第13讲 定语从句的翻译

1、第13讲 定语从句的译法Modern scientists have discovered that energy may be created from matter and that matter, in turn, may be created from energy.现代科学家发现, 物质可以产生能, 能可以产生物质。反宾为主，变主为宾He was regarded as a Republican by everybody, even though he had always thought of him self as an “Independent”.所有人都把他看作共和党人, 尽

2、管他一直认为自己是“无党派人士”。译成“把”字句New high-tech achievements have been applied to agricultural production.高新科技的成果已应用于农业生产。暗含被动意义Although the dreams of seeing and hearing things from far away was made by human beings several thousand years ago, such dreams came into reality in modern times.虽然“千里眼”和“顺风耳”是人类几千年前

3、所梦想的, 但直到现代社会才梦想成真。以主动表被动To develop economy, different kinds of talented people should be organized. People of real ability should be especially promoted and given raise.要发展经济应当组织使用各种各样的人才。对那些真正有本事的人, 在级别、工资上可以破格提高。译为无主句It is generally agreed that organizations with effective managers will likely be

4、 successful, whereas organizations with poor managers will likely fail.人们普遍认为，拥有高效胜任的管理人员，公司成功的可能性更大，而管理人员能力低下的公司则大多会失败。增译主语理论探讨例句分析巩固练习翻译赏析什么叫做定语从句？Attributive Clauses定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性（名词或代词）成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。关系词有哪些？引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, w

5、hich, who, whom, whose, as等，绝对没有what；关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用：引导定语从句。代替先行词。在定语从句中担当一个成分。定语从句的分类？限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句如何区别限制性和非限制性？The man who came here yesterday has come again.My sister, who is twenty, works in a bank.限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少定语， 如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主句关系十分密切， 写时不用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句和主句关

6、系不很密切，只是对先行词作些附加说明， 如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。这种从句， 写时往往逗号分开。英语定语从句汉译有哪些技巧？限制性定语从句：前置法、后置法、融合法非限制性定语从句：前置法、后置法、兼有状语职能的定语从句1. 前置法：把英语限制性定语从句译成带“的”的定语词组，放在被修饰词之前，从而将复合句译成汉语单句。The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him.在他手下工作的人对他怕得要死。He who doesnt want to be a general isnt a good soldier.不想当将军的士兵不是

7、好士兵。Guilin is a place where there are gorgeous mountains and rivers.桂林是个有山有水的地方。前置定语一般用于比较简单的英语定语从句2. 后置法：如果从句结构复杂，译成汉语前置定语显得太长而不符合汉语表达习惯时，往往可以译成后置的并列分句。They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.他们

8、正在为实现一个理想而努力，这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的，在过去，许多中国人曾为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。重复先行词China and Japan reached agreement on the issue of agriculture which was a major barrier for their bilateral relation since 1996.中日两国最终就农业问题达成了协议，而农业问题自一九九六年起就是两国关系发展的主要障碍。I met an old man last year who was once regarded as the best master of

9、 Chinese painting.我去年遇到一位老人，这位老人曾经被认为是中国顶尖的国画大师。He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to two pounds each.他居然种出了两百个奇迹般的西红柿，每个重达两磅。省略先行词I gave him a gift which he didnt see at all.我送了他一份礼物，他竟然看都没看。They worked out a new method by which efficiency has now been dramatically i

10、mproved.他们制订出一种新方案，采用之后工作效率大大提高。3. 融合法：是指把原句的主语和定语从句融合在一起译成一个独立句子的一种翻译方法。由于限制性定于从句与主句关系紧密，所以融合法比较适用于翻译限制性定语从句。There are many people who want to see the film.许多人要看这部电影。定语从句的主句里有“there be”、“to be”等词时，可以把原句中的主语和定语从句融合在一起，译成简单句。 There are some students in the class who dislike studying.在班上总有一些学生不爱学习。Thi

11、s is the very knife which he used to murder the victim.他就是用这把刀谋杀了受害人。“We are a nation that must beg to stay alive,” said a foreign economist.一位外国经济学家说道：“我们这个国家不讨饭就活不下去。”定语从句的动词在整个复合句中分量较重，可将其主句压缩成词组译作主语，而把定语从句的动词译作其谓语。 “The best way (that) to play basketball well is to take it easy and enjoy it,” sa

12、id an American basketball player.一位美国的篮球运动员曾说过：“要想打好篮球，最好的办法就是享受篮球。”He had great success in football which made him an idol in the eyes of every football player.他在足球领域取得的成就使他成为每一个足球运动员的偶像。He is not the one who will give up easily.他不是一个轻易服输的人。He made the sound of sympathy which comes so readily from

13、those who have an independent income.他发出了同情之声，这种同情声是那些有独立收入的人最容易脱口而出的。He was the writer who was moving into operational activities.他是个作家，正在从事实际活动。This is the paper mill that they set up in 1978.这个造纸厂是他们在1978年建造的。As far as I can see this autumn hazeThat spreading in the evening air both ways,Makes th

14、e new moon look anything but new,And pours the elm-tree meadow full of blue,Is all the smoke from one poor house alone.From The CocoonThe Cocoon by Robert Frost就我所见，这秋日傍晚的阴霾，这正在以两种方式蔓延的阴霾，这使新月显得不像新月的迷雾，这使榆树变成蓝草颜色的迷雾，全都是那座破房子冒出的浓烟节选自弗罗斯特的茧 1. 前置法：一些较短而具有描写性的英语非限制性的定语从句，也可译成带“的”的前置定语，放在被修饰词前面；但这种处理方法不

15、如用在英语限制性定语从句那样普遍。But Miggles laugh, which was very infectious, broke the silence.但密格尔的富有感染力的笑声打破了沉默。John, who has grey hair, is believed to be one of the most attractive figure.满头银发的约翰被认为是最有吸引力的人物之一。You, whose predecessors scored initial success in medical research, have acquired a greater accomplis

16、hment in this respect.你们的先辈在天文学研究方面取得了初步的成功，而你们现在则在这一方面获得了更大的成就。2. 后置法：译成并列分句；译成独立句1. 在译文中把原文从句后置，重复英语关系代词所代表的含义。I told the story to John, who told it to his brother.他把这件事告诉了约翰，约翰又告诉了他的弟弟。2. 在译文中从句后置，省略英语关系词所代表的含义。After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into

17、the night.饭后，四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈，一直谈到深夜。3. 在译文中从句前置，重复英语关系词所代表的含义。The man had suddenly awakened to the fact that there were beauty and significance in these trifles, (flowers) which they had so long trodden carelessly beneath their feet.这些花以前一直都被这些人漫不经心地踩在脚下，现在他们突然意识到这些小玩意儿的美丽和意义了。He had talked to Vice-P

18、resident Nixon, who assured him that everything that could be done would be done.他和副总统尼克松谈过话。副总统向他担保，凡是能够做到的都将竭尽全力去做。I had a problem, which became clearly obvious just as I was to appear at the meeting.我遇到了一个问题。当我就要出席会议时，这个问题越发明显了。3. 兼有状语职能的定语从句：英语中有些定语从句，兼有状语从句的职能，在意义上与主句有状语关系，说明原因、结果、目的、让步、假设等关系。翻

19、译时应善于从原文的字里行间发现这些逻辑上的关系，然后译成汉语各种相应的偏正复句。The ambassador was giving a dinner for a few people whom he wished especially to talk to or to hear from.大使只宴请了几个人，因为他特别想和这些人谈谈，听听他们的意见。No one in the company likes their boss, who is stingy and bad-tempered.公司里没人喜欢他们的老板，因为他很人小气脾气又很暴躁。There was something origin

20、al, independent and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them.这个方案富于创造性，独出心裁，很有魄力，所以他们都很喜欢。The two countries established formal diplomatic relation, which paved the way for the further communication.两国正式建立了外交关系，从而为双方进一步的交流铺平了道路。He insisted on building another house, which he had no use for.他坚持要

21、再造一幢房子，尽管他并无此需要。My father, who thought it might not work, supported me.尽管父亲认为这个办法可能不会起作用，但还是支持我。 The imperialist states maintain enormous armies and gigantic navies which are used for oppressing and exploiting the people in distant lands.帝国主义国家维持了庞大的陆海军，用以压迫和剥削遥远的他国人们。This company, which wants to ge

22、t their new product sold well in the market, is trying hard to perfect its packing and workmanship.为了使新产品在市场热销，这个公司正在全力改进外包装和工艺。Men become desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their families.人们极其迫切地要求工作，不管什么工作，只要它有助养活一家人就行。A new product which has beautiful packing, good q

23、uality and advertising may very likely be a hit in market.一种新产品，只要包装精美，质量过硬，宣传得力，就能在市场中热销。Last night I saw a very good film, which was about the French revolution.昨晚我看了一部关于法国革命的精彩电影。I knew that John would tell his mother, who would probably tell Mary.我知道约翰准会去告诉他的妈妈，她妈妈多半又会说给玛丽听。He said that this was

24、 a good suggestion, which he would look into.他说这是个很好的建议，一定要加以研究。Nevertheless the problem was solved successfully, which showed that the computations were accurate.不过问题还是圆满地解决了。这说明计算很精确。Book Name: Vanity FairVanity FairAuthor: Thackeray, W.M. 是英国十九世纪小说家萨克雷的成名作品，也是他生平著作里最经得起时间考验的杰作。是英国较著名的讽刺性批判现实主义小说。

25、故事取材于很热闹的英国十九世纪中上层社会。当时国家强盛，工商业发达，由榨压殖民地或剥削劳工而发财的富商大贾正主宰着这个社会，英法两国争权的战争也在这时响起了炮声。中上层社会各式各等人物，都忙着争权夺位，争名求利，所谓“天下攘攘，皆为利往，天下熙熙，皆为利来”，名利、权势、利禄，原是相连相通的。 故事主角Rebecca尝过贫穷的滋味，一心要掌握自己的命运，摆脱困境。她不择手段，凭谄媚奉承、走小道儿钻后门，飞上高枝。作为陪衬的人物是她同窗女友、一个富商的女儿Amelia。她懦弱温柔，驯顺地随命运播弄。从贫贱进入富裕的道路很不平稳！富家女的运途亦多坎坷，两人此起彼落的遭遇，构成一个引人关怀又动人情感

26、的故事。穿插的人物形形色色，都神情毕肖。“如果我有5000英磅，我也会是一个好女人。”名利场里的利蓓加如是说。 作者萨克雷在小说中栩栩如生地勾勒出一幅现实中的名利场的画面，把生活中尔虞我诈、欺骗背叛、势利虚荣等丑恶行径表现得淋漓尽致。作者最后写道：“啊!虚荣中的虚荣!在这世界上我们又有谁是幸福的呢?我们又有谁如愿以偿了呢?而就算如此，又有谁满足了呢?” Happy the man who wins her！谁娶了她真有福气！限制性定语从句中的条件意味表现得既含蓄又充分，“谁”一方面明确了条件意义，另一方面又亮出了说话者的口气。As for Mr. Sedleys jokes, Rebecca

27、laughed at them with a cordiality and perseverance which not a little pleased and softened that good-natured gentleman.每逢赛特笠先生说笑话，利蓓加便笑个不停，好像从心里乐出来，（因此）好性子的老先生不由得又得意又欢喜。杨之译文不在表层结构的困难上斟酌词句，而是着眼于这一从句在话语种的地位和说话者的意图，打乱原句结构，将含有结果意味的部分处理成一个单独的小句，置于句尾突出地位。同时，又以赛特笠先生为句题，以关于同一人物的译述为结尾，进而与下文衔接，显得十分明晰舒展。She begged the old gentleman to give the money to dear Rebecca, who must want it, which she lacked for nothing.爱米丽亚求他把这钱送给利蓓加，因为她自己什么都有，（而）利蓓加才真正需要！该非限制性定语从句中有表示某种原因的意味。翻译时相应增词成“因为”，明确表达深层结构上的隐意。and the name of Figs, which had been a byword （代号）of reproach, became as respectable and popular a nicknam