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1、传播优秀word版文档 ,希望对您有帮助,可双击去除!sincesince的用法主要有两点:一是表示“自从以来”,二是表示“既然”之意。但如果只了解词的含义,而不了解其用法,在使用时就会造成错误。例如:i have not heard from him since i lived in shanghai. 不少人会望文生义,将该句译为:“自从我住在上海以来,就再也没有收到他的信了。”而实际上这个句子的译文并非如此,那么正确的含义是什么呢? 下面谈谈since作连词引导时间状语从句的用法。 一、若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是终止性的过去时,则从句表示的时间是“从动作开始的那一时刻起”。如

2、: he has studied very hard since he came to our school.自从他来到我们学校,他学习就非常努力。 we have been missing them since they left here自从他们离开这里,我们就一直很想念他们。 这是最常见的一种用法,此处不再多述。 二、若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是持续性动词或表示状态的动词的过去时时,则从句表示的时间是“从那持续动作或状态结束时算起”。如: i havent heard any noise since i slept. sleep 为持续性动词,sleep的动作结束时,即“醒来”

3、时,这句应译为“我醒后还未听到任何声音”。 john is now with his parents in new york, it is already three years since he was a teacher约翰现在和父母一起住在纽约,他不当教师已经三年了。 本文开始出现的那个句子就可以译为“自从我离开上海,就再也没有收到他的信。”这种译法常被人们误用,我们不妨再多举几个例子看看: how long is it since you lived in shanghai?你离开(没住在)上海多久了? it is half a month since he was a league

4、member.他退团(不当团员)半个月了。 its been quite some time since i was last in london我离开伦敦已很长时间了。 比较:he has written to me frequently since i was ill.自从我病愈以来,他屡次给我写信。(从句谓语为状态动词) he has written to me frequently since i fell ill.自从我生病以来,他就屡次给我写信。(从句谓语为终止性动词) 三、若since引导的状语从句的谓语为持续性动词的现在完成时,则表示动作和状态延续到现在(说话时刻),其表示的时

5、间的起点应从动作发生之时算起。如: i havent heard from him since he has lived there。 这里has lived表示动作的持续性,时间的起点应从:“开始居住”时算起。因此此句可理解为“自从他(开始)住在那儿起,我就一直没收到他的来信”。 since we have owned a car, we have gone camping every year。自从我们自己有了汽车,我们每年都去野营。 传播优秀word版文档 ,希望对您有帮助,可双击去除!试比较:1. since ive been at this school, we have had t

6、hree headmasters.自从我到这所学校,我们已换了三个校长了。 since i was at this school, they have had three headmasters.自从我离开这所学校,他们已换了三个校长了。 2.he has never been to see me since i have been ill. 自从我生病以来,他从未来看过我。 he has never been to see me since i was ill. 自从我病愈以来,他从未来看过我。 由此可见,since引导的从句持续动词的一般过去时和现在完成时所表示的意思恰好相反。换言之,一般

7、过去时持续动词以肯定的语法形式反映着否定的逻辑内容,而现在完成时的形式与内容是一致的。 至于it is +一段时间+since的句型与it has been +一段时间+since意思相同。前者是规范说法,后者是口语说法。 应注意的是,在这种结构中,since引导的从句绝对不能用否定式的谓语动词来表示否定意义,下面两句都错了: it is a long time since he didnt study english. its two months since you didnt come to see me. 正确的说法为: its a long time since he studied

8、 english 他好久没学英语了。 you havent come to see me for two months. 你有两个月没来看我了。1) since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。 i have been here since 1989. 2) since +一段时间+ ago i have been here since five months ago. 3) since +从句 great changes have taken place since you left. considerable

9、time has elapsed since we have been here. 4) it is +一段时间+ since从句 it is two years since i became a postgraduate student.since是一个用法极活跃的词, 也是高考中的重点考查词汇, 现就其用法归纳如下: 一、用作介词, 意思是“从以来, 自从”, 常与完成时连用。 i havent written home since christmas. 传播优秀word版文档 ,希望对您有帮助,可双击去除!自圣诞节以来, 我未曾写信回家。 二、用作副词,意思是“从那时以后(一直到现在)”

10、, “其后(到现在之间)”; ever since从那以后一直 (更加强调since的用法)。 things have not changed very much since. 从那时起, 情况并没有太大的改变。 his first book was a great success and he has been famous as a writer ever since. 他的第一本书非常畅销, 从那时起他就成了一位名作家。 he got a job with the firm in 1970 and has worked there ever since. 他从1970年开始在那家公司任职

11、, 之后就一直在那里工作。 三、用作连词 1. 引导原因状语从句,相当于now that,意思是“因为,既然, 鉴于”。 since the rain has stopped,lets go for a walk. 既然雨停了,我们出去散散步吧。 since we are young,we shouldnt be too afraid of making mistakes. 因为我们还年轻,所以不应该太害怕犯错误。 注意:since表示原因时, 语气比because弱, 表示的原因是对方已知的,或是句中不很重要的部分, 是附带的原因, 因此引导的从句不是信息的焦点, 不能回答why的提问, 也

12、不能用在强调句型中作为被强调的内容。since引导的从句往往放在主句之前。 2. 引导时间状语从句,此用法较复杂。 (1) 若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是终止性动词(如go,come,leave, start, begin等)的过去时, 则从句表示的时间是“从该动作开始的那一时刻起”。这是最常见的一种用法。如: he has studied very hard since he came to our school. 自从来到我们学校,他学习就非常努力。 great changes have taken place in our school since you left. 自从你离开

13、这里,我们学校发生了很大的变化。 (2) 若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是持续性动词或表示状态的静态动词(如live, stay, study, learn, smoke, be等)的过去时,则从句表示的时间是“从该动作或状态的完成或结束时算起”。如: i havent heard from him since he lived here. 这句话应译为:从他不住这儿起,我一直没有收到他的信。 i havent eaten snakes since i was a student at school. was表示状态,因此该句可理解为:i havent eaten snakes sinc

14、e i left school. 自从我毕业后就一直没吃过蛇。 试比较: he has written to me frequently since i was ill. 自从我病愈以来,他经常给我写信。(从句谓语为状态动词) he has written to me frequently since i fell ill. 自从我生病以来,他经常给我写信。(从句谓语为终止性动词) 传播优秀word版文档 ,希望对您有帮助,可双击去除!(3) 若since引导的状语从句的谓语为持续性动词或静态动词的现在完成时,则表示动作和状态延续到现在(说话时刻),其表示的时间的起点应从动作发生之时算起。如:

15、 he has written to me frequently since i have been ill. 这里have been ill表示状态的持续性,时间的起点应从:“开始生病”时算起。因此此句可理解为:“自从我生病以来,他经常给我写信。” 试比较: ive written her 20 letters since i have been here. 自从我来到这,我已经给她写了20封信。(从开始算起) ive written her 20 letters since i was here. 自从我离开这儿,我已经给她写了20封信。(从结束算起) (4) it is + 段时间 +

16、since. / it has been + 段时间 + since.表示“从起已有多长时间了”。两句型意思相同,前者是规范说法,后者是口语说法。 用法:since从句中常用一般过去时,若从句中是持续性动词的一般过去时, 则表示该动作结束有多长时间了。如: it is three years since he smoked. 他不吸烟已有3年了。 试比较: it is three years since he began to smoke. it is three years since he has smoked. 两句均意为:他吸烟已有3年了。 注意:在这种结构中, since引导的从句绝

17、对不能用否定式的谓语动词来表示否定意义, 试比较: 他好久没学汉语了。 误:it is a long time since be didnt study chinese. 正:its a long time since he studied chinese. (studied为持续性动词,应从其动作结束时算起)定义编辑被修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句不同于单词作定语的情况,它通常只能放在被修饰的词(即先行词)之后。定语 从句由关系词(关系代词、关系副词)引导,关系代词、关系副词位于定语从句句首。关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关

18、系代词在定语 从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1)who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是想见你的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)he is the man whom/ that i saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)传播优秀word版文档 ,希望对您有帮助,可双击去除!2) whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换), 例如:they

19、 rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。3)which, that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如:a prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未 有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作主

20、语)the package which / that you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that 在句中作宾语)关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。1)when, where, why关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构,因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用,例 如:there are occasions when (on which) one must yield.

21、 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。beijing is the place where (in which) i was born. 北京是我的出生地。is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?2)that代替关系副词that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从 句,在口语中that常被省略,例如:his father died the year (that / when / in which) h

22、e was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。he is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十 年前居住过的地方。判断关系代词与关系副词方法一: 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要 求用关系代词。例如:(错) this is the mountain village where i visited last year.(错) i will never forget the days when i spen

23、t in the countryside.(对) this is the mountain village (which) i visited last year.(对) i'll never forget the days (which) i spent in the countryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。方法二: 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系 副词.先行词在从句中作主、定、宾语时,应选择关系代词;先行词在从句中作状语时,应选 择关系副词。传播

24、优秀word版文档 ,希望对您有帮助,可双击去除!例如:(对)is this the museum which you visited a few days ago?(对)is this the museum where the exhibition was held? 从句结构 先行词 指被定语从句修饰的名词、代词。一般先行词出现在定语从句的前面。 关系词 关系词常有3个作用:连接作用,连接主句和定语从句。指代先行词。在定语从句中担当成分。注:关系代词有主语、宾语、定语之分。一般who做主语或其宾格形式的whom做宾语(whom作宾语时可省略),whose作为定语(whose不可省略)。关系

25、代词在从句中作主语,宾语,定语等,关系副词在从句中作地点状语(where),时间状语(when),原因状语(why)。 定语 定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词,是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语(动词不定式短语、动名词表示的)汉语中常用“的”表示。主要由形容词担任,此外,名词、代词、数词、分词、副词、不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任,也可以由一个句子来担任。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前,作前置定语。短语、从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后,作后置定语。被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。如“the girl”,“the book”如:she is the girl who likes

26、singing. 她就是那个喜欢唱歌的女孩。这就是一个定语从句。传播优秀word版文档 ,希望对您有帮助,可双击去除!关系代词关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1、who, whom, that限定性定语从句中的关系代词作主语作宾语作定语 指人 who/that whom/that(可省略) whose指物which/thatwhich/that(可省略)whose 指人和物 that that whose 非限定性定语从句中的关系代词 作主语作宾语作定语指人 whowhom

27、whose/of whom指物 which which whose/of which特殊情况:只能用that的情况,1. 先行词为everything,all,little,much等不定代词时;传播优秀word版文档 ,希望对您有帮助,可双击去除!2. 先行词被all,every,no,any,some,little,much,one修饰时;3. 先行词被the only,the very,the same,the last修饰时;4. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时;5. 先行词是be的表语或there be 的主语时;6. 先行词有人又有物时;7. 当主句是以who或which开头的

28、特殊疑问句时。不能用that的情况1. 介词前置时;2. 非限定性定语从句中3. 先行词本身是that多用who,不用that的情况1. 先行词为anyone,one,ones时;2. 先行词为those,he和people时;这些词代替指人,whom在定语从句中指人,"who"和“that”既可作主语又可作宾语(作宾语可以省略,who作宾语变为whom),that可以指人也可以指物, who不可指物 。在从句中所起作用如下:(1)is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他是那个想见你的男人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)(2

29、)he is the man (whom/that) i saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见到的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)(3)the man whom you spoke to just now is our english teacher. 刚刚和你说话的那个男人是我们的英语老师。(whom在从句中作宾语)注:who在定语从句中指人,作主语和宾语,作宾语时可省略;做及物动词或介词的宾语,可省略。2,which,that 用来指物(有六种情况只可用that而不用which)(用作主语、宾语,作宾语时可以省略),例如:(1)the prosperity which/

30、that had never appeared before took on in the countryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which/that在从句中作主语)(2)the package (which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿那个包裹快要散开了。(which/that在从句中作宾语)注:which在定语从句中指物,可作主语或及物动词或介词的宾语,作宾语时可省略;that在定语从句中既可指人又可指物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语和表语,作宾语时可省略,指人时,相当于who或whom,指物时,相当于w

31、hich,作介词宾语时,介词不可提到that前,当介词提前时,需要用which或whom来代替。传播优秀word版文档 ,希望对您有帮助,可双击去除!2、whose(只用作定语)“whose”表示谁(可以为人也可以为物)的(东西)例:a child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.双亲都死了的孩子叫做孤儿。(“whose parents”表示那个孩子的双亲)he lives in a room whose window faces south.他住的那个房子的窗户是朝南的。(“whose”表示那个房子的窗户)关系代词:在句中作主语、宾语或定

32、语。1. that既可代表事物也可代表人,“which”代表事物;它们在从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语可省略“that”在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,“which”在从句省略。eg:this is the book (which)you want.2.如果which在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前面,但有的则放在它前面的位置。3. 代表物时的that常被省略;c)被形容词最高级修饰时;既有人又有物时;e)整个句中前面已有“which”,“why”时关系副词编辑关系副词在句中作状语关系副词=介词+关系代词why=for which

33、where=in/ at/ on which(介词同先行词搭配)when=during/ on/ in/传播优秀word版文档 ,希望对您有帮助,可双击去除!1. “where”是关系副词,当然也不用“that”引导。by the time when you arrived in london, we had stayed there for two weeks. 当你到达伦敦的时候,我们在那里已经待了两个星期。i still remember the place where i met her for the first time. 我仍然记得我第一次见到她的地方。each time whe

34、n he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc. 他每次出差都带着生活必需品,如毛巾,肥皂,牙刷等其他东西。2.当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时,常用“there is”开头。there is somebody here who wants to talk to you. 这里有人要和你说

35、话。分作进一步说明,通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。1、why关系副词why主要用于修饰表原因的名词(主要是the reason),同时它在定语从句中用作原因状语。如:we dont know the reason why he didnt show up. 我们不知道他为什么没有来。she didnt tell me the reason why she refused the offer. 她没跟我讲她拒绝这项工作的原因。与关系副词when和where不同,why可以换成that或省略。如:thats one of the reasons (why, th

36、at) i asked you to come. 这就是我请你来的原因之一。另外,与关系副词when和where可以引导非限制性定语从句不一样,why只能引导限制性定语从句,不能引导非限制性定语从句。如:他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。误:the main reason, why he lost his job, was that he drank.正:the main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.(同位语从句)2、when关系副词when主要用于修饰表时间的名词,同时它在定语从句中用作时间状语。如:传播优秀word版文档 ,希望对您

37、有帮助,可双击去除!there comes a time when you have to make a choice. 你必须作出抉择的时候到了。gone are the days when they could do what they liked. 他们为所欲为的日子一去不复返了。well put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better. 我们将把野餐推迟到下星期,那时天气可能会好一点。注意不要一见到先行词为时间名词,就以为一定要用关系副词when来引导定语从句,同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分如果

38、在定语从句中用作时间状语,就用when;如果在定语从句中不是用作时间状语,而是用作主语或宾语,那就不能用when,而要用that, which等。如:dont forget the time (that, which) ive told you. 不要忘记我告诉你的时间。关系代词that / which在定语从句中用作动词told的宾语,正因为是用作宾语,所以也可以省略。3、where关系副词where主要用于修饰表地点的名词,同时它在定语从句中用作地点状语。如:this is the village where he was born. 这就是他出生的村子。thats the hotel w

39、here we were staying last summer. 这就是我们去年夏天住的旅馆。barbary was working in aubury, where she went daily in a bus.巴巴拉在奥伯里工作,每天得坐公共汽车去上班。与前面when的情况一样,注意不要一见到先行词为地点名词,就以为一定要用关系副词where来引导定语从句,同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分如果在定语从句中用作地点状语,就用where;如果在定语从句中不是用作地点状语,而是用作主语或宾语,那就不能用where,而要用that, which等。如:he works in a facto

40、ry that which makes tv sets. 他在一家电视机厂工作。限定性限定性定语从句意义:限定性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用,使该词的含义更具体,更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略,否则句意就不完整,例如i met some one who said he knows you.传播优秀word版文档 ,希望对您有帮助,可双击去除!1. 在引导限定性定语从句时,that有时相当于in which,at which,for which或on which(1)attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same

41、 way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变,这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。(2)i like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐,而他恰恰与我相反。(3)we arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。2.在限定性定语从句中,当关系代词在从句中担任动词宾语时,关系代词可省略。(1)

42、the book (that/ which) i am reading is very interesting. 我在读的书很有趣。(2)is there anything (that) you wanted? 想要什么东西吗? 非限定性非限定性定语从句意义:非限定性定语从句起补充说明作用,缺少也不会影响全句的理解。在非限制性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开,如(1)the house,which i bought has a lovely garden.我买的房子带着个漂亮的花园。(2)this novel, which i have read three times, is very touc

43、hing. 这本我已经读过三遍的小说很感人。1.非限定性定语从句可将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数,例如:(1)he seems not to have grasped what i meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。(2)liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。2. 在非限定定语从句中,有时as也可用作关系代词,若as在从句中作主语,其引导的句子可以放在句首,也可以放在句中。例如:(1

44、)the boy has as much progress as we had expected. 正像我们所预料的那样,这个男孩取得了大的进步。(2) as everyone knows ,china is a beautiful country with a long history . 每个人都知道,中国是一个有着悠久历史的美丽国家。3. 在非限定性定语从句中,不能用从句做主语传播优秀word版文档 ,希望对您有帮助,可双击去除!(1)the boys ,who are playing football ,are from class one. 在踢足球的男孩们是一班的。(2)i hel

45、ped an old man ,who lost his way ,yesterday . 昨天,我帮助了一个迷路的老人。 关系编辑一、先行词和关系词1)whoever spits in public will be punished here.(“whoever”可以用“anyone who”代替)2)the parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (“what”可以用“all that”代替)但这两句句子已经不是定语从句了,是名词性从句。因为定语从句一定要有先行词,而名词性从句没有。将“w

46、hoever”、“what”分别用“anyone who”、“all that”代替后,才是定语从句,先行词分别是“anyone”、“all”。an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise.a. itb. thatc. whichd. he答案c。a选项it,使前后成为两个句子,中间无连词连接,语法错误;b项that,此为非限定性从句,不能用“that”修饰;c选项which,which在从句中做主语,用来代指前面的这件事;d选项he;前半句中是her boss,所以不正确。2)the weather turned out to be ver

47、y good, _ was more than we could expect.a. whatb. whichc. thatd. it答案ba选项不能用来引导定语从句,c选项只能引导限定性定语从句,而d选项习惯上并不适用。3)it rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park.传播优秀word版文档 ,希望对您有帮助,可双击去除!a. thatb. whichc. asd. it答案b“as”和“which”在引导非限宾语。但不同之处主要有两点:(1)importance to me, as my own is.在一定

48、的语言环境里,有些名词可以具有形容词的性质。这些名词主要是那些表示人的身份、职业、状态的名词。值得一提的是,在这些具有形容词性质的名词之后,引导定语从句的关系代词不能用“who / whom”。(2)动词短语先行成分。这种动词短语既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式。如果是动态动词短语,它们在从句中就一般有限定或非限定形式的替代动词“do”和“as / which”一起代替。“do”可以出现,也可以不出现,但不能用其它动词代替。(3)句子作先行成分。这句子可以是整个主句也可以只是主句中的一个从句。有时是连续几个句子,有时甚至可以是一个完整的故事。二、“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置。由于

49、先行成分的构成成分”特殊定语从句在句中的位置有以下几种情况:1. 形容词作先行成分时:形容词的“which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。2. 动词短语作先行成分时,“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。但是,当从句中含有表示主观意志的插入成分时,“as”特殊。3. 句子作先行成分时:“as”特殊定语从句的位置较灵活,可以置于先行成分之前、之中或之后。但如果先行成分是直接引语,“as”特殊定语从句与否定词的相对中则常用一些表示“合乎自然规律”、“众所周知”或“经常发生”等意义的词语,如natural, known to all, usual等。4. 有无状语意要是方式状语意义,

50、而“which”特殊定语从句则无状语意义。“as”特殊定四、关系代词“as”与“which”一词。如:freddie, as might be expected, was attending the conference.1). “which”作主语时,谓语动词不限,主动被动皆可,只是谓语动词为被动语态时助动词传播优秀word版文档 ,希望对您有帮助,可双击去除!“be”省略。2). “as”和“which”都可以在特殊定语从句中宾语。3). “as”和“which”在特殊从句中作补语。如:we thought him a gentleman, as/which he could never

51、be.“as”特殊定语从句中可以主谓倒装,“which”从句中则不能主谓倒装。如果先行成分不是主语补语或宾语补语,关系代词用“which”而不用“as”。如:he talked like a native, which/as he hardly was.5."as"用法:1)."as"引导限制性定语从句a."such.as"he is not such a fool as he looks.i have never heard such a story as he tells.b."the same .as"thi

52、s is the same book as i lost last week.(区分"the same.as"与"the same.that":两者都引导定语从句。that从句中说明的名词与the same修饰的名词是同一个。as从句中说明的名词与the same修饰的名词是同一类,而非同一个。举例:this is the same pen that i lost. 这支钢笔就是我丢的那一支。this is the same pen as i lost. 这支钢笔跟我丢的那支笔一模一样。)c."as.as"as many childr

53、en as came were given some cakes.2)."as"引导非限制性定语从句常用句式:as is said above 综上所述as is known to all 众所周知as is often the case 通常如此as is reported in the newspaper 如报纸所报道的6. “which”在特殊从定法传播优秀word版文档 ,希望对您有帮助,可双击去除!(1)不用that的情况(a)在引导非限定性定语从句时。(c)the tree, which is four hundred years old, is very fa

54、mous here.(b)介词后能用。we depend on the land from which we get our food.we depend on the land that/which we get our food from.(2)只能用“that”引导:如先行词被“last,just”修饰时,只用“that”。(d)先行词为序数词、数容词,又有人和物时。(f)先行词指物,在主句中作是“the way”或“the reason”时,“that”可作关系副词,也可省略。(h)主句的主语是疑问词“who /which”时,避免重复要用“that”举例:is this the bo

55、ok that you borrowed in the library?这是你在图书馆借的书吗?who that break the window should be punished谁打碎了窗户谁该受罚。all that needed is a supply of oil.所需的是石油供应。the thief gave out everything that he had stolen to the police.那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。、定语从句只能“that”引导的情况:1、先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰。this is the most interesting book that l have ever read.2、先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰。the second foreign country that l expect to visit is greek.3、先行词是不定代词时,如"all、few、little、much、anythin

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