CHAPTER 8HISTROY OF THE UNITED STSTES

1、CHAPTER 8 HISTROY OF THE UNITED STSTESENGLISHI 113113 GROUP GROUP MEMBERS:孟洋 张金月 朱贤 王康毅 刘楠CONTENTS:part(3-4)part(3-4)&partpart PART 3 George Washingtons PresidencyIntroduction WashingtonGeorge Washington was the first President (1732 1799)of AmericaThe American war of Independence commanderIn 17

2、89, was elected the first President of the United States, 1793 re-election, in two term ends, he volunteered to give up power. He was regarded as the Father of America.Scholars listed him and Abraham Lincoln as the greatest presidents in American history. H How to deal with the financial problemow t

3、o deal with the financial problems s The nation split into two groupsOne group led by the Secretary of the Treasury,Alexander Hamilton ,wanted to increase tariffs（关税） and tax domestic products.Another group ,headed by the Secretary of State ,Thomas Jefferson,oppsed government participation in econom

4、ic affairs.He organized a new political part ,the Democratic Republican Party .George Washington and other American leaders oppsed political parties The new government alsofaced problems in foreignaffairs President Washington insisted that the United States remain neutral（中立）（中立） so that the nation

5、could concentrate on its internal econimic development.Gradually,the federal government became stronger.In 1796,Washington,the Father of Amercia ,firmly refused to seek a third term as president.He set an example for future presidents.He is one of the most greatest presidents in the histroy of Ameri

6、ca.PART 4THOMAS JEFFERSON AND JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY JavierJeffersons Profile Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 July 4, 1826)was the third President of the United States (18011809), the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and for his promotion of the ideals of republicanism in

7、 the United Statesone of the most influential Founding Fathers. Jefferson envisioned America as the force behind a great Empire of Liberty that would promote republicanism（民主共和） and counter（反对） the imperialism(帝国主义) of the British Empire. Jefferson,the third president,was elected in1801，Washingtons

8、successor（继承者）,and he was the first Democratic-Republican President.He was called “a born popular leader”,for his liberal ideas and idealism（自由主义）. A)The Louisiana PurchaseOriginally:Spain1801, France ,then at war with Britain1804,USA bought from FranceThe blue part is LouisianaB)The War of 1812 Bac

9、kground:in 1803,Britain and France went to war again .But British Navy abuse(虐待) Americans .So on June18,1812,Congress declared war with Briatain,the War of 1812 began. During war,”The Star-Spangled Banner”was created,which became the national anthem（圣歌） of the USA in 1931Second War for Independence

10、 The war was called the Second War for Independence , brought peace and established a commission to settle boundary disputes(争论).PART 12 American NationalismNATIONALISMNATIONALISM Increased feelings of confidence and unity grew among Americans after the War of 1812. Few Americans would doubt America

11、s ability to defend itself even against the powerful British Empire.The popular slogan（标语）of Union and Liberty.The Federalist(联邦拥护者) Party disintegrated(瓦解),and the bitterness（心酸的往事） that had marked political disputes（争论） eased.American NationalismMONROE DOCTRINE门罗主义门罗主义(Monroe Doctrine)发表于发表于1823年，

12、表明年，表明美美利坚合众国利坚合众国当时的观点，即欧洲列强不应再殖民美洲，当时的观点，即欧洲列强不应再殖民美洲，或涉足美国与或涉足美国与墨西哥墨西哥等美洲国家之主权相关事务。而等美洲国家之主权相关事务。而对于欧洲各国之间的争端，或各国与其美洲对于欧洲各国之间的争端，或各国与其美洲殖民地殖民地之之间的战事，美国保持中立。相关战事若发生于美洲，间的战事，美国保持中立。相关战事若发生于美洲，美国将视为具敌意之行为。美国将视为具敌意之行为。 口号：口号：美洲人的美美洲人的美洲洲(America for the Americans)。 门罗主义陈述三要点，复由罗斯福总统外加门罗主义陈述三要点，复由罗斯福

13、总统外加一项。第一点，欧洲各国不能再以任何美洲一项。第一点，欧洲各国不能再以任何美洲国家为殖民地。其次，在外交政策上行使华国家为殖民地。其次，在外交政策上行使华盛顿方面的原则，即美国仅在本身利益受损盛顿方面的原则，即美国仅在本身利益受损的前提下介入欧洲事务。第三，美国视任何的前提下介入欧洲事务。第三，美国视任何殖民美洲的企图为对国家安全之威胁。罗斯殖民美洲的企图为对国家安全之威胁。罗斯福总结以上三点并加入一项陈述：福总结以上三点并加入一项陈述：说话客说话客气，但带根大棒子气，但带根大棒子(Speak softly and carry a big stick.)。 The results of

14、the election were confusing and indecisive(模糊的). Jackson had won 99 electoral votes, Adams 84, Crawford 41, and Clay 37. Jackson had received over 150,000 popular votes, and nearly 40,000 more than Adams. Yet, in 1824, the overall popular vote had no standing. In some states, the state legislatures

15、still chose the electors, many other states had only begun to have their electors chosen by general election. With no candidate having an outright majority of the electoral votes, the Constitution placed the election in the hands of the House of Representatives. With each state delegation having one

16、 vote, the House was to choose between the top three vote-getters. Clays supporters generally threw their votes to Adams, and Adams received the votes of 13 states, Jackson 7, and Crawford 4. Adams thus became the sixth president of the United States.JohnQuincyAdams AndrewJacksonPearson Education, I

17、nc., publishing as Longman 2008“DEMOCRATIZING” POLITICS“DEMOCRATIZING” POLITICSnJacksonian inauguration（就职典礼） and the reign of the “common man”nJefferson: believed ordinary man could be educated to believe what was rightnJackson: insisted ordinary man knew what was right by instinctn“Servant” replac

18、ed by “help”nIncreasingly democratic electionsnMost states removed property qualificationsnBy Jacksons time only Delaware and South Carolina had electors chosen by state legislature（立法机关） rather than by popular votenSoon after 1828 presidential candidates（候选人) were nominated by party conventionsPear

19、son Education, Inc., publishing as Longman 2008“DEMOCRATIZING” POLITICS“DEMOCRATIZING” POLITICSnEmphasis on idea that every citizen equally important and all should participate in governmentnFinal disestablishment（废除） of churchesnBeginnings of free-school movement, early interest in adult education

20、and slow spread of secondary educationnIncrease in number of newspapers and the decline in their pricesnEight times as many people voted in 1840 as in 1824Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman 2008“DEMOCRATIZING” POLITICS“DEMOCRATIZING” POLITICSnWith increase in importance of voting came in

21、crease in competition among candidatesnRunning campaigns and getting vote out required money, people and organized effortnParties became powerful institutions that instilled loyalty among adherentsn1828 election stimulated party formationnCreated bureaucracies(官僚主义）nDevoted party workers were reward

22、ed with political officesnCandidates decided best way to attract voters was by flattery（阿谀奉承）Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman 20081828:The New Party System in 1828:The New Party System in EmbryoEmbryonParty system developed as result of battle to succeed John Quincy Adamsn1828 election full of character assassinationnDenigrating（诋毁） remarks about Jacksons wife and marriagenAccusations about Adams conduct in officenUnfortunately resulted in high voter turnoutMrs. Andrew J