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1、情态动词情态动词高 三 十 四 十 五 班 第 一 轮 复 习 材 料Can couldPART. 01PART. 01表示能力表示能力1. 表示能力Some of us can use the computer, but we couldnt 10 years ago.could为为can的过去式,表示过去的能力。的过去式,表示过去的能力。要表示将来具备的能力通常要表示将来具备的能力通常 be able to 的将来时态。的将来时态。其中要注意的是,could 表示过去的能力,通常只用于表示过去一般性能力,而不表示过去具体某次特定情形下能够做某事的能力。如:他学习很努力,所以考试能及格。误:

2、He studied hard and could pass the exam.正:He studied hard and was able to pass the exam.1. 表示能力注:若在否定句中没有以上限制,即注:若在否定句中没有以上限制,即couldnt可表示可表示过去特定情况下的能力,过去特定情况下的能力,如可说:如可说: He studied hard but still couldnt pass the exam.PART. 02PART. 02表示允许和许可。表示允许和许可。2. 2. 表示允许和许可表示允许和许可Could和和can没有时间上的差别,用没有时间上的差别,

3、用could比用比用can语气上委婉,语气上委婉,could一般用于疑问句中,肯定回答时一般用于疑问句中,肯定回答时要改用要改用can。You can park your car here. Can I use your pen? Yes, you can. No, you cant.Could I come here again tomorrow ?Yes, you can. (No, Im afraid not.)2. 2. 表示允许和许可表示允许和许可若是自己允许别人做某事,一般只用若是自己允许别人做某事,一般只用 can,而不用,而不用 could。如:如:When I lived a

4、t home, I could watch TV whenever I wanted to. 表示过去的允许时,若表示过去表示过去的允许时,若表示过去一般性允许(即表示某人随一般性允许(即表示某人随时都可以做某事),用时都可以做某事),用could;若表示在过去某一特定情况下若表示在过去某一特定情况下允许进行某一特定的活动,则不用允许进行某一特定的活动,则不用 could。I was allowed to see the film yesterday evening. 昨天晚上允许我去看了电影。(特定的允许,不能用 could)PART. 03PART. 03can表示客观的逻辑上的可能性ca

5、ncan表示客观的逻辑上的可能性,表示客观的逻辑上的可能性,意为意为“可能会可能会”,多用于肯定句。,多用于肯定句。Anyone can make mistakes.Taking a plane can be dangerous.Children can be noisy sometimes.It can be very hot in our city.PART. 04PART. 04构成的短语和特殊句式构成的短语和特殊句式cannot/ cant/ too/enough表示表示“无论怎样无论怎样都不过分,越都不过分,越越好越好”,有时,有时cannot, cant可用可用can never代

6、替。代替。We cant thank you too much for what youve done for us.You cannot be too careful to cross the road.You cannot be careful enough to cross the road.You can never do the work too well. cant help doing sth.When I try to speak, I cant help making mistakes.I cant help (to) carry the box.cant help doin

7、g sth.禁不住,禁不住, cant help (to) do 不能帮忙做某事不能帮忙做某事cant helpcant help but docannot /could not but docant choose but docan do nothing but do 不得不不得不如:如:I cant help but admire your courage. I could not but admire her. cant help itI always end up having an argument with her. I dont know why, but I cant help

8、 it.I couldnt help it if the bus was late.无计可施,忍不住。无计可施,忍不住。asas + 主语主语 + can/couldPlease come here as early as you can.尽可能尽可能 = asas possiblecannot, could not与比较级连用与比较级连用It couldnt be better.表示最高级的意思。表示最高级的意思。She couldnt choose a better gift for me.表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度。表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度。Can this be true? 这可

9、能是真的吗?(主要用在否定句、疑问句或惊叹句中)(主要用在否定句、疑问句或惊叹句中)How can you be so careless! 你怎么能这么粗心!PART. 05PART. 05表示推测:表示推测:表示推测:表示推测:He cant/ couldnt have finished so much work in so short a time.即具体的事情实际发生的可能性即具体的事情实际发生的可能性can 和和 could 一般用于否定句和疑问句一般用于否定句和疑问句(could有时会在有时会在肯定句中出现),肯定句中出现),could只表示可能性比只表示可能性比can小,不表示时小

10、,不表示时态。态。You cant be serious.Could he have finished the task? 他可能把任务完成了吗?Can he be at home now?他现在能在家吗?表示推测:表示推测:如:如:Can Could this be true? 这能是真的吗对过去的推测,应在对过去的推测,应在 can, could 之后接之后接动词的完动词的完成式成式,且此时,且此时can仍只用于否定句或疑问句仍只用于否定句或疑问句,不用,不用于肯定句;而于肯定句;而could 则可用于各种句型。则可用于各种句型。Where can could he have gone?

11、他能到哪里去了呢She cant couldnt have left so soon. 她不可能走得这么早。He could have gone home. 他可能已回家了。PART. 06PART. 06与完成时态连用与完成时态连用与完成时态连用与完成时态连用could后接动词的完成式,除表示对后接动词的完成式,除表示对过去的推测外过去的推测外,还可表示过去没有实现的可能性,或委婉地责备某还可表示过去没有实现的可能性,或委婉地责备某人过去应该做某事而没有去做人过去应该做某事而没有去做(虚拟语气)(虚拟语气)。could have done表示表示“过去有能力做某事,但没过去有能力做某事,但没

12、有做有做”;couldnt have done表示表示“过去本不可能过去本不可能做某事,但却做了做某事,但却做了”。与完成时态连用与完成时态连用如:如:You could have started a little earlier. 你本可早点动身的。You neednt have cooked it. We could have eaten it raw. 你其实可以不煮熟(它),我们(本来)可以生吃。may mightPART. 01PART. 01表示请求和许可。表示请求和许可。1.表示请求和许可请求用请求用might语气更委婉。语气更委婉。否定回答时否定回答时(口语中常用)(口语中常用

13、) no, you cant . /yes, please 用用mustnt表示表示“不可以不可以”、“禁禁止止”、“阻止阻止”之意(具有强烈禁止的意思)之意(具有强烈禁止的意思) 如:You may drive the car.你可以开这辆车。 Might I use your pen? No, you mustnt. 我可以用你的钢笔吗?不,绝对不行。允许时用允许时用may,表示,表示“可以可以”(表示允许时不用(表示允许时不用might)。)。类似与类似与can和和could的用法。的用法。1.表示请求和许可用用May I . 征询对方许可在文体上比较正式,在口气上比较征询对方许可在文体

14、上比较正式,在口气上比较客气。在日常口语中,用客气。在日常口语中,用Can I . 征询对方意见在现代口语征询对方意见在现代口语中更为常见。中更为常见。PART. 02PART. 02用于祈使句中表示祝愿用于祈使句中表示祝愿2 用于祈使句中表示祝愿(倒装句式倒装句式).My all your dreams come true.May you be happy everyday!PART. 03PART. 03用于目的状语从句中3. 用于目的状语从句中(倒装句式倒装句式).My all your dreams come true.May you be happy everyday!PART. 0

15、4PART. 04 用于让步状语从句中用于让步状语从句中4. 用于让步状语从句中(倒装句式倒装句式).My all your dreams come true.May you be happy everyday!PART. 05PART. 05 may mightmay might的其它应用的其它应用5. 其它用法: may well 意为:意为:“很可能很可能”(相当于:(相当于:be very likely to do). You may well get confused.Her appearance has changed so much that you may well not r

16、ecognize her.5. 其它用法: may/might(just) as well do 意为:还是意为:还是的的好,最好好,最好We may as well stay where we are.PART. 06PART. 06表示推测:表示推测:表示推测可能(用于可能(用于肯定句,否定句肯定句,否定句;疑问句不能用于此意,;疑问句不能用于此意,一般表推测时疑问句中用一般表推测时疑问句中用can)might不表时态,不表时态,只表可能性比只表可能性比may小。小。He may not have finished the work.He may know my phone number.

17、He might come tomorrow, but I am not quite sure.He mightnt have heard you when you greeted her.PART. 07PART. 07与完成时态连用与完成时态连用与完成时态连用“may(might) + have + 过去分词过去分词”表示对过去发表示对过去发生的行为的推测。生的行为的推测。May have done/ may not have done或许已经做或许已经做过了某事过了某事/没做过某事没做过某事 (仍然一般不用于疑问句。)(仍然一般不用于疑问句。)Might have done/ might

18、 not have done 1.过去也许做了,过去也许没做,比过去也许做了,过去也许没做,比may not have done 语气更加不确定,表推测;语气更加不确定,表推测; 2. Might have done 过去本可能做,过去本可能做,表虚拟表虚拟。与完成时态连用Its too late. I think he may have gone to bed. 推测推测He may not have finished the work.He might have missed the train. 推测。推测。But I think you might have told us half

19、an hour ago.但是我认为,你本来可能在半小时前告诉我们。但是我认为,你本来可能在半小时前告诉我们。虚拟虚拟They might not have regarded me as their friend. 推测推测. might的否定与完成时搭配也不表虚拟。的否定与完成时搭配也不表虚拟。must have to的用法PART. 01PART. 01表示必须、必要表示必须、必要1 表示必须、必要must表示主观多一些,多指现在或将来的情况,指说话人表示主观多一些,多指现在或将来的情况,指说话人的主观语气;而的主观语气;而have to则表示客观多一些则表示客观多一些You must fi

20、nish the project by Friday.mustnt意思为意思为“不许、不准不许、不准”,表示禁止。(含有绝对禁,表示禁止。(含有绝对禁止的含义)。止的含义)。You must come in time.Children must not play with fire.You mustnt play football in the street.You must not park here! Its an emergency exit.1 表示必须、必要I have to give up smoking.(可能是由于身体或其它原因等不得不戒烟)I must give up smo

21、king. (自己觉得有必要戒烟)1 表示必须、必要 Must we hand in our exercise books today? Yes, you must. (No, you dont have to./no, you neednt.)回答回答must引出的问句时,如果是否定的回答,不能用引出的问句时,如果是否定的回答,不能用mustnt,而要用,而要用neednt或或dont have to。PART. 02PART. 02表示表示“偏偏,非得要偏偏,非得要”2. 表示“偏偏,非得要”( 表示一种与说话人表示一种与说话人 愿望相反、不耐烦的感情色彩愿望相反、不耐烦的感情色彩).Mu

22、st you waste so much time? 你非得浪费这么多时间么?你非得浪费这么多时间么?Why must it rain on Sunday?If you must smoke, please go outside the room.PART. 03PART. 03表示强调3.表示强调此时常用语口语中,表示说话者坚定的态度。注意与此时常用语口语中,表示说话者坚定的态度。注意与1.的区的区别。别。I must say, you are looking extremely well.I must admit, I have been looking forward to it.PAR

23、T. PART. 0404表示推测:表示推测:表示推测、可能(疑问句不能用于此意)(疑问句不能用于此意)。表示推测,此时意为。表示推测,此时意为“一定是,一定是,准是准是”,常指有,常指有根据的,比较有把握的推测根据的,比较有把握的推测。这种用法只能。这种用法只能用于肯定句。用于肯定句。在否定句在否定句/疑问句中用疑问句中用can/could.The light is on, so he must be at home.Look at the new car, he must earn a lot of money.Since nobody gave him any help, he must

24、 have done the research on his own.表示推测、可能“must be + 表语表语”的结构表示推测,它的否定或疑问式用的结构表示推测,它的否定或疑问式用can代替代替must。This must be your pen. 这一定是你的钢笔。这一定是你的钢笔。You must be Carol, you havent change a bit after all these years.PART. PART. 0505与完成时态连用与完成时态连用与完成时态连用“must + have + 过去分词过去分词”的结构常用在的结构常用在肯定句肯定句中中,它的否定或疑问式

25、用,它的否定或疑问式用can代替代替must。表示对过。表示对过去发生的行为的推测,意为:去发生的行为的推测,意为:过去想必过去想必/一定一定/准是准是做了某事做了某事(一般一般不表示虚拟不表示虚拟)。He must have been to Shanghai. 他一定去过上海。It must have rained last night, for the road is quite muddy.与完成时态连用“must + have + 过去分词过去分词”的结构常用在的结构常用在肯定句肯定句中中,它的否定或疑问式用,它的否定或疑问式用can代替代替must。表示对过。表示对过去发生的行为的推

26、测,意为:去发生的行为的推测,意为:过去想必过去想必/一定一定/准是准是做了某事做了某事(一般一般不表示虚拟不表示虚拟)。He must have been to Shanghai. 他一定去过上海。It must have rained last night, for the road is quite muddy.PART. PART. 0606Must 与 have to6 must与have to几点不同have to的含义与的含义与must相似,两者往往可以互换使相似,两者往往可以互换使用,但用,但have to有有各种形式各种形式,随,随have的变化而定。的变化而定。must与与

27、have to有下列几点不同:有下列几点不同:6 must与have to几点不同(1)must表示的是说话人的表示的是说话人的主观看法主观看法,而,而have to则则往往强调往往强调客观需要客观需要。英国英语中常用。英国英语中常用have got to如:如:The play is not interesting. I really must go now.这部剧没意思。我真的必须现在就走。这部剧没意思。我真的必须现在就走。I had to work when I was your age.当我像你这么大时,我不得不工作。当我像你这么大时,我不得不工作。I have (got) to be

28、 off now. My mom is waiting for me. The little boy has to do lots of housework, for his parents have been suffering from illness.6 must与have to几点不同must一般只有一种形式。一般只有一种形式。have则有更多的人称、则有更多的人称、数和时态变化形式(如数和时态变化形式(如has to, had to, will have to)。)。Must的否定形式为的否定形式为mustnt, 而而 have to 的的否定形式要借助助动词否定形式要借助助动词do

29、的某种形式(如:的某种形式(如:dont have to, doesnt have to, didnt have to)。)。My cousin has to practice violin every night.I shall have to go there next week.我下星期必须去那儿。我下星期必须去那儿。shall和shouldshall(shant)的用法:shallshould(一)(一)shallshall的用法的用法&PART. 01PART. 01表征表征求意见求意见1.表征求意见(“好不好?好不好?”)用在)用在第一、三人称第一、三人称。Shall用于第

30、一人称,用于第一人称,表示征求对方的意愿(表示征求对方的意愿(主动帮助对方,或提出建议主动帮助对方,或提出建议。)或向。)或向对方请示。对方请示。Shall I turn on the TV for you? Yes, thanks a lot. You are so considerate.)。Shall we begin our lesson?When shall he be able to leave the hospital?Henry is waiting outside. Shall he come in, sir?Shall the reporters wait outside

31、or what?PART. PART. 0202命令、警告、允诺命令、警告、允诺或威胁或威胁2.命令、警告、允诺或威胁命令、警告、允诺或威胁 Shall用于用于第二、第三第二、第三人称,表示说话人给对方命令、警告、人称,表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。允诺或威胁。You shall fail if you dont work harder. (警告)He shall have the book when I finish reading. (允诺)He shall be punished. (威胁)Passengers shall not talk with the driver wh

32、ile the bus is moving.You shall come at once.(命令)。 Tell Jerry that he shall get a gift if he is nice.PART. PART. 0303表示义务或规定表示义务或规定3.表示义务或规定表示义务或规定shall 用于用于第三人称第三人称(另一说为用于所有人称另一说为用于所有人称),在,在条约、法条约、法令、规定等文件中令、规定等文件中表示义务或规定,意为:表示义务或规定,意为:应,必须。应,必须。The school rules state that no child shall be allowed

33、 out of the school during the day, unless accompanied by an adult.Those members to our club shall wear uniforms.Every competitor shall wear a number.PART. PART. 0404表示推测:表示推测:shallshall不不表示表示推测、可能推测、可能PART. PART. 0505与完成时态连用与完成时态连用shallshall不不与完成时态连用与完成时态连用Should ought to 的用法:shallshould(二)(二)should

34、should的用法的用法&PART. 01PART. 01表征表征求意见求意见1.表征求意见作为作为shall的过去式,的过去式,用于用于一、三一、三人称,多用于人称,多用于间接引语中间接引语中,以征求对方意见。参(一)以征求对方意见。参(一).1 shall的用法。的用法。I asked the manager if I should have a few days off. You should go to class right away.PART. PART. 0202义务、责任、劝告、义务、责任、劝告、建议建议2.义务、责任、劝告、建议Should表示义务、责任、劝告、建议,

35、其同义词是表示义务、责任、劝告、建议,其同义词是ought to;在;在疑问句中,通常用疑问句中,通常用should代替代替ought to。You ought to /should pay more attention to what your lawyer says.I think todays children should really learn to respect their elders.PART. PART. 0303竟然竟然3. 竟然表示惊讶、难以置信或不应该发生某事,意为表示惊讶、难以置信或不应该发生某事,意为“竟然竟然”,也也常用语许多表示感情的形容词后的常用语许多表示

36、感情的形容词后的that从句。从句。The man should be so rude to a lady.Such a gentle man should do that.It is astonishing that she should have failed the exam.It was sad to me that they, so poor themselves, should bring me food.3. 竟然Why(or How) + should结构表示说话人对某事不能理解,结构表示说话人对某事不能理解,感到意外、惊异等意思。意为感到意外、惊异等意思。意为“竟会竟会”。W

37、hy should you be so late today? 你几天怎么来得这么晚?Why should he tell a lie? Where is Betty living? 贝蒂住在哪里? How should I know? 我怎么会知道呢?I dont know why you should think that I did it. 我真不知道你凭什么认为这件事是我干的。PART. PART. 0303其它用法:其它用法:4. 其它用法:情态动词情态动词should用于用于第一人称第一人称时可以表示说话人的一种时可以表示说话人的一种谦逊、客气、委婉的语气谦逊、客气、委婉的语气。I

38、 should think it would be better to try it again. 我倒是认为最好再试一试。You are mistaken, I should say. 依我看,你是搞错了。I should advise you not to do that. 我倒是劝你别这样做。This is something I should have liked to ask you. 这是我本来想问你的。4. 其它用法:Should还可以用在还可以用在if引导的条件从句,引导的条件从句,表示一件事听起来表示一件事听起来可能性很小,但也不是完全没有可能可能性很小,但也不是完全没有可能

39、。相当于。相当于“万一万一”的意的意思。从句谓语由思。从句谓语由should加动词原形构成,加动词原形构成,主句谓语却不一主句谓语却不一定用虚拟语气定用虚拟语气。Ask her to ring me up if you should see her. 你万一见到她,请让她给我打个电话。If you should change your minds, please let us know. 万一你改变主意,请通知我们。Should I (If I should) be free tomorrow I will come. 万一我明天有时间,我就来。PART. PART. 0404表示推测:表示推

40、测:Should表示推测(按常理经验进行的按常理经验进行的)推测和可能性,是推测和可能性,是“ (按理说按理说)应该应该”之之意,肯定的语气没有意,肯定的语气没有must用于推测时强。用于推测时强。This pen ought to /should be yours.We have got everything ready. There should be no problem.Try phoning him. He should be home by now.PART. PART. 0505与完成时态连用与完成时态连用与完成时态连用表示表示“过去本该做某事却没做过去本该做某事却没做”,否定表

41、示,否定表示“过去过去本不该做某事却做了本不该做某事却做了”,并包含一种,并包含一种埋怨、责备的埋怨、责备的口气口气。She should have finished it.I should have helped her, but I never could.You should have started earlier.You should have invited me to the party yesterday. I had expected you to.Jim shouldnt have done all the work within one day. There was st

42、ill time.(还有时间)PART. PART. 0606Ought toOught to用法用法:Ought to用法:ought to的用法 (基本与should没区别)Ought I to return all the books tomorrow? yes, you ought to./ no, you oughtnt to.Ought to 意为“应当,应该”,语气比should强,其否定形式为 ought not to或oughtnt to,一般疑问句形式是将ought 置于主语前。She ought to pass her exam.You ought to have arr

43、ived earlier and the film had been on for ten minutes.- Sorry, Professor Smith. I didnt finish the assignment yesterday.- Oh, you should/ought to have done it as yesterday was the deadline.will和wouldPART. 01PART. 01表意愿表意愿, ,决心等决心等1.表意愿,决心等Would此时为此时为will过去式(意愿,自愿做或主动提出做什么,过去式(意愿,自愿做或主动提出做什么,如意愿、愿望或决

44、心等。可用于各种人称。如意愿、愿望或决心等。可用于各种人称。I will help you if you meet with trouble.Please come over the weekend if you will.I will never do that again.They asked if we would do that again.Days later, my brother called to say he was all right, but wouldnt say where he is.PART. PART. 0202表示征询对方意见表示征询对方意见2.表示征询对方意

45、见用在用在疑问句疑问句中与中与第二人称第二人称you连用。用连用。用wont you加强邀请加强邀请的语气。的语气。would比比will委婉客气委婉客气.Will you join us for a drink?Wont you have a coffee with us?Would you pass me the book?Will you give me a piece of paper?Would you open the window, please? I feel it a little stuff here.PART. PART. 0303经常性、习惯性、经常性、习惯性、倾向性等

46、倾向性等3.经常性、习惯性、倾向性等意为意为“经常,惯于,总是经常,惯于,总是”,would表示过去的习惯,后接表示过去的习惯,后接动词原形,意为动词原形,意为“总是,总会。总是,总会。” Would表过去反复的动表过去反复的动作作/某种倾向某种倾向(相对于相对于used to无无“现已无此习惯现已无此习惯”之义。之义。)Oil will float on water.This old man is strange. He will sit there for hours without saying anything.The door wont open. 门就是就是打不开(表示倾向性)。E

47、very evening, she would sit by the window, deep in thought.The door wont open, no matter how hard she pushed.PART. PART. 0404其它用法其它用法4.其它用法will可用于祈使句的附加疑问句中。可用于祈使句的附加疑问句中。Come here early tomorrow, will you?Dont go now, will you? 现在别去,好么?Marry, feed the bird, will you?4.其它用法回答请求、命令的句子,肯定用回答请求、命令的句子,肯

48、定用will,否定用,否定用wont-Please remember me to your parents. -Thank you. I will. -Never touch my computer while I am away. - I wont.4.其它用法would like(同同would love). 常用结构常用结构: would like sth. Would like to do sth. Would like sb to do sth.I would like a cup of tea.I would like to have a cup of tea.I would li

49、ke you to go there with me.4.其它用法would rather 表示表示“但愿,宁愿但愿,宁愿”。常用于下列结构:。常用于下列结构:Would rather (not) do. 宁愿(不)做would rather do A than do B.= would do A rather than do B.Would rather + that从句(从句中用虚拟语气)。Would rather not have done 宁愿当时没做过某事。I would rather you came tomorrow.I would rather he had left last

50、 week.PART. PART. 0505表示推测:表示推测:表示有规律的“注定会”You will fail if you dont work hard.Man will die without air.You will regret if you waste your time.PART. PART. 0606与完成时态连用与完成时态连用与完成时态连用Would have done (一般只用在(一般只用在if虚拟条件状语从虚拟条件状语从句的主句中)句的主句中)Would rather have done/ would rather not have done. 宁愿当时做了/没做(表虚

51、拟)(有后悔之意)I raised objections at the meeting, but now I would rather not have done that.Would like/ love to have done过去愿意(但没做成)(表虚拟)I would love to have gone to the party last night, but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.had better的用法 Had better的用法 Had better 后跟动词原形,意为“最好”。You had better g

52、et there before it gets dark. had better 的否定形式为had better not.You had better not quarrel with your neighbors whatever happened.need的用法need的用法need表示表示“需要需要”或或“必须必须”,作情态动词时,常用于,作情态动词时,常用于否定句或疑问否定句或疑问句中句中,和含条件状语从句的复合句中。在,和含条件状语从句的复合句中。在肯定句中一般用肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to,或,或should代替代替。否定形式。否定形式neednt 相当于相当于 dont have to.You neednt come if you are busy.We neednt hurry, for there is plenty of time. -Need

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