英语国家概况历史课件

1、英语国家概况-历史1英语国家概况-历史2 timelines (mainly britain) prehistoric britainroman britain(55bc-410ad)anglo-saxon(446ad-871ad)viking and danish(793)normans (middle ages)(1066-1453)tudor britain(1485-1603)stuart britain(1063-1714)hanover britain(1714-1901)modern britain英语国家概况-历史3i. prehistoric about 3000bcnew

2、stone ageiberiansiberian peninsulanow spainlong barrows stonehenge about 2000bclate neolithic and early bronze agebeaker folknow the area of holland and the rhinelandbell-shaped drinking vessel from 700bciron ageceltsgael at 600 bc brythons at 400 bcbelgae at 150 bc英语国家概况-历史4iberians at about 3000bc

3、, these short. dark and long-headed people came to britain, probably from iberian peninsula, now spain英语国家概况-历史5iberianslong barrowstonehengelong barrow (megalithic tombs) in wiltshire and dorset were their communal burial moundsstonehenge (built from 3000bc-2000bc) in wiltshire may have religious a

4、nd political means also be a celestial calendar英语国家概况-历史6iberians: stonehengeone of the most famous sites in the world英语国家概况-历史7bell beaker at about 2000bc, beaker people came from the areas now known as holland and rhineland (northwest europe)英语国家概况-历史8bell beakerthey were named from their distinct

5、ive pottery.they built hill forts, with the finest examples of maiden castle英语国家概况-历史9bell beakermaiden castle英语国家概况-历史10celts: warring tribes about 700 bc, a taller and fairer race began to arrive, originally from eastern and central europe, now france, belgium and southern germany. 英语国家概况-历史11celt

6、s the celts were a group of peoples loosely tied by similar language, religion, and cultural expression. they were not centrally governed, and quite as happy to fight each other as any non-celt. they were warriors, living for the glories of battle and plunder. 英语国家概况-历史12celtsthey were also the peop

7、le who brought iron working to the british isles英语国家概况-历史13celtsthey came in three main waves: gaels at 600 bc (gaelic) brythons at 400 bc a.belgae at 150 bc 英语国家概况-历史14celtsregion:druidism(德鲁伊教德鲁伊教)druida priest of druidismpractice of human sacrifice英语国家概况-历史15ii. roman britain(55bc-410bc)emperor c

8、laudiusbackground: british celts fought with related tribes in gaul against the romans.a. for gold, pearlroman conquestin 55 and 54 bc. julius caesar made an expedition to britain twice. in 43 ad, the emperor claudius made a successful conquest of britain as far as the rivers severn and trent.three

9、invasions英语国家概况-历史16ii. roman britain(55bc-410bc)hadrians wallthree problems picts still attacked periodically saxon pirates attacked in the southeasta. control was only effective in the south-eastern part of the country英语国家概况-历史17ii. roman britain(55bc-410bc)reason for withdraw (410) barbarians fro

10、m eastern europe at the gates of rome repeated attacks from picts and scotsa. germanic saxon tribes invading from europe英语国家概况-历史18ii. roman britain(55bc-410bc)results & influencea. britain became a roman province for about 400 years.roman bathb. many celts were driven to the mountainous areas o

11、f scotland and walesc. network of towns and roads: london, york and bathd. christianitye. many english words are derived from the latin language of the romans英语国家概况-历史19iii. anglo-saxon (446-871)teutonic tribesjutes, saxons, and angles from now north germany and denmarkbritons were driven to the mou

12、ntains or kept as slaves英语国家概况-历史20iii. anglo-saxon (446-871)the angles settled in east anglia, the midlands and the norththe saxons settled in the south and midlandsthe jutes settled in the south and southeast英语国家概况-历史21iii. anglo-saxon (446-871)heptarchy kent (jutes)sussex (the south saxons) wesse

13、x (the west saxons)essex (the east saxons)east angliamercia (the middle angles) northumbria saxons angles 英语国家概况-历史22iii. anglo-saxon (446-871)celtic christianityanglo-saxon christianity英语国家概况-历史23iii. anglo-saxon (446-871)anglo-saxon christianitybackground1. the anglo-saxons destroyed virtually all

14、 traces of roman civilization in britain. the anglo-saxon pagan religion replaced christianity.the names, tuesday, wednesday, thursday and friday derive from their gods英语国家概况-历史24process:by the late 7th century, roman christianity became the dominant religion in britainresult:pope gregory the great

15、re-established the christian church in england by sending from rome a monk, augustine, who converted the anglo-saxon king ethelbert of kent in 597. within the next one hundred years all the anglo-saxon kingdoms were converted to the christian faith. anglo-saxon christianity英语国家概况-历史25 backgroundiv.

16、viking and danish(793-1035)the norwegian vikings and the danes from denmark attacked various parts of england from 793. they became a serious problem in the 9th century, especially between 835 and 878. the vikings and the danes were posing a threat to the saxon kingdom.英语国家概况-历史26iv. viking and dani

17、sh(793-1035) king alfred (849-899)strong enough to defeat the danes and came to a relatively friendly agreement with them in 879.danes gained control of north and east of englanda. alfred, king of wessex, ruled the rest英语国家概况-历史27iv. viking and danish(793-1035)successors king ethelred the unready(96

18、8-1016) tried paying the invaders to stay way by imposing a tax, called the danegold, on his people canute(995-1035), the danish leader, was chosen by witan as kingcanute the great英语国家概况-历史28v. normans (middle age)(1066-1453)edward the confessorbattle of hastings英语国家概况-历史29 the norman conquest backg

19、roundking is also said to have promised the english throne to william, duke of normandy. but when edward was on his deathbed, four men laid claim to the english throne. finally, the witan chose harold as king. king of norwaytostigharold the kingwilliamduke of normandy英语国家概况-历史30 the norman conquestp

20、rocess 1066. 10.14 the battle on senlac field near hastings, where harold was killed. 1066 christmas, william crowned king of england in westminster abbeybattle of hastings英语国家概况-历史31 the norman conquestsignificance the best-known event in english history. regarded as the real beginning of british h

21、istory confiscated almost all the land and gave it to norman followers. replaced the weak saxon rule with a strong norman government. so the feudal system was completely established in england relations with the continent were opened and civilization and commerce were extended norman-french culture,

22、 language, manners, and architecture were introduced英语国家概况-历史32norman house (1066-1135) williams rule (1066-1087) successors : three sonsrobert gained normandywilliam rufus (william ii) gained england (killed)henry i (1068-1135)gained a large sum of money. after william ii died, he gained england cr

23、own. henry had no sons, so king stephen took the crown with the compromise of receiving henry, son of henrys daughter, as joint ruler. after king stephens death, henry became king henry ii英语国家概况-历史33plantagenet house(1154-1485)henry ii (1133-1180)son of geoffrey of anjou and matilaachievements: buil

24、t up a large empire which included england and more than half of france. reform of the courts and the law. strengthened the kings court and extended its judicial work. common law and jury system came out common law: the unwritten law common to the whole people and is “case-made”英语国家概况-历史34great char

25、ter (1215)plantagenet house(1154-1485)1. background henry iis successor was richard (1189-1199), nicknamed the lionheart, who spent most of his time out of england on crusades. after richards death, the english throne was taken by his brother john who was one of the most unpopular kings of england.

26、he lost his french possessions and for that reason was nicknamed lackland. he demanded more feudal taxes and army service to avenge himself on france英语国家概况-历史35great charter (1215)plantagenet house(1154-1485)2. processking john quarreled with the barons who forced him to sign the great charter (magn

27、a carta) in 1215, in which he promised to limit the crowns power and give all freemen the right to a fair and legal trial.3. significance the foundation of english liberties.limitation of the power of the king.英语国家概况-历史36parliament plantagenet house(1154-1485)1. task: read the text carefully and fin

28、d out how the first parliament came into being .2. video watching英语国家概况-历史37 the hundred years war (1337-1453)plantagenet house(1154-1485)1. causes:partly territorial and partly economic.2. process: at first, english (edward iii) were successful after a long peaceful lull, french (henry v) won after

29、 french kings death, joan of arc drove the english out of france3. impact:contributed to the decline of feudalism in england英语国家概况-历史38 wars of roses(1455-1485)1. causes: after the hundred years war, nobles had to seek a new outlet for their ambition by an attempt to dominate the government at home

30、two great noble families battled for power, wealth and the throneyorklancaster英语国家概况-历史39 wars of roses(1455-1485)2. definitionthe battles between the great house of lancaster, symbolized by red rose, and that of york, symbolized by the white3. end to house of plantagenethenry tudor became king henr

31、y vii英语国家概况-历史40 the reformationhouse of tudor (1485-1603)the english reformation was a series of events in 16th century england by which the church of england broke away from the authority of the pope and the catholic church.英语国家概况-历史41 the reformationhouse of tudor (1485-1603)1. causes:conflict be

32、tween the roman catholic church and the king of englandthe privilege and wealth of the clergy were also resented2. direct causes:henry viii wanted to divorce catherine of aragon, his first wife3. purpose:to get rid of the english churchs connection with the pope, and make an independent church of en

33、gland英语国家概况-历史42 the reformationhouse of tudor (1485-1603)4. two acts1534 act of successions1535 act of supremacy5. successorsedwardswitch to protestant theologymary tudorreconvert england to roman catholicismelizabeth i church of england consolidated英语国家概况-历史43house of stuarts(1063-1688) the civil

34、warbackground after the death of queen elizabeth i her nephew james i (1603-1625), the son of mary queen of scots (beheaded for treason on the order of elizabeth), succeeded to the english throne. he then became the ruler of the two kingdoms. james believed in the mediaeval idea of the divine right

35、and absolute authority of the king.英语国家概况-历史44house of stuarts(1063-1688) the civil war over monopolies parliament dissolved in 1629 by king charles icausestwo parties kingcavaliers: parliament roundheads 英语国家概况-历史45house of stuarts(1063-1688) the civil wars first civil war (1642-1646)- charles i su

36、rrendered second civil war (1648-1653)- charles ii defeated and fled to francetwo warssignificance puritan revolution a conflict between economic interest of urban middle classes (puritan ideology) and the traditional economic interests of the crown (anglican religious belief)-monarchy abolished 英语国

37、家概况-历史46house of stuarts(1063-1688) the commonwealth (1649-1660)cromwell, the head of the commonwealthlord protector conservative in social reforms and protected property ownershipdirectly military rulein 1660, parliament had charles ii as king of england. this put an end to the commonwealth. 英语国家概况

38、-历史47restoration and the glorious revolutionrestoration (1661)background people regrets about the execution of the king the army grew as the puritan exerted tough control of the nations morals cromwell became more a petty tyrantcharles ii - to restore the old social orderjames ii- to reestablish cat

39、holicism英语国家概况-历史48restoration and the glorious revolution glorious revolution (1688)backgroundjames ii was a catholic. england was no more tolerant of a catholic as kingprocesswilliam son-in-law of james ii, a protestant, november, 1688 joint sovereign of william and mary英语国家概况-历史49restoration and

40、the glorious revolutionbill of rights (1688) formally an act declaring the rights and liberties of the subject and settling the succession of the crown (1689) passed by the parliament in 1689 the main purpose: to declare illegal various practices of james ii significance: limiting the power of the m

41、onarch and guaranteeing the authority of parliament英语国家概况-历史50the industrious revolutiontask: read the section of the industrious revolution, and answer the following questions. what is the seven years war(1756-1763)? why did the industrious revolution first take place in britain? what was the mark of the beginning