Chapter4MotivationforWords

1、 Chapter 4 Motivation for Words4.1 Introduction老 板 工 头雷达 激光甭 卷心菜 water workermountain workshop Chapter 4 Motivation for Words4.2 Motivation and Non-motivation of words 1）The principle of modern linguistics: non-motivation / tri: / 共时性共时性 历时性历时性 泛时性泛时性 树树 / arbr / (arbre) 2）Form-meaning connection St

2、ephen Ullmann: opaque word transparent wordChapter 4 Motivation for Words 4.3 Types of motivation Stephen Ullmann: 1) phonological 相同或相似相同或相似 英语英语 汉语汉语 猫叫声 miao /mew 喵 撞击声 bang 砰 纸、干叶声 rustle 沙沙 不同不同 英语英语 汉语汉语 水滴声 drip-drop 滴滴答答 水流声 murmur /bubble 涓涓，潺潺 青蛙叫声 croak 呱呱 马嘶声 neigh 潇潇 Chapter 4 Motivatio

3、n for Words2) morphological 德语德语 英语英语 法语法语 汉语汉语Schillschuh（雪橇-鞋） skate patin 冰鞋Schnittlaunch（劈开的-葱） chive cive 细香葱 Fingerhut（手指-帽） thimble de 顶针Handschuh（手-鞋） glove gant 手套Erdteil（土地-部分） continent continent 大陆Scheidung（“离别“的分词） divorce divorce 离婚Ehelosigheit婚姻+否定后缀+名词后缀 celibacy celibacy 独身Ursache（起

4、源的） cause cause 原因anfangen（着手于） begin commencer 开始 one free morpheme - one word one free morpheme + affix - derivation two free morphemes - compoundChapter 4 Motivation for Words 3）semantic a gleam of hope - 一线希望 storm of grief the notes of a distant song 鹅卵石 冰糖 木耳 蜂拥 毛毛雨 月牙 （metaphorical) 千里眼 千层饼 （

5、hypoberbole) 4.4 Difference in motivation of Chinese & English words neoclassical compounds 德语德语 英语英语 法语法语 汉语汉语 sprachwissenschaft （语言+科学） linguistics linguistique 语言学 lautlehre (声音+知识) phonetics phonetique 语音学 formenlehre(形式+知识) morphology morphologie 形态学 bedeutungslehre(意义+知识) semantics semant

6、ique 语义学Chapter 4 Motivation for Words王力：王力：“汉字是属于表意体系的文字，字型和意义有密切的关系，分汉字是属于表意体系的文字，字型和意义有密切的关系，分析字型有助于对本义的了解。析字型有助于对本义的了解。”财财 货货 贿贿 资资 赠赠 赏赏 赐赐 贷贷 债债 赊赊 贪贪 贵贵 贱贱语语 谈谈 请请 许许 诺诺 讽讽 谋访谋访 读读 训训 诲诲 论论 议议 诽诽 谤谤 谏谏 诬诬 谗谗谨谨 谦谦 诚诚 谅谅1) English ： core extension Chinese : plane extension 2) attitude towards f

7、oreign words schlock chutzpah 苦迭打苦迭打 德律风德律风 狄克推多狄克推多 德谟克拉西德谟克拉西 伯理玺天德伯理玺天德 普罗列塔利亚普罗列塔利亚政变政变 电话电话 专政专政 民主民主 总统总统 无产阶级无产阶级Chapter 4 Motivation for Words 4.5 Types of differences in motivation 1) Naming Some white meat, please. And just a sliver of dark. 2) Word image 4.6 Cause of motivation difference

8、 1) Natural environment 2) Economic factorChinese Domestic: 鸡、鸭、马、牛、猪、驴 wild: 野鸡、野鸭、野马、野牛、野猪、野驴 EnglishDomestic: dog horse cat ox duck Wild: wild dog wild horse wild cat wild duck野马 wild horse, mustang, 野牛 wild ox, bison / buffalo野鸭 wild duck, mallard, 野兽 wild beast, brute Chapter 4 Motivation for W

9、ords 4.7 Language and reality （王寅 p327） arbitrary, conventional - nominalism （唯名论） motivted - naturalism （唯实论）1）phonological level gr- -ish sl- rising tone and falling tone p3362) lexical level T-shirt V-belt Hedge3) structural level distance iconicityChapter 4 Motivation for Words If the meaning of

10、 form A affects the meaning of form B, then, the CLOSER form A is to form B, the STRONGER will be the effect of the meaning of A on the menaing of B. Only I want to two apples. I only want two apples. I want only two apples. He is not right. I think he is not right. I dont think he is right. He is n

11、ot pleased. He is displeased.Chapter 4 Motivation for Words hear sb. / sth. hear of sb. / sth. know sb. / sth/ know of sb. / sth. I poured him a drink. I poured a drink to him. I geve him a book. I gave a book to him. She talked to Tom, then to John, then to Geoge. She talked to Tom, John and Geoge. I found that the chair was comfortable. I found the chair comfortable. They saw the cottage which iwas under the trees. They saw the cottage,