化学工程与工艺专业英语练习参考答案

1、key to exerciseunit 1 chemical industries1.the industrial ranic chemicals3.the contact process4.the haber process5.synthetic ermediates7.artificial fertilizers8.pesticides (crop protection chemicals)9.synthetic fibers10. pharmaceutical11. research and development12. petroc

2、hemical 13. computers(automatic control equipment)14. capital intensivesome chemicals used in our daily lifefood artificial fertilizers, pesticide, veterinary productshealth antibiotics, -blockersclothing synthetic fibers (e.g. polyesters, polyamides), synthetic dyessheltersynthetic polymers (e.g. u

3、rea-formaldehyde, polyurethanes), plasticsleisure plastics and polymers (e.g. nylon)transport additives (e.g. anti-oxidants, viscosity index improvements),polymers, plasticsunit 2 research and development1.r&d2.ideas and cess and duct development7

4、.existing product8.pilot fitbility10. environmental impact11. energy cost12. technical support13. process improvement 14. effluent treatment15. pharmaceutical16. sufficiently pure17. reaction18. unreacted material 19. by-products20. the product specification21. product storageunit 3 typica

5、l activities of chemical engineers1.mechanical2.electrical3.civil4.scale-mercial-size6.reactors7.distillation columns8.pumps9.control and instrumentation 10. mathematics11. industry12. academia 13. steam14. cooling water15. an economical16. to improve17. p&i drawings18. equipment specification s

6、heets19. construction 20. capacity and performance 21. bottlenecks22. technical sales 23. new or improved24. engineering methods25. configurationsunit 4 sources of chemicals1.inorganic chemicals2.derive from (originate from)3.petrochemical processes4.metallic ores5.extraction process6.non-renewable

7、resource7.renewable sources8.energy source9.fermentation process10. selective11. raw material12. separation and purification13. food industry14. to be wetted15. key to success16. crushing and grinding17. sieving18. stirring and bubbling19. surface active agents20. overflowingunit 5 basic chemicals1.

8、ethylene2.acetic acid3.polymerization4.polyvinyl acetate5.emulsion painthigh-volume sectorlow-volume sectorproduction scaletens to hundreds of thousands tons per yeartens to a few thousands tons per yearproducts / a plantsingle productmulti-productsoperation mannercontinuousbatchprice or profitfairl

9、y cheapvery profitableusageintermediatesend-productschallengesreduced demand, environment pollutionproducts in the sectorsulphuric acid, phosphorus-containing compounds, nitrogen-containing compounds, chlor-alkali, petrochemicals, commodity polymersagrochemicals, dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals, speciali

10、ty polymersunit 6 chlor-alkali and related processes1.ammonia2.ammonia absorber3.nacl & nh4oh4.carbon dioxide5.nh4cl6.rotary drier7.light na2co38.waterproductraw materialmajor steps orprincipal reactionsusessoda-ashbrine, limestoneammoniating, carbonating, precipitating, filtering, drying, calci

11、ningraw material for glassmaking, sodium silicate; as an alkali chlorinebrine2na+ + 2cl - +2h2o naoh +cl2 +h2as water purification, bleaching of wood pulp; production of vinyl chloride, solvents, inorganic chlorine-containing productscaustic sodabrine2na+ + 2cl - +2h2o naoh +cl2 +h2for paper-making,

12、 manufacture of inorganic chemicals, syntheses of organic chemicals, production of alumina and soapsulfuric acidelemental sulphurs +o2 so2so2 + o2 so2so3 + h2o h2so4feedstock for fertilizers; production of ethanol, hydrofluoric acid, aluminum sulphates unit 7 ammonia, nitric acid and urea1.kinetical

13、ly inert2.some iron compounds3.exothermic4.conversion5.a reasonable speed6.lower pressures7.higher temperatures8.capital9.energy10. steam reforming11. carbon monoxide12. secondary reformer13. the shift reaction14. methane15. 3:11787c. bertholletdiscovers the composition of ammonia1903fritz habersynt

14、hesizes ammonia1909fritz haberdrives the optimum reaction conditions1909-1914c. bosch, a. mittaschscale-up the process1913in basfbuild a pilot plant1919fritz haberreceives the noble price1920sin britain and americaintroduce the haber process1931c. boschreceives the noble priceunit 8 petroleum proces

15、anic chemicals2.h:c ratios3.high temperature carbonization4.crude tar5.pyrolysis6.poor selectivity 7.consumption of hydrogen8.the pilot stage 9.surface and underground10. fluidized bed 11. biotechnology12. sulfur speciesunit 9 polymersabbreviationname of polymerldpelow density polyethylene低

16、密度聚乙烯hdpehigh density polyethylene高密度聚乙烯lldpelinear low density polyethylene线性低密度聚乙烯pet or pbtpoly ethylene terephthalate (pet) polybutylene terephthalate (pbt)聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯pvcpoly vinyl chloride聚氯乙烯pspolystyrene聚苯乙烯pompolyoxymethylene聚甲醛pppolypropylene聚丙烯pcpolycarbonate聚碳酸酯ppopolyphenylene o

17、xide聚苯醚ptfepolytetrafluoroethylene聚四氟乙烯pfphenol-formaldehyde resins酚醛树脂pmmapoly (methyl methacrylate)聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯ufurea-formaldehyde resins脲醛树脂name of polymercompany or inventoryear introducedphenol-formaldehyde resinbaekland1909urea-formaldehyde resin1929alkyd resinlate 1920spoly(styrene-butadiene)germ

18、any poly (acrylonitrile-butadiene)germany poly (vinyl chloride)germany polystyrene germany polyethyleneici1938nylon du pont 1941polyacrylonitrile du pont 1948terylene ici1949epoxy resinsdu pont 1955polypropylenemontecatini1956lldpelate 1970sunit 10 what is chemical engineeringmicroscale (10-3m)atomi

19、c and molecular studies of catalystschemical processing in the manufacture of integrated circuitsstudies of the dynamics of suspensions and microstructured fluidsmesoscale (10-3102m)improving the rate and capacity of separations equipmentdesign of injection molding equipment to produce car bumpers m

20、ade from polymersdesigning feedback control systems for bioreactorsmacroscale (10m)operability analysis and control system synthesis for an entire chemical plantmathematical modeling of transport and chemical reactions of combustion-generated air pollutantsmanipulating a petroleum reservoir during e

21、nhanced oil recovery through remote sensing of process data, development and use of dynamic models of underground interactions, and selective injection of chemicals to improve efficiency of recoverycoursecourse contentscience and math.chemistry, physics, biology, material science, mathematics, compu

22、ter instructionchemical engineeringthermodynamics, kinetics, catalysis, rector design and analysis, unit operations, process control, chemical engineering laboratories, design / economicsother engineeringelectrical engineering, mechanics, engineering drawinghumanities and social scienceunderstand th

23、e origins of ones own culture as well as that of othersunit 12 what do we mean by transport phenomena?1.density2.viscosity 3.tube diameter4.reynolds5.eddies6.laminar flow7.turbulent flow8.velocity fluctuations9.solid surface10. ideal fluids11. viscosity12. prandtl13. fluid dynamicsunit 13 unit opera

24、tions in chemical engineering1.physical2.unit operations3.identical4.a. d. little5.fluid flow6.membrane separation7.crystallization8.filtration9.material balance10. equilibrium stage model11. hydrocyclones12. filtration13. gravity14. vaccumunit 14 distillation operations1.relative volatilities2.cont

25、acting trays3.reboiler4.an overhead condenser5.reflux6.plates7.packing8.stripping section9.rectifying section10. energy-input requirement 11. overall thermodynamic efficiency12. tray efficiencies13. batch operation14. composition15. a rectifying batchsieve platebubble-cap platesvalve platescostlowhi

26、ghmiddlecapacityhighlowmiddleoperating rangelowhighmiddleefficiencysamesamesamepressure droplowhighmiddle1 2 3unit 15 solvent extraction, leaching and adsorption1.a liquid solvent2.solubilities3.leaching4.distillation5.extract6.raffinate7.countercurrent8.a fluid9.adsorbed phase10. 400,00011. origina

27、l condition12. total pressure13. equivalent numbers14. h+ or oh15. regenerant16. process flow rates17. deterioration of performance18. closely similar19. stationary phase20. mobile phase21. distribution coefficients22. selective membranes23. synthetic24. ambient temperature25. ultrafiltration26. rev

28、erse osmosis (ro). unit 16 evaporation, crystallization and drying1.concentrate solutions2.solids3.circulation4.viscosity5.heat sensitivity6.heat transfer surfaces7.the long tube8.multiple-effect evaporators9.vacuum10. condensers11. supersaturation12. circulation pump13. heat exchanger14. swirl brea

29、ker 15. circulating pipe16. product 17. non-condensable gas18. barometric condenserdryer typegeneral featuresapplicationtray dryersbatch operation, close control of drying conditions and product inventorydrying valuable productsconveyor dryerscontinuous circulation, high drying rates, good product-q

30、uality, high thermal efficiencies, high initial and maintenance costdrying materials that form a bed with an open structurerotary dryercontinuous operation, high throughput, high thermal efficiency, low capital cost and labor costsnon-uniform residence time, dust generation,high noise levelsdrying f

31、ree-flow granular materialsfluidized bed dryerscontinuous or batch operation,rapid and uniform heat transfer,short drying times,good control of the drying conditions,low floor area requirements;high power requirements drying granular and crystalline materialspneumatic dryersshort contact times,low t

32、hermal efficiencydrying fine and heat sensitive materialsspray dryersshort contact times,good control of the product particle size, bulk density and form,high heat requirementsdrying liquid and dilute slurry feeds as well as heat sensitive materialsrotary drum dryersan alternative choice to spray dr

33、yers drying liquid and dilute slurry feedsunit 17 chemical reaction engineering1.design2.optimization3.control4.unit operations (uo)5.many disciplines6.kinetics7.thermodynamics,8.fluid mechanics9.microscopic10. chemical reactions11. more valuable products12. harmless products13. serves the needs14.

34、the chemical reactors15. flowchart16. necessarily17. tail18. each reaction19. temperature and concentrations20. linearunit 18 chemical engineering modeling1.optimization2.mathematical equations3.time4.experiments 5.greater understanding6.empirical approach 7.experimental design8.differing process co

35、ndition9.control systems10. feeding strategies11. training and education12. definition of problem13. mathematical model14. numerical methods15. tabulated or graphical16. experimental data17. information1.the preliminary economics2.technological changes3.pilot-plant cess alternatives5.trade-

36、offs6.off-design7.feedstocks8.optimize9.plant operations10. energy11. bottlenecking12. yield and throughput13. revamping14. new catalystproblemunexpected resultspossible causewater as impuritykill a catalyst, or modify the performances of catalyst steam leakdetermination of explosive limitsexplosion

37、snarrower limits in small-scale equipmentstorage of unstable materialsexplosions and fireslower heat removal rate in commercial unitsunit 19 introduction to process design1.a flowsheet2.control cess fit5.sustainable industrial activities6.waste7.health 8.safety9.a reactor10. tradeoffs11. optimizations12. hierarchyunit 20 materials science and chemical engineering1.the producing species2.nutrient medium3.fermentation step4.biomass5.biomass separation6.drying duct8.water9.biological purificationmaterials areasresearch activitiespolymerprobe the mic