大学英语U4U5U6completetranslation

1、材料使用方法：一定是先看过英文文章，自己做过相关分析以后才能看译文，可以是自己翻译（全文或者划线部分）成中文，与参考译文进行对照。看看哪个更好。或者将参考中文（全文或者划线部分）翻译成英文，与原文进行对比。The Case for CreativityEncouraging Children to Think 1Creativity is the key to a brighter future, say education and business experts. Here is how schools and parents can encourage this vital skill

2、in children. 2 If Dick Drew had listened to his boss in 1925, we might not have a product that we now think of as practically essential: masking tape. Drew worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, better known as 3M. At work he developed a sticky-side substance strong enough to hol

3、d things together. But his boss told him not to pursue the idea. Finally, using his own time, Drew perfected the tape, which now is used everywhere by many people. And his former company learned from its mistake: Now 3M encourages people to spend 15 percent of their work time just thinking and devel

4、oping new ideas. 3 It is a strategy that more and more companies are employing and one that experts around the country say we ought to be following with our children, both at home and at school. The feeling is that if we teach them to think creatively, they will be better able to function in tomorro

5、w's society. 4 Creativity's benefits reach beyond music and art. Successful students and adults are the ones who discover a number of ways to approach problems. 5 Creativity is not something one is just born with, nor is it necessarily a characteristic of high intelligence. Just because a pe

6、rson is highly intelligent does not mean that he uses it creatively. Creativity is the matter of using the resources one has to produce original ideas that are good for something. 6 Unfortunately, schools have not tended to promote creativity. With strong emphasis on test scores and the development

7、of reading, writing and mathematical skills, many educators sacrifice creativity for correct answers. The result is that children can give back information but can't recognize ways to apply it to new situations. They may know their multiplication tables, for example(这种插入语的用法值得学习), but they are u

8、nable to apply them to story problems. 7 In some schools, however(这种插入语的用法值得学习), educators are recognizing the problem and are developing new approaches to（to是介词，后面用-ing） teaching which should encourage creativity in their students. Some teachers are combining the basics with activities where the st

9、udents must use their imagination. For example, instead of simply asking WHEN Columbus discovered the New World, teachers might ask students to think about what would have happened if his trip had taken him to New York first instead of to the Caribbean area. With that question, students would have t

10、o use what they know about Columbus, what they know about New York, and what they know about the Caribbean（排比加重复）. Teachers feel that even if the answers seem silly, it's OK, that sometimes being silly is an essential step toward creativity. In the classroom as well as at home, children must hav

11、e the right to have crazy thoughts, experts say. Then it is up to parents and teachers to work with the children to develop those thoughts into workable ideas. The best strategy is to encourage children by asking them questions, meanwhile praising their ideas and new thoughts. Experts say that it is

12、 important to create an atmosphere in which there is no risk in being creativea place where wild ideas are honored and valued, never scorned or dismissed. 8 There are things that parents can do at home to encourage creativity. They can involve children in decision making if the problem is appropriat

13、e, asking the child for suggestions. Parents can help their children to understand the consequences of various decisions. Parents should also encourage their children to talk out loud about things they are doing. Thinking and language skills are closely related. Talking out loud improves language sk

14、ills and thinking skills. 9 Having a sense of humor is also important in helping to develop creativity in a child. When parents show a sense of humor, children can see creativity in its purest form. By its nature, humor crosses conventional boundaries and breaks patterns. Creativity often does the s

15、ame. 10 It is important to give children choices. From the earliest age, children should be allowed to make decisions and understand their consequences. Even if it's choosing between two food items for lunch, decision-making helps thinking skills. As children grow older, parents should let their

16、 children decide how to use their time or spend their money but not automatically help them too much if they make the wrong decision. This may be confusing for the child, but that is all right. This is because one of the most important traits of creative people is a very strong motivation to make or

17、der out of confusion. 765 words)参考译文关于创造力的培养鼓励孩子思考1教育界和商界的专家们说，创造力是通向光明前程的关键。现在介绍一下学校和家长如何才能鼓励孩子发展创造力这一至关重要的能力。2如果1925年迪克德鲁听从了他老板的意见，也许我们现在就不会有遮蔽胶带这种用品了。现在我们几乎离不开它。德鲁当时就职于明尼苏达矿业与制造公司，通常称为3M公司。在工作中，他研制了一种粘胶，它的黏性很强，能使物体粘在一起。但是他的老板却不让他做进一步的研究（注意pursue的多种用法）。最后德鲁只好利用自己的业余时间改进了这种胶带。这种胶带现在已被人们广泛使用。而他原来就职的

18、3M公司也从这次的错误中吸取了教训：现在3M公司鼓励员工抽出15%的工作时间专门用来开动脑筋，搞创新（develop ideas, develop skills, develop intellectual curiosity等等）。3现在这种策略已被越来越多的公司所采用，而且全国各地的专家都认为对待孩子也应效仿这种做法(注意follow的多种可能搭配)，无论是在家里，还是在学校。他们认为（这个句型有点特殊哦），如果我们教育孩子进行创造性思维，他们就能在将来的社会中更好地发挥作用(注意function的这个意义)。4受益于创造性的不只限于音乐和艺术领域。能取得成功的学生和成年人都是那些会寻求各种

19、办法解决问题的人（注意approach的用法）。5创造性并非与生俱来，也不一定（nor放在句首引起了句子的部分倒装）就是高智商的特征。一个人智商高（注意翻译技巧，原文是high intelligence）并不意味着（注意句型Just because does not necessarily mean）他就能创造性地发挥其聪明才智。创造性是指（a matter of已经遇到好几次了）能利用已有的资源想出新点子，而这些点子又有助于解决某方面的问题。6遗憾的是，学校并没有鼓励学生发挥创造性(注意翻译技巧，原文中没有“学生”一词，是根据上下文增加的翻译)。许多教育者十分看重考试分数，强调发展学生的阅读

20、、写作和数学能力，但却因追求正确的答案而牺牲了对创造性的培养(注意sacrifice A for B，是牺牲A，为了获得for B)。其结果是，孩子们能够反馈所学的知识，但却不知道如何灵活地应用知识。比如，他们可能知道乘法表，但却不会用它来解决数学应用题。7不过，在有些学校，教育者们认识到这一问题的存在，并致力于研究能启发学生创造力（注意本文中creativity前面的动词打配和后面的介词搭配）的新的教学方法。一些教师把基础知识和要求学生发挥想象力的活动结合起来。比如，教师们不再简单地问学生哥伦布何时发现了新大陆，而会让学生思考如果哥伦布首先到达的不是加勒比海地区而是纽约，情况会如何。要回答这

21、一问题（这个介词用得真好），学生必须应用自己掌握的关于哥伦布、纽约和加勒比海地区的知识。教师们认为即便学生的回答听起来很可笑，也没关系，这也许是通向创造性的重要一步。专家们认为，在课堂上以及在家里，必须允许孩子们有些荒唐的念头。家长和教师们则有责任和孩子们共同努力，把那些荒唐的念头变成切实可行的想法。最好的办法是通过提问来鼓励孩子，同时对他们的想法和新点子表示赞赏。专家们说必须创造一个可以自由发挥创造力的氛围(注意翻译技巧，原文是否定的)一个尊重和赞赏而不是鄙视或无视天马行空的想法（注意wild的用法。一个类似拼写的词是mild，也需要注意相关用法）的环境。8在家里，家长可以做一些鼓励孩子发挥

22、创造力的事情。如果遇到适合的问题，家长可以就该问题征求孩子的意见，让他们参与决策。家长可以帮助孩子了解不同的决策将会带来的不同后果（注意翻译技巧，原文是名词，现在增加动词“会带来”）。家长还应鼓励孩子大声地谈论他们正在做的事情。思维能力和语言能力是紧密相关的。大声地谈论有助于提高语言能力和思维能力。9具有幽默感对于开发孩子的创造力也非常重要。当家长表现出幽默感时，孩子们就看到了最地道的创造力。从本质上看，幽默跨越了常规界限，打破了固有模式。创造力往往也是如此。10给孩子一些选择的余地也很重要。应该尽可能早地允许孩子自己做决定，并认识其后果（推荐大家听或者看第三单元网站提供的Life is al

23、l about choices相关材料）有助于培养思维能力，即便仅仅是在午餐的两种食物之间做出选择。随着孩子慢慢长大，家长应让孩子自己做主支配时间或金钱。但当他们做出错误的决定时，不要不加思索地给予过多的帮助。这种做法可能会使孩子迷惑不解，但没关系。因为富有创造力的人的一个重要特征就是他们有很强的动力，能够从混乱中创造秩序。(a strong motivation to do sth. ) (注意翻译技巧，原文是名词，增加了动词“有”)A Long March to Creativity (I) Howard Gardner The Jinling Hotel is a comfortable

24、, modern hotel in the heart of Nanjing, a big city in eastern China. My wife Ellen, our year-and-a-half-old（年龄作定语，注意连字符的使用） son, Benjamin, and I lived there for a month in the spring of 1987 while we were studying arts education in Chinese kindergartens and elementary schools. The key to our room wa

25、s attached to a large plastic block with the room number printed on it. When leaving the hotel, a guest was encouraged to turn in the key, either by handing it to an attendant or by dropping it through a slot into a container. Because the key slot was narrow and rectangular, the key and the block ha

26、d to be inserted carefully so as to fit into the slot. 2 Benjamin loved to carry the key around, shaking it vigorously. He also liked to try to place it into the slot. He would move the key to the vicinity of the slot and then try to push it in. Because of his young age, lack of manual dexterity（特别注

27、意lack的用法，名词或者及物动词，对应的形容词是lacking）, and incomplete understanding of the need to orient(注意这个动词，以及对应的名词orientation的用法。开学时候的orientation指的是什么？) the key "just so", he would usually fail. Benjamin was not bothered in the least. He loved to bang the key on the slot and probably got as much pleasur

28、e out of the sounds it made, and the physical feelings it gave him, as he did those few times when the key actually found its way into the slot(注意the key found its way的用法). 3 Now both Ellen and I were perfectly happy to allow Benjamin to bang the key near the key slot. We were usually not in a hurry

29、, he was having a good time, and this "exploratory behavior" seemed harmless enough. But I soon observed an interesting phenomenon. Any Chinese attendant nearbyand sometimes even a mere Chinese passer-by (mere 加名词)would come over to watch Benjamin. As soon as the observer saw what our chil

30、d was doing, and noticed his lack of initial success at the appointed task, she (or, less often, he) attempted to intervene. In general, she would hold onto his hand and, gently but firmly, guide it directly toward the slot, reorient it as necessary, and help Benjamin to insert the key. She would th

31、en smile somewhat expectantly at Ellen or me, as if awaiting a thank you (请注意await和wait的区别，wait一般为不及无，wait for 但是也有wait ones turn的搭配)and on occasion, would frown slightly, as if to criticize us as parents. 4 Unfortunately, even for the sake of Chinese-American friendship, we were not particularly gr

32、ateful for this intervention. After all, it was not as if Benjamin were running around wildly or without supervision; clearly we were aware of what he was doing and had not ourselves intervened. But it also became clear to us that we were dealing with totally different attitudes about the preferred

33、behavior for children and the proper role of adults in their socialization. 5 Spending a good deal of time with a baby in China, we had plenty of opportunity to compare Benjamin with Chinese babies and to observe the relationship that generally occurs between adults and young children. Time and agai

34、n, adults would approach Benjamin, sometimes just to say "Hello" or to play with him (actions encountered the world over), but often with a particular agenda (注意agenda的多种含义) in mind. Sometimes adults would tease Benjamin, pretending to give or to show him something, but then withdrawing th

35、e promised reward. More often, these adults would aid Benjamin with some taskretrieving a ball with which he was playing, helping him to sit straight in his seat, fixing his shirttail or his shoes(注意fix的多种含义), directing him away from a dangerous spot, or guiding the stroller he was awkwardly pushing

36、 around. 6 It became obvious to us that babies are "fair game" in China. Adults (and even adolescents) feel little hesitation about intervening in the child-rearing process. Now it might be thought that Benjamin's appearancehe is Chinese, and we adopted him in Taiwanencouraged this int

37、ervention; but similar intrusive interventions are reported by Westerners whose children do not look the least bit Chinese. It was equally clear that the Chinese agree on what is right or wrong in most situations; in casual encounters with Benjamin and other Western children, they were simply exhibi

38、ting their shared beliefs. (698 words) After-Class Reading参考译文培养创造性任重而道远 (标题的翻译很重要)（教材中的文章只是全文的一半，请阅读完整版本，否则这篇文章就丢失了很多重要的内容）金陵饭店是一座舒适的、现代化的宾馆，位于中国东部大城市南京市的中心。我和妻子埃伦以及我们一岁半的本杰明曾在那里住过一个月。当时我们正在研究中国幼儿园和小学的艺术教育。我们房间的钥匙系在（注意attach的多种意义）一块大塑料牌上，牌上印有房间号。饭店希望客人在外出时交还钥匙，可以交给服务员或通过一个窄孔把钥匙投进一个盒子里。因为孔很窄，又是长方形的（

39、注意各种不同形状的表示法），所以塞钥匙和钥匙牌时得很仔细才能对准那个孔。2本杰明喜欢拿着钥匙使劲摇。他也很喜欢把钥匙往孔里塞。他总是把钥匙拿到孔附近，就要把它塞进去。可是因为他太小，手不灵活，又没有完全理解(注意翻译技巧：原文是一个词组，现在单独翻译成句子）钥匙要放在“正好”的位置才能插进孔里，所以，他往往塞不进去。但是本杰明一点儿也不会因此而感到烦恼。他喜欢用钥匙砰砰地敲打着钥匙孔。也许他从钥匙的撞击声以及敲敲打打给他带来的肢体感受中得到的乐趣，不亚于偶尔有几次把钥匙真的塞入窄孔时所给予他的乐趣。3埃伦和我都很乐意让本杰明拿着钥匙在钥匙孔周围折腾。我们通常都不赶时间，本杰明也玩得很高兴，这种

40、“探索行为”好像也没有什么不好。但是，很快我就发现了一个有趣的现象：任何一位中国服务员有时甚至只是个过路的中国人只要是在附近，都会走过来看看本杰明。一旦这个观察者明白了我们的孩子正在做什么，并注意到他既定要做的事 最初并没有成功，她(少数几次是他)就会设法干预。一般来说，她会抓着本杰明的手，轻轻地但又是坚定地引导他的手直接去找钥匙孔，必要时会重新调整方向，帮助本杰明把钥匙塞进去。然后她会有些期待地对着埃伦或者我微笑，好像在等着我们感谢她或者有时她也会微微地皱起眉头，好像是在批评我们做父母的没有尽到责任。4遗憾的是，即使是为了中美友谊，我们也并不特别感激这种干预。毕竟，本杰明没有到处乱跑或者没人

41、看管；很显然，我们知道他在做什么，而且我们自己并没有干预。然而，同样明显的是，在希望孩子怎样行事，以及在孩子融入社会生活时大人应起的作用方面，我们遇到了两种截然不同的态度（注意翻译技巧中的语序的调整）。5由于带着一个小孩在中国呆了很长时间，所以我们有很多机会拿本杰明和中国的小孩子相比较，并观察大人与小孩之间通常存在的关系。屡次发生的情况是：大人们会走近本杰明，有时只是说句“你好”或者只是为了和他玩玩（这种情况全世界都有），但大人们常常是想好了要做什么的。有时，大人们会逗本杰明，假装要给他或给他看什么东西，然后又把答应给的奖赏收回去。更多的情况是，这些大人会帮助本杰明，例如找回他在玩的球，帮他在

42、座位上坐直，给他理理衬衣下摆或给他整整鞋子，引导他远离不安全的地方，或者当他笨拙地推着婴儿车到处乱走时指引他一下。6我们发现，在中国，小孩子显然是“该纠错的对象”。大人（甚至青少年）几乎会毫不犹豫地干涉小孩子成长的过程。可能会有人认为本杰明的外貌容易让人这样做，因为他是中国人，是我们在台湾收养的；但是其他西方人也报道过类似的干预，他们的孩子可是一点儿都不像中国人。另外一点也很清楚，在多数情况下，对于什么是对的，什么是不对的，中国人都有一致的看法。他们和本杰明及其他西方小孩的随意交往都反映了他们的共同看法。（教材中的文章只是全文的一半，请阅读完整版本，否则这篇文章就丢失了很多重要的内容）Unit

43、 5 Book 4 Athletes Athletes Should Be Role Models Karl Malone I love Charles Barkley like a brother, and except for the times when we're banging and pushing each other under the boards (注意文中和篮球相关的表达法) in games between my team, the Utah Jazz, and his, the Phoenix Suns, we're great friends. We

44、 don't necessarily like the same things: Charles loves golf so much he would play at halftime if he could, but I think a golf course is a waste of good pasture-land. One of the reasons we get along so well, though, is that we both say what's on our mindswithout worrying about what other peop

45、le are going to thinkwhich means we disagree from time to time. Here's an example of what I mean: I disagree with what Charles says in his Nike commercial, the one in which he insists, "I am not a role model." Charles, you can deny（注意deny的用法）being a role model all you want, but I don&#

46、39;t think it's your decision to make. We don't choose to be role models, we are chosen. Our only choice is whether to be a good role model or a bad one. 2 I don't think we can accept all the glory and the money that comes with being a famous athlete and not accept the responsibility of

47、being a role model, of knowing that kids and even some adults are watching us and looking for us to set an example. I mean, why do we get endorsements in the first place? Because there are people who will follow our lead and buy a certain sneaker or cereal because we use it. 3 I love being a role mo

48、del, and I try to be a positive one. That doesn't mean I always succeed. I'm no saint（注意此处no 加上名词，表示不是。）. I make mistakes, and sometimes I do childish things. And I don't always wake up in a great, role-model mood. There are days when I don't want to pose for a picture with every fan

49、 I run into, when I don't feel like picking up babies and giving them hugs and kisses (no matter how cute they are), those are the days I just try to avoid the public. 4 But you don't have to be perfect to be a good role model, and people shouldn't expect perfection. If I were deciding w

50、hether a basketball player was a positive role model(注意positive这个常用词的用法), I would want to know: Does he influence people's lives in a positive way away from the court? How much has he given of himself, in time or in money, to help people who look up to him? Does he display the valueslike honesty

51、 and determinationthat are part of being a good person? I wouldn't ask whether he lives his life exactly the way I would live it or whether he handles every situation just the way I would handle it. 5 I do agree with Charles on one thing he says in his commercial: "Just because I can dunk a

52、 basketball doesn't mean I should raise your kids." But sometimes parents need a little assistance. There are times when it helps for a mother and father to be able to say to their kids, "Do you think Karl Malone or Scottie Pippen or Charles Barkley or David Robinson would do that?&quo

53、t; To me, if someone uses my name in that way, it's an honor. Sure, parents should be role models to their children. But let's face it, kids have lots of other role modelsteachers, movie stars, athletes, even other kids. As athletes, we can't take the place of parents, but we can help re

54、inforce what they try to teach their kids. 6 Parents just have to make sure they don't take it too far. Sometimes they put us on a pedestal that feels more like a tightropeso narrow that we're bound to（注意bound 的各种含义和用法） fall off eventually. This is not something I'm especially proud of,

55、but I've had parents in Utah say things to me like, "You know, Karl, in our family we worship the ground you walk on. In our house your picture is right up there on the wall beside Jesus Christ." Now, that's going too far. Is it any wonder some athletes don't want to be role mo

56、dels? Who wants to be held up to that kind of impossibly high standard? Imagine someone putting a life-sized picture of you on a wall and saying things to your picture before they go to bed. That's scary. 7 Constantly being watched by the public can be hard to tolerate at times. I am sorry that

57、Michael Jordan had to deal with the negative publicity he received about gambling. I don't think most people can imagine what it's like to be watched that closely every minute of every day. I was told once that it wouldn't be that bad for me because no one would know me outside of Utah,

58、but that's not true. Ever since I played on the Dream Team in the Olympics, I can't go anywhere without being the center of attention, and that's very confining at times. For instance, there have been occasions when I've felt like buying a big Harley-Davidson motorcycle and riding it

59、 down the street. First, the Jazz would have a fit and say it's too dangerous. Second, everyone would be watching to see if I wore a helmet, if I was obeying the speed limit, if I was taking turns safelyyou name it（这个短语很好用）. The first time I didn't measure up to expectations, I would hear, "What kind of example is that to set for other people who ride motorcycles?" 8 But the good