间接推理。推理判断题03阅读理解常考的4大题型推理判断题03示例(2014山东高考阅读D节选)Serval says he was inspired by his experience as a father. He would come home from work and ask his kids if they had brushed their teeth. They said “yes，” but Serval would find their toothbrush heads dry. He decided h

16、e needed a brush that really told him how well his children brushed.60What can we infer about Servals children?AThey were unwilling to brush their teeth.BThey often failed to clean their toothbrushes.CThey preferred to use a toothbrush with a dry head.DThey liked brushing their teeth after Serval ca

17、me home.【分析】A项根据原文第五段中的“. but Serval would find their toothbrush heads dry”一步即可推得，孩子们没有刷牙，说明孩子们不愿意刷牙；B项为推理过头，选项中“failed to clean their toothbrushes”属于主观臆断；C项干扰性较大，虽然原文中有“their toothbrush heads dry”，但并非指“a toothbrush with a dry head”；D项也属于推理过头，从原文只能推断出孩子们不愿意刷牙，而推断不出孩子们喜欢Serval回家后刷牙。阅读理解常考的4大题型主旨大意题考查

18、考生能否分辨主题和细节、是否具备提纲挈领的能力。大多会问及短文主题、标题、作者的写作意图、短文的学科分类及读者对象等。这类题型要求考生在阅读后进行概括，找出短文各要点间的内在联系和共性，从而归纳出短文的主旨和大意。该题型属于中等难度试题，在近五年的高考试题中所占比重较大，平均占到总题量的四分之一左右。主旨大意题04阅读理解常考的4大题型常见提问方式What does the second paragraph mainly discuss?What is the subject discussed in the text?What would be the best title for the

19、text?The main purpose of writing this text is _.主旨大意题04阅读理解常考的4大题型正确选项特征涵盖性强，覆盖全文。确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。主旨大意题04阅读理解常考的4大题型干扰选项特征覆盖面太大、太笼统，大大超出了短文论述的范围。覆盖面偏窄，在内容上只涉及短文的某一部分或若干要点；仅为短文的某一要点甚至某一细节。与短文有部分交集，但偏离文章主题，有重叠但不重合。主旨大意题04阅读理解常考的4大题型主旨大意题04示例(2014福建高考阅读A)It was Mothers Day morning

20、 last year and I was doing shopping at our local supermarket with my fiveyearold son, Tenyson. As we were leaving, we found that only minutes earlier an elderly woman had fallen over at the entrance and had hit her head on the concrete. Her husband was with her, but there was blood everywhere and th

21、e woman was embarrassed and clearly in shock. Walking towards the scene, Tenyson became very upset about what had happened to the couple. He said to me, “Mum, its not much fun falling over in front of everyone.” At the front of the supermarket, a charity (慈善) group had set up a stand selling cooked

22、sausages and flowers to raise funds. Tenyson suggested that we should buy the lady a flower. “It will make her feel better，” he said. I was amazed that hed come up with this sweet idea. So we went over to the flower seller and asked her if we could buy a flower for the lady to cheer her up. “Just ta

23、ke it，” she replied. “I cant take your money for such a wonderful gesture.” By now paramedics (急救人员) had arrived, and were attending to the injured woman. As we walked up to her, my son became intimidated by all the blood and medical equipment. He said he was just too scared to go up to her. Instead

24、 I gave the flower to the womans husband and told him，“My son was very upset for your wife and wanted to give her this flower to make her feel better.” At that, the old man started crying and said, “Thank you so much, you have a wonderful son. Happy Mothers Day to you.” The man then bent down and ga

25、ve his wife the flower, telling her who it was from. Though badly hurt and shaken, the old lady looked up at Tenyson with love in her eyes and gave him a little smile.2021-10-1759What would be the best title for the passage?AFlower PowerBMothers DayCAn Accidental InjuryDAn Embarrassing Moment【分析】A项，

26、本文主要讲述Tenyson买花送给摔倒的老太太，老太太深受感动，可知本文的最佳标题是“花的力量”；B项“母亲节”，题目太大，超出了文章论述的范围；C项“一次意外的受伤”，内涵较小，无法涵盖本文的主题；D项“一个尴尬的时刻”与文章内容完全不符。阅读理解常考的4大题型同义替换同义替换是历年高考阅读题的出题者常用的设置障碍的技巧，需要注意的是，有时为了增加难度，出题者在保证含义不变的前提下故意将正确选项的句子结构加以改变。正确选项的5种命题规律简化总结/合理推断阅读理解设计选项的一条原则是尽量使用简练的语言和较少的词语，这就是为什么很多正确选项具有较强的概括性，它们其实就是对原文的简化和总结，并且这

27、些选项能够对原文内容作出合乎情理的推断。正话反说即选项用否定的方式(如双重否定句)来表述文中用肯定方式所表述的内容，两者的意思相同。正确选项的5种命题规律反话正说即文中用否定方式来表达的内容，在选项中用肯定的方式把同样的意思表达出来。合理猜测此类题目通常为语义理解题，正确选项通常能够根据上下文提供的线索，对文中的关键词、短语或句子在特定语境下的含义作出合理的推测。 干扰选项的5种命制规律无中生有此类干扰项具有的一个特点是凭空捏造，但所“造”的内容通常与文章所谈论的问题相关，并且看上去很符合提出的问题，而事实上文章中根本没有谈及干扰项的内容。干扰选项的5种命题规律曲解文意阅读理解题中有些选项来自

28、文章中的某一句或某几句话，命题者可能利用里面的字词设计出干扰项，看似表达文章的意思，其实是借题发挥，是对原文意思的曲解。张冠李戴要起到干扰的效果，高考命题专家常用的一个手段就是张冠李戴。通过使用原文中出现的词汇甚至句式，把本来适用于一种情况的内容移用到其他情况。干扰选项的5种命题规律颠倒是非干扰项的内容常涉及原文中提及的一些内容或现象，但选项的意思可能与原文恰恰相反。以偏概全以偏概全一般是全文主旨题或段落主旨题中的选项，指的是用文章某个段落的论点来代替整篇文章的中心思想或者用段落的论据来概括段落的大意等。命题人常关注的10大常考处2命题人常关注的10大常考处无论是议论文还是说明文，一篇文章往往

29、分成几个部分或层次进行说明和论证，每个段落一般都是一个部分或者一个层次。英美作者写文章的逻辑性非常强，文章结构都非常规范，因此每个段落的首句和尾句也经常是该段落的主旨句，也是出题的重点区域。段首、段尾处常考01命题人常关注的10大常考处文章的转折处也是体现作者观点和文章主题的地方，作者经常通过先抑后扬的方法在转折词之后才明确提出自己的观点。转折词前后的意思一般来说都是相反的，而作者会偏重其中的某一方。因此，在阅读过程中看到转折词，考生最好能作上标记以方便做题时查找。一些明显的转折词包括but, however, on the contrary, yet(句首), still(句首), as a

30、 matter of fact, in fact等。转折处常考02命题人常关注的10大常考处另外，作者也经常把两个事物、两件事实、两种观点进行对比，从而论证自己观点的正确性。表示对比的一些标志性词语有by contrast, in comparison, be compared with等。特别需要指出的是，只要文章第一段中出现一组对比的概念或事物，这个地方往往会成为考题的命题重点，考生应掌握这一规律，在看到文章首段出现转折对比的内容时，应当立即集中注意力，同时还要明白，第一段出现转折关系时，转折后所表述的一定是文章的主旨，而在首段出现的对照或对比的内容将在下文中进行具体的议论，并在文章最后得

31、出结论。对比、比较处常考03命题人常关注的10大常考处因果逻辑关系也很受高考英语命题者青睐，因为因果句阐述了两个事件或者事实之间的内在联系，是作者进行分析或者得出结论的地方。出题者为了考查考生的阅读能力和逻辑分析能力，经常会将因果颠倒，考生需要注意辨别实际的因果关系，防止受到迷惑。表示因果关系的词语有：because, because of, for, since, due to, thanks to, as a result of, as, so, thus, therefore, consequently, in consequence, as a result, result from,

32、 result in, cause, lead to, attribute . to等。有时候文章中虽然没有出现表示因果关系的标志性词语，但是在逻辑上也存在着因果关系，这个时候考生就需要自己进行判断和推理。因果处常考04命题人常关注的10大常考处一般的议论文和说明文都需要一些例子来支持作者的论证和说明，这些例子往往与作者的说明和论述有很大的关联，考纲中明确提出考生需要掌握区分论点与论据的能力，因此这也成了考题出处的热点。这种题目在文章中的线索非常明显，一般都带有如下的标志性词汇：for example, for instance, take . as an example, such as,

33、like等。考生要牢记一般文章举例处的前后句就是与该例子相关的作者论点，所以在做此类题目的时候就需要追本溯源，寻找观点，才能保证所选答案的正确率。举例说明处常考05命题人常关注的10大常考处(1)冒号：冒号出现有两大作用后面内容用来解释说明前面抽象的内容；后面是对前面内容的总结。不管是解释还是总结，出现冒号通常都选择读冒号后面的内容。(2)括号：括号中间的内容通常用来解释或强调括号前面的内容，我们在平时的学习过程中见到括号一般都跳过，但是在英语中通常要强调的内容放在括号中，因此不可以跳过，反而要认真仔细分析。(3)破折号：破折号后面的内容表示对前面内容的解释说明或补充，说明此处信息至关重要。但

34、要注意，两个破折号的作用通常为插入语，就不再是重点信息。特殊标点处常考06命题人常关注的10大常考处议论文或说明文中经常引用他人的观点来支持作者的观点。引文有可能是从正面来支持作者的观点，也有可能是作者通过驳斥反面观点从而论证自己的观点。因此，引文间接地表达了作者自己的观点，有一定的隐蔽性和迷惑性，同时也是出题者考查的热点区域，通常会考查考生的推理能力和对作者态度观点的判断能力。引言处常考07命题人常关注的10大常考处一般情况下出现the research indicates, the report suggests等类似的结论建议性表达方式时，表明此处为文中提及的实验和研究的结果或作者要阐明

35、论证的结果。出题者通常不会考查实验研究的过程，而将注意力放在结论结果上，因此做题过程中要格外注意这些表达的出现。结论建议处常考08命题人常关注的10大常考处为了简洁明了地表达事物及其逻辑关系，作者常会利用各种代词、名词来代替前面提到过的人、物或事。当指代词前后的句子结构比较复杂、指代词与其代替的人、物或事相隔较远或指代词周围出现多个事物时，这种指代关系往往不容易一下区分清楚，因而常常受到出题人的青睐。指代处常考09命题人常关注的10大常考处文章中作者对于某人或某事物的观点或态度，以及文章中涉及的其他人或组织机构的观点或态度也常受出题人青睐。解题时要留意文章中出现doubt, appreciat

36、e, hate, against等表达观点态度的词语的地方，以及一些带有感情色彩的特殊句式(祈使句、感叹句、反问句等)。观点态度处常考10文章怎么读二推荐3种方式 标记4类词汇阅读常见的3种方式1第1种：读文章做题目回头查读文章阅读常见的3种方式第2种：读题目(题干选项)读文章做题目第3种：读主题读题目读全文做题目读文需标记的4类词汇2时间和概念名词时间、地点、人名、机构组织和新事物新发现等。读文需标记的4类词汇态度词和语气词态度词多为形容词和副词，也有少数动词和名词，能表示作者的观点态度，体现褒贬色彩和正负评价。 例 如 g o o d , b a d , wonderful, tired,

37、 excited等。极端词和程度词形容词、副词的最高级以及only, perfect等表示独一无二、无以复加的词汇。程度词指的是表示程度的那 些 副 词 ， 例 如seriously, slightly, h a r d l y, e a s i l y, poorly等。读文需标记的4类词汇逻辑词和关系词能体现文章内部逻辑结构、信息流动方向的词，一般是连词。例如：(1)表示转折的词包括but, however, on the contrary, 等；表示对比的by contrast, in comparison, 等；表示因果的because, thanks to, as a result

38、of等；(2)表示举例的for example, for instance, such as, like等；(3)表示结论的conclude, indicate, suggest等。题目怎么读三坚持3大原则 遵循4大流程阅读理解题的3大原则11. 顺序原则高考阅读理解的题目通常严格按照文章的先后顺序出题。第一题多数是针对第一自然段内容命题。最后一题常常针对末段或全文中心命题。如果考场上发现某道题在原文定位不准，可先定位下一道题的原文出处，再按顺序原则倒推本题出处。阅读理解题的3大原则2. 同义原则做任何阅读题不是找感觉，本质上是找同义词，解题时找出的同义词组越多，答案就越准确。这是解答细节理解

39、题的基本方法。3. 归纳原则在解答主旨大意和推理判断题时常用到归纳原则。所谓的归纳原则不是对原文多组同义词的替换，而是对原文上下文信息的推导总结。阅读理解4大题型解题流程2细节理解题解题流程词义猜测题解题流程词义猜测题解题流程推理判断题解题流程推理判断题解题流程主旨大意题解题流程阅读理解解题示范3第1步 读文章做标记第1步 读文章做标记Passenger pigeons(旅鸽) once flew over much of the United States in unbelievable numbers. Written accounts from the 18th and 19th cen

40、turies described flocks (群) so large that they darkened the sky for hours.本段标出了时间the 18th and 19th centuries，地点the United States和一个极端词large，主要讲了美国的旅鸽在18和19世纪数量巨大。第1步 读文章做标记It was calculated that when its population reached its highest point, they were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons a number e

41、qual to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States, making it perhaps the most abundant bird in the world. Even as late as 1870 when their numbers had already become smaller, a flock believed to be 1 mile wide and 320 miles (about 515 kilometers) long was seen near Cincinnati

42、.本段标出了时间词when引导的时间状语从句和as late as 1870，极端词和程度词highest, more than, total, the most abundant，以及关系词equal to等,主要讲述了旅鸽数量到达顶峰时的数量占美国整个鸟类总数的百分之二十四到百分之四十之多,以及1870年末旅鸽数量较少时的数量也是惊人的。第1步 读文章做标记Sadly, the abundance of passenger pigeons may have been their undoing.Where the birds were most abundant, people belie

43、ved there was an everlasting supply and killed them by the thousands. Commercial hunters attracted them to small clearings with grain, waited until pigeons had settled to feed, then threw large nets over them, taking hundreds at a time. The birds were shipped to large cities and sold in restaurants.

44、本段以态度词sadly开头，通过程度词abundance, most abundant, everlasting, by the thousands等讲述了因为旅鸽的数量巨大，人们认为旅鸽源源不断，因此导致了人们对其的大量捕杀。第1步 读文章做标记By the closing decades of the 19th century, the hardwood forests where passenger pigeons nested had been damaged by Americans need for wood, which scattered (驱散) the flocks and

45、 forced the birds to go farther north, where cold temperatures and storms contributed to their decline. Soon the great flocks were gone, never to be seen again.本段标出了时间词by the closing decades of the 19th century和极端词never等，主要讲述了直到19世纪末，导致旅鸽灭绝的另一个原因旅鸽的栖息地阔叶林的砍伐。旅鸽不得不迁徙到北方，而北方的寒冷气候和暴风雨使旅鸽的数量大量减少。第1步 读文章

46、做标记In 1897, the state of Michigan passed a law prohibiting the killing of passenger pigeons, but by then, no sizable flocks had been seen in the state for 10 years. The last confirmed wild pigeon in the United States was shot by a boy in Pike County, Ohio, in 1900. For a time, a few birds survived u

47、nder human care. The last of them, known affectionately as Martha, died at the Cincinnati Zoological Garden on September 1, 1914.本段通过时间词in 1897和地点词Michigan通过了禁止捕杀旅鸽的法律，通过逻辑词but和程度词no sizable以及时间词for 10 years说明之后的10年里再也看不到大数量的旅鸽了。文章最后一句话用了极端词last，态度词affectionately，地点词和时间词Cincinnati Zoological Garden

48、on September 1, 1914等讲述了最后一只旅鸽的死亡时间与地点。第2步 通过题干和选项 确定题目类型， 并快速定位信息源第2步通过题干和选项确定题目类型，并快速定位信息源24.In the 18th and early 19th centuries， passenger pigeons .A.were the biggest bird in the world B.lived mainly in the south of AmericaC.did great harm to the natural environment D.were the largest bird popul

49、ation in the US通过题干中的“In the 18th and early 19th centuries”和第一段中的时间词“the 18th and 19th centuries”和第二段中的时间词“as late as 1870”，这些时间词在我们第一次阅读时已经标出，因此我们可以迅速定位到文章第一段和第二段。题型细节理解题定位25The underlined word “undoing” probably refers to the pigeons _.Aescape BruinCliberation Devolution通过题干中的关键词undoing，我们可以把解题区间定

50、位到第三段的第一句话。题型词义猜测题定位第2步通过题干和选项确定题目类型，并快速定位信息源26What was the main reason for people to kill passenger pigeons? ATo seek pleasure. BTo save other birds.CTo make money. DTo protect crops.通过题干中的关键词“kill passenger pigeons”和我们已经作标记的第三段中的态度词sadly和程度词by the thousands，我们可以迅速定位到第三段。题型推理判断题定位第2步通过题干和选项确定题目类型，并

51、快速定位信息源27. What can we infer about the law passed in Michigan？ A.It was ignored by the public.B.It was declared too late.C.It was unfair.D.It was strict. 通过题干中的关键词in Michigan和文章最后一段中已经标记的地点词Michigan，我们可以迅速定位到最后一段。题型推理判断题定位第2步通过题干和选项确定题目类型，并快速定位信息源第3步 根据题型特点， 将选项与原文信息 进行比对、归纳， 确定答案第3步根据题型特点，将选项与原文信息进

52、行比对、归纳，确定答案Passenger pigeons(旅鸽) once flew over much of the United States in unbelievable numbers. Written accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries described flocks (群) so large that they darkened the sky for hours.It was calculated that when its population reached its highest point, they were more

53、 than 3 billion passenger pigeons a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States, making it perhaps the most abundant bird in the world. Even as late as 1870 when their numbers had already become smaller, a flock believed to be 1 mile wide and 320 miles (about 5

54、15 kilometers) long was seen near Cincinnati.24.在18世纪和19世纪早期，旅鸽_。A是世界上最大的鸟(曲解文意)第一段中的large是指旅鸽种群很大，而不是指体形。B主要生活在美国南部(无中生有)C对自然环境有巨大的伤害(无中生有)D是在美国数量最多的鸟(同义替换)根据同义词组“in unbelievable numbers”，“24 to 40 percent of the total bird”和“the most abundant bird”可以判定正确答案为D项。根据原文第三段中的语气词“sadly”，以及下文的同义词组“killed them by the thousands”可以判定正确答案为B项。Sadly, the abundance of passenger pigeo