第三讲 催化裂化装置

1、Secondary Processing of Crude Oil 原油的二次加工原油的二次加工Section 1 Catalytic cracking Device 催化裂化装置催化裂化装置催化裂化是炼油工业中最重要的二次加工工艺，是催化裂化是炼油工业中最重要的二次加工工艺，是重油改质的重要手段之一，已成为当今石油炼制的重油改质的重要手段之一，已成为当今石油炼制的核心工艺之一，在炼油工业中占有极其重要的地位。核心工艺之一，在炼油工业中占有极其重要的地位。 Catalytic cracking is the most important secondary process in the oil

2、 refining industry and one of the most important means of heavy oil modification. It has become one of the core processes of petroleum refining, occupying an extremely important position in the oil refining industry. InductionThe catalytic cracking process is the process that, in the condition of at

3、mospheric pressure and 450 C 510 C, with the effect of the acid catalyst, using heavy distillate oil or residual oil such as vacuum distillate oil and coker gas oil as raw materials, cracks and transforms into gas, liquid products (gasoline, diesel oil, heavy diesel oil, slurry oil) and coke. 催化裂化过程

4、是以减压馏分油、焦化催化裂化过程是以减压馏分油、焦化蜡油等重质馏分油或渣油为原料，在常蜡油等重质馏分油或渣油为原料，在常压和压和450510条件下，在酸性催化剂条件下，在酸性催化剂的作用下，发生裂解，转化生成气体、的作用下，发生裂解，转化生成气体、液体产物液体产物(汽油、柴油、重柴油、油浆汽油、柴油、重柴油、油浆 )和和焦炭的过程。焦炭的过程。The catalytic cracking process 催化裂化过程催化裂化过程distillate composition 馏分组成馏分组成characteristics factor 特性因数特性因数relative density 相对密度相

5、对密度aniline point 苯胺点苯胺点carbon residue 残碳残碳sulfur content 含硫量含硫量Nitrogen 含氮量含氮量metal content 金属含量金属含量Indicators to evaluate the raw materials of catalytic cracking 评价催化裂化的指标评价催化裂化的指标The catalytic cracking process consists of three parts：raw oil catalytic cracking, catalytic regeneration and product s

6、eparation. After distillation, the products of catalytic cracking can produce gas, gasoline, diesel fuel and heavy distillate oil while some recycle oil is returned to the reactor to be further processed. Changes of catalytic cracking operating conditions or fluctuations of raw materials will lead t

7、o fluctuations in product composition.The catalytic cracking process 催化裂化工艺催化裂化工艺催化裂化工艺由三部分组成：原料油催化裂化、催化剂再生、产物分催化裂化工艺由三部分组成：原料油催化裂化、催化剂再生、产物分离。催化裂化所得产物经分馏后可得到气体、汽油、柴油和重质馏分离。催化裂化所得产物经分馏后可得到气体、汽油、柴油和重质馏分油，部分回炼油则返回反应器继续加工。催化裂化操作条件的改变或油，部分回炼油则返回反应器继续加工。催化裂化操作条件的改变或原料波动，会导致产品组成波动。原料波动，会导致产品组成波动。The react

8、ion-regeneration system 反应反应-再生系统再生系统The fractionation system分馏系统分馏系统The absorption stabilization system吸收稳定系统吸收稳定系统The energy recovery system能量回收系统能量回收系统part of the expansion 扩充部分扩充部分dry gas ，liquefied petroleum gas desulfurization unit 干气、液化气脱硫单元干气、液化气脱硫单元gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas sweeteni

9、ng unit 汽油、液化气脱硫醇单元汽油、液化气脱硫醇单元 three-machine units 三机单元三机单元The Device Component Units装置组成单元装置组成单元Reaction-regeneration system 反应再生系统反应再生系统 fresh raw oil recycle slurry oilsteamriser reactorcyclone separatorregeneratorMain fanairCatalyst storage tankenergy recovery unitRegenerated flue gassettlerFrac

10、tionation unitAfter preheating, fresh raw oil is mixed with the recycle oil, and injected into the lower part of riser reactor in spray pattern through raw oil nozzle, contacts with the regenerative thermal catalyst in the riser and vaporizes immediately. Oil gas, atomizing steam and pre-lift steam

11、carrying the catalyst rise speed along the riser and complete the cracking reaction, and then enter the settle settlement segment through speed separator. 新鲜原料油经预热后与回炼油混合，由原料油喷嘴以雾化状新鲜原料油经预热后与回炼油混合，由原料油喷嘴以雾化状态喷入提升管反应器下部，在提升管中与再生热催化剂接触态喷入提升管反应器下部，在提升管中与再生热催化剂接触并立即汽化，油气、雾化蒸汽及预提升蒸汽携带催化剂沿提并立即汽化，油气、雾化蒸汽及预

12、提升蒸汽携带催化剂沿提升管高线速上升并完成裂化反应，然后经快速分离器进入沉升管高线速上升并完成裂化反应，然后经快速分离器进入沉降器的沉降段。降器的沉降段。Reaction-regeneration system 反应再生系统反应再生系统 反应生成的气体、汽油、液化反应生成的气体、汽油、液化气、柴油等馏分与未反应的组气、柴油等馏分与未反应的组分携带少量催化剂经两级旋风分携带少量催化剂经两级旋风分离器分出夹带的催化剂后离分离器分出夹带的催化剂后离开沉降器进入分馏单元。被分开沉降器进入分馏单元。被分离出的积有焦炭的待生催化剂离出的积有焦炭的待生催化剂落入沉降器下部，经待生斜管落入沉降器下部，经待生斜

13、管进入再生器用空气烧焦，催化进入再生器用空气烧焦，催化剂恢复活性后再进入提升管参剂恢复活性后再进入提升管参加反应，形成循环。再生器顶加反应，形成循环。再生器顶部烟气进入能量回收单元。部烟气进入能量回收单元。The creating gas, gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas, diesel and other distillate and unreacted components carrying a small amount of catalyst by two-stage cyclone separator leave the settlement int

14、o the fractionation unit. Isolated spent catalyst storing coke fall into the lower part of the precipitator, enter into regenerator though spent inclined tube to burn in air, then go into the riser after recovering activity to participate in the reaction and form a cycle. The gas in the top of regen

15、erator enters into the energy recovery unit.Reaction-regeneration system 反应再生系统反应再生系统 Fractionation system 分馏系统分馏系统The high temperature reaction oil and gas from precipitator carry a small amount of catalyst into the bottom of the fractionating tower in which it is divided into rich gas, crude gasol

16、ine, light diesel oil, heavy diesel oil, recycle oil and slurry oil, etc. 由沉降器来的高温反应油气携带着少量催化剂进入分馏塔由沉降器来的高温反应油气携带着少量催化剂进入分馏塔下部，在分馏塔内被分割成富气、粗汽油、轻柴油、重柴下部，在分馏塔内被分割成富气、粗汽油、轻柴油、重柴油、回炼油和油浆等馏分。油、回炼油和油浆等馏分。 Rich gas and crude gasoline comes from the top of the tower, enters into the oil and gas separator af

17、ter cooling to separate the gas and gasoline. And rich gas comes out from the top of separator while crude gasoline comes out from the bottom to absorb and stabilize system. After steam stripping, heat transferring and cooling, the light and heavy diesel oil is sent out the device.富气和粗汽油自塔顶出来，经冷却后进入

18、油气分离器，使气体和汽油富气和粗汽油自塔顶出来，经冷却后进入油气分离器，使气体和汽油分开，富气从分离器顶部出来，粗汽油从底部出来去吸收稳定系统。分开，富气从分离器顶部出来，粗汽油从底部出来去吸收稳定系统。轻、重柴油经汽提、换热或冷却后送出装置。轻、重柴油经汽提、换热或冷却后送出装置。Fractionation system 分馏系统分馏系统 The recycle oil is returned to the reaction-regeneration system to refine. The slurry oil from the bottom of tower exchanges hea

19、t and gets cooling though the slurry oil steam generator, part of which goes to fractionation tower to participate in the cycle while the rest comes back to reaction-regeneration system to refine or be reserved for the device for personal use fuel. 回炼油返回反应回炼油返回反应-再生系统进行回炼。油浆从塔底抽出，经油浆蒸汽发再生系统进行回炼。油浆从塔

20、底抽出，经油浆蒸汽发生器换热降温后，一部分回分馏塔参加循环，另一部分返回反应生器换热降温后，一部分回分馏塔参加循环，另一部分返回反应-再生再生系统回炼或留作装置自用燃料。系统回炼或留作装置自用燃料。Fractionation system 分馏系统分馏系统In order to take away the excess heat of the fractionating tower to equally distribute tower gas and liquid load, four circulating reflux are located in different places of

21、 the tower: the top circulating reflux, one midpiece reflux, two midpiece reflux and slurry oil cycling reflux. Figure 1-2-2 is a typical process flow diagram of the fractionation system.为了取走分馏塔的过剩为了取走分馏塔的过剩热量以使塔内气、液相热量以使塔内气、液相负荷分布均匀，在塔的负荷分布均匀，在塔的不同位置分别设有不同位置分别设有4个个循环回流：顶循环回流循环回流：顶循环回流，一中段回流、二中段，一中段

22、回流、二中段回流和油浆循环回流。回流和油浆循环回流。Fractionation system 分馏系统分馏系统 1再生器稀相段再生器稀相段;2反应器稀相段反应器稀相段3提升管反应器提升管反应器;4加热炉加热炉;5回炼油罐回炼油罐;6分馏塔分馏塔.I烟气烟气II主风主风;III预提升蒸气预提升蒸气 ;IV新鲜原料油新鲜原料油;汽提蒸汽汽提蒸汽 ;VI富气富气;II粗汽油粗汽油;VIII轻柴油轻柴油;IX重柴油重柴油;X油油浆.氧化用空气氧化用空气Combustionair再生器再生器regenerator反应器反应器reactor分馏塔分馏塔fractionator湿气体湿气体 Wetgas不稳

23、定汽油不稳定汽油unstabilizedgasline轻催化裂化粗柴油轻催化裂化粗柴油lightcatalyticgasoil重催化裂化粗柴油重催化裂化粗柴油heavycatalyticgasoil中间催化裂化粗柴油中间催化裂化粗柴油intermediatecatalyticgasoil再循环再循环recycle加入粗柴油加入粗柴油gasoilcharge所谓三机是指主风机、气压机和增压机。如果将反所谓三机是指主风机、气压机和增压机。如果将反应应-再生单元作为装置的核心部分，那么主风机就是催再生单元作为装置的核心部分，那么主风机就是催化裂化装置的心脏，其作用是将空气送入再生器，使化裂化装置的心

24、脏，其作用是将空气送入再生器，使催化剂在再生器中烧焦，使待生催化剂再生，恢复活催化剂在再生器中烧焦，使待生催化剂再生，恢复活性以保证催化反应的继续进行。性以保证催化反应的继续进行。增压机是将主风机出口的空气提压后作为催化剂输增压机是将主风机出口的空气提压后作为催化剂输送的动力风、流化风、提升风，以保证反应送的动力风、流化风、提升风，以保证反应-再生系统再生系统催化剂的正常循环。催化剂的正常循环。气压机的作用是将分馏系统来的气体压缩升压后送气压机的作用是将分馏系统来的气体压缩升压后送入吸收稳定单元，同时通过调节气压机转数也可达到入吸收稳定单元，同时通过调节气压机转数也可达到控制沉降器顶部压力的目的，这是保证反应控制沉降器顶部压力的目的，这是保证反应-再生系统再生系统压力平衡的一个手段。压力平衡的一个手段。三机单元三机单元Three-machine unitsThe so-called three-machine refers to the main air blower, air compressor and booster. If the reaction-regeneration unit is regarded as the core of