powerpoint presentation quantitative research：powerpoint演示文稿的定量研究

1、Quantitative ResearchNon-Experimental -SURVEYExperimental CAUSE AND EFFECTPRE-TEST/POST-TESTLABORATORY Quantitative ResearchSurvey- quantitative or numeric description of some part of a populationA “sample” via questionnaire (if people are involved)Results enables researcher to generalize the findin

2、gs from a sample of responses.Experimental- TESTS cause and effect relationships between groups.Researcher manipulates one or more independent variablesDetermines if manipulations cause an outcomeMacintosh PICTimage formatis not supportedSocial Science (Sample) SurveysWhen we “survey” something, we

3、inspect it in detailA “social survey”, therefore, is an inspection of a particular society or part of society and a collection of facts about that society, institution or groupSocial Surveys: HistoryTwo developments in the early 20th century paved the way for modern social science surveys:Ideas unde

4、rlying random sampling, used first in agriculture, were applied to the collection of social factsTechniques of structured interviewing, standardized question wordingSocial Surveys: 1930s-1940sThe 1930s: advent of modern survey research in the U.S.(Gallup and Roper polls)The Depression: Federal gover

5、nment sponsored research into unemployment.World War II: surveys were widely used to study war bond purchases, troop morale, attitudes toward integration.Social Surveys: 1960s-1970sSeveral developments contributed to widespread use of survey data:development of high-speed computers for processing da

6、tawidespread ownership of phones made interviewing easierResults: business and government decisions increasingly based on surveysSurvey DesignProvides a quantitative or numeric description of some fraction of the population - the sample- through the data collection process of asking questions of peo

7、ple.always “people”?Typical Components of a Survey Method PlanDesignPopulation and SampleInstrumentationVariables in the StudyData AnalysisSurvey Design Begin by reviewing the purpose of a survey and the rationale for its selectionWhat is the purpose of survey research?Indicate why a survey is the p

8、referred type of data collection.Indicate whether the survey is cross-sectional (collected at one point in time) or longitudinal( collected over a period of time)Specify the form of data collection - mail, interview, and provide a rationale for the procedure (cost, availablility, convenience)Populat

9、ion and SampleSpecify the characteristics of the population and sampling procedure.Describe the population in the studyIdentify whether the sampling design for this population is single stage or multistage. Single - research has access to names in the population and can sample directly Multistage -

10、researcher first samples groups (clusters) obtains names of individuals within each group (cluster) and then samples within the cluster.Populuation and Sample (cont)Identify how indiviuals will be selectedRandom, judgemental, snowballDiscuss whether this sample was cedures for selectin

11、g the samplenumber of people in the sample and how this number was determinedetcetcetc.InstrumentationIdentify the survey instrument usedSelf designed? Modified? Intact?Validity and Reliability - Include sample items so readers can see actual items used (appendix)Pilot testing or field testing proce

12、duresSteps used in administeringSurveys and QuestionnaireslThe design of surveys and questionnairesl How to frame questionsl Kinds of scales: Likert, Semantic Differential etc.l Analyzing survey data: which items are useful, Item Response Theoryl Forming a scale to measure an attribute, e.g., satisf

13、action. Reliability, validity of scaleVariablesIdentify the INDEPENDENT variablesAlso called treatment conditions or factorsThese are under the control of the researcher and typically are manipulated in an experimentIndependent variables lead to changes in the dependent variable. Dependent VariablesIdentify the dependent variable or variables to be used in the studyThe dependent va