2019人教版高中英语-必修第二册全册各单元语法

1、Unit 1 CULTURAL HERITAGE定语从句(3)一、限制性定语从句【观察】This is the computer that/which/(省略)he bought for his son yesterday.这是他昨天为儿子 买的电脑。The woman who/that survived the earthquake is Amy's English teacher.在地震中幸存的那 个女人是埃米的英语老师。He's a man whose opinion I respect.他是我尊重其意见的人。This is the same pen as I bough

2、t yesterday.这支笔和我昨天买的笔一样。(同样的但不是同 一个)That was a time when the two countries were at war.那是两国交战的时期。This is the reason why he was late yesterday.这就是他昨天迟到的原因。This is the farm where we worked when we were young.这就是我们年轻时在此干活的农 场。【归纳】限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的佳g，用于修饰和限定先行词。 如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整O这种从句和主句的关系十分密切,两者之间不用

3、逗号 分开。关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。引导限制性定语从句的关系代 词有 who、whom、whose> that、which、as,关系副词有 where、when、why。二、限制性定语从句需要注意的问题1. 在限制性定语从句中，关系代词指物时只能用that而不用which的情况：【观察】Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said?李老师讲的所有东西你都记下来了吗？ All that can be done has been done.所有能做的都做了。【归纳】(1)先行词为 all、everything> little

4、、few、none、nothing、anything、much 等 不定代 词_时。【观察】When people talk about Hangzhou, the first that comes to mind is the West Lake.半人们谈 及杭州时，第一个想到的就是西湖。【归纳】(2) 先行词是序数词 或被序数词修饰时。【观察】This is the most delicious food that I have ever had.这是我吃过的最美味的食物。【归纳】(3) 先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。【观察】The only thing that she c

5、ould do was go to the police station for help.她唯一能做的事就是 去警察局求助。This is the very book that Mother has been looking for.这就是妈妈一直在找的那本书。【归纳】(4) 先行词被 all、every、no、the only、the very、the last 等 修饰 时。【观察】Can you tell me the people and events that you saw in Britain?你能告诉我你在英国见到的 人和事吗？【归纳】(5) 当 先行词 既有人乂有物时。【观

6、察】Which is the car that killed the man?哪辆车撞死了 那个人？【归纳】(6) 主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时常用that 。2.当先行词是表示时间的time、day等或表示地点的place、house等时，一定要注意分析 从句的结构。【观察】I still remember the day that/which/（省略）we spent together in the city.我仍然记得我们在 那个城市一起度过的那一天。This is the room where Lau Shaw once lived.这是老舍曾经居住过的房间。【归纳】根据从句结

7、构，如果缺少主语、宾语或表语，关系词应用which或that（作宾语或 表语时可省略）,缺少时间状语或地点状语时才能用when或where 。3 “介词+关系代词”引导的限制性定语从句【观察】Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?你还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那 一天吗？We are looking for the person to whom the book belongs.我们正在寻找这本书的主人。【归纳】“介词+关系代词”结构中的关系代词只可用whom或which,不可用who或that。如果 先行词指“”,用“介词+wh

8、om”;如果先行词指“物”,用“介词+which”； 关系代词有时也用whose（作定语）。（2）“介词+关系代词”结构中的介词的确定【观察】This is the house in which I lived two years ago.这是我两年前住过的房子。【归纳】 根据与先行词搭配的意:义。【观察】In the dark street, there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help 在漆黑的大 街上,没有一个她可以求助的人。Trading leather shoes is the career to w

9、hich the Greens are devoted.做皮鞋生意是格林一家 非常投入的事业。【归纳】 根据从句中动词或形容词的固定搭配O【名师点津】在定语从句中，有一些含介词的动词短语不可拆开使用，如look after、look foi listen to、 pay attention to、take care of 等不能把介词移至 which 或 whom 之前。The babies after whom the nurses are looking are very healthy.（误）【观察】The colorless gas without which we cannot li

10、ve is called oxygen.这种无色的、没有它我们 就无法生存的气体被称为氧气。【归纳】 根据句子的意思O【观察】I have about 10 books, half of which were written by Lu Xun.我有大约 10 本书，其中一半是 鲁迅写的。【归纳】 表示“所有”关系或嚏体中的一部分”时，通常用介词 _oC。单句语法填空1. They were well trained by 什wir masters who/that had great experience with caring for these animals.解析考查定语从句。句意:它

11、们被主人训练得很好，这些主人在照顾这些动物方面 经验丰富。分析句子结构可知设空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词masters,指人，故填 who/that o2. Their child is at the stage whew she can say individual words but not full sentences解析 考查定语从句。句意:他们的孩子正处于只会说单个的词不会说完整的句子的 阶段。先行词为stage,关系词在定语从句中作状语，故用whereo3. The students benefiting most from college are those who are to

12、tally engaged（参 与）in academic life.解析考查定语从句。句意:从大学中获益最多的学生是那些全力参与学术生活的学 生。those作先行词时，关系代词一般用whoo4. We have entered into an age when dreams have the best chance of coming true.解析考查定语从句。句意:我们已经进入一个梦想最有可能实现的时代。先行词为 an age（个时代），关系词在从句中作时间状语,故用关系副词when。5. Kristin Chenoweth and Peter Gallagher star in the

13、 musical comedy by Betty Comden and Adolph Green, about a Broadway producer who/that tries to win a movie star's love during a cross-country train journey.解析考查限制性定语从句。句意:克里斯汀肯诺恩斯和彼得盖勒在贝蒂康登和阿 道夫格林编写的音乐喜剧中担任主角，这部喜剧是关于一个在穿越全国的火车旅行中试 图赢得一位电影明星喜爱的白老汇制片人。设空处引导定语从句，先行词为Broadway producer,关系词在定语从句中作主语，指人

14、。故用关系词who/thato6. Publishers already in business, people who/that were owners of successful papers, had little desire to change the tradition.解析考查限制性定语从句。句意:已经开始营业的出版商，即那些拥有成功报纸的 人，并不想改变这一传统。设空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词people,指人，关系词在从句中 作主语。故填who/thato7. The mirrors are controlled by a computer that/which direct

15、s them to turn along with the sun throughout the day and to close during windy weather.解析考查限制性定语从句。句意:镜子是山一台电脑控制的,这台电脑指示它们全 天随太阳转动，在刮风的天气里关闭。设空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词a computer,指物, 关系词在从句中作主语,故填关系代词that/which。8. In the cafe, customers will enjoy themselves in the historical environment that/which is created f

16、or them.解析考查限制性定语从句。句意:在咖啡馆里,顾客将在为他们创造的历史环境中 尽情享受。设空处引导定语从句，修饰指物的先行词environment,且关系词在从句中作主 语,故填关系代词that/whicho9. No sooner did she leave my doorstep than I had emails from two women whose kids go to my son's nursery and who/that recognized my face解析考查限制性定语从句。句意:她一离开我家的门阶，我就收到两位女士的邮件, 她们的孩子和我儿子上一

17、个幼儿园，并且她们认出了我。第一空引导定语从句，先行词为 women,关系词在从句中作定语，用关系词whose;笫:空引导定语从句，先行词为women, 关系词在从句中作主语，用关系词who/thato10. And if a predator can move on to another species that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare, the switch allows the original prey to recover.解析考查限制性定语从句。句意:当一种猎物变得稀缺时，如果掠食动物会转向捕 食更容易找

18、到的另一物种，这种转变会使最初的那种猎物恢复。设空处引导定语从句，先 行词species被不定代词another修饰。故用关系词thato11. It also doesn't require a new type of technology that/which people aren't already familiar with.解析 考查限制性定语从句。句意:它也不需要一种人们还不熟悉的新型技术。设空 处引导定语从句，先行词为technology,关系词在定语从句中作介词with的宾语，指物，故填 关系词 that/whicho12. Researchers from

19、Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device（装置） that/which gets around this problem: a smart keyboard.解析考查限制性定语从句。句意:来自佐治亚理工学院的研究人员说，他们已经想 出了一种低成本的、能解决这个问题的装置:智能键盘。设空处引导定语从句，先行词为 device,关系词在定语从句中作主语，指物，故填关系词that/which。13. Then there's the kind of popularity that/which appears

20、in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.解析考查限制性定语从句。句意:然后在青春期出现了这种流行:权力和甚至不光 彩的行为所产生的地位。先行词为popularity,关系词在定语从句中作主语，指物。故填that 或 which o14. The reason why I love western music is that the piece of music named Fate Symphony by Beethoven has inspired me a lot to move on when

21、 I am in difficulty.解析考查限制性定语从句。句意:我喜欢西方音乐的原因是山贝多芬创作的名为 命运交响曲的这首曲子在我困难的时候给了我很大的鼓舞，让我继续前进。先行词表 示原因，关系词在定语从句中作原因状语。故填why。15. For football and basketball,adding talented players to a team proves a good me什iod,but only up to the point where 70% of the players are top talent.解析考查限制性定语从句。句意:对于足球和篮球来说，在一个球

22、队中增加有天赋 的球员证明是一个好方法，但只有达到70%的球员是顶级人才的情况。先行词point表示 "情况”为抽象地点。故用关系词whereo16. On a regular day,students at the school sometimes come up to him to say they're not feeling well or other times to tell him about something that happened at break.解析 考查限制性定语从句。句意:在一个正常的日子里，学校的学生有时会来找他 说他们感觉不舒服，或者其他时

23、候告诉他课间休息时发生的事悄。设空处引导定语从句， 关系词在从句中作主语,先行词something为不定代词，引导限制性定语从句的关系词只 能用thato17. The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005when the government started a soil-testing program that/which gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmersand 2011,fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million

24、 tons.解析 考查定语从句。句意:中国农业部发现，从2005年到2011年，化肥使用量下降 7 770万吨，在2005年政府启动土壤检测项LI,此项LI向农民提供特定的化肥建议。分析 句子可知设空处引导定语从句，先行词表示物,关系词在定语从句中作主语，故用that或者 which o18. Many westerners who/that come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.解析考查定语从句。句意:许多来到中国的西方

25、人一旦意识到在外面吃饭是多么便 宜，他们自己做饭的次数就会比在自己的国家少得多。先行词指人,关系词在定语从句中 作主语，故用who或thato19. Self-driving is an area where China and the rest of the world are on the same startine line.解析考查定语从句。句意:无人驾驶是一个中国和世界其他国家处在同一起跑线上 的领域。设空处引导定语从句，指代先行词area,在从句中作地点状语。故填where。20. The little problems that/which we meet in our dail

26、y lives may be inspirations for great inventions解析 考查定语从句。句意:我们在日常生活中遇到的小问题可能就是伟大发明的灵 感。分析句子结构可知，先行词为problems,指物,关系词在定语从句中作宾语，故用 that/whicho21 I live next door to a couple whose children often make a lot of noise解析考查定语从句。句意:我住在一对夫妻隔壁，他们的孩子总是制造很多噪音。 根据句意和结构可知，设空处引导定语从句,关系词在定语从句中作定语，故使用关系代词 whose o22.

27、 Some experts think reading is Hie fundamental skill upon which school education depends解析 考查定语从句。句意:一些专家认为阅读是学校教育依靠的基本技能。depend upon二depend on依幕，依赖。结合句意及句子结构可知，此处为“介词+关系代词”结构，先行 词the fundamental skill指物,故用关系代词which=23. Creating an atmosphere in which employees feel part of a team is a big challenge

28、.解析考查定语从句。句意:创造一种使员工感到是团队的一部分的氛围是一个很大 的挑战。分析句子可知此处为“介词+关系代词”结构,先行词an atmosphere指物，故填 which o24. The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere where his employees enjoy their work.解析考查定语从句。句意:这家公司的老板正在努力创造一种舒适的氛围,在这种 氛围中他的员工能够享受工作。分析句子可知，从句不缺主语、宾语和表语，故应选择关 系副词，先行词是atmosphere,是抽象的地点，故

29、填whereo25. As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time when he should be able to be independent.解析考查定语从句。句意:作为家里最小的孩子，亚历克斯总是盼着自己能独立的 时刻。分析句子可知，设空处引导定语从句，从句中不缺主语、宾语和表语，山此判断用关 系副词，而先行词the time表示的是时间，故用关系副词when。同义句转换26. There was a time when people may have felt awkward abo

30、ut asking for a table for one,but those days are over.-Tliere was a time at which people may have felt awkwaid about asking for a table for one,but those days are over.27. He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper who he's on a first-name basis with if he wan

31、ts to have a little interaction（交流）.He likes that he can sit and check liis phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he's on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction（交流）.UNIT 2 WILDLIFE PROTECTION现在进行时的被动语态一、现在进行时的被动语态的含义现在进行时的被动语态表示现在或现阶段正在进行或发生的被动动作，强调主语是 动作的承受者。二、现

32、在进行时的被动语态的构成【观察】Some trees in the park are being cut down.公园里的一些树正在被砍倒。The engineer is not being treated fairly. U前这位工程师没有被公平地对待。Are the babies being taken care of by this nurse?这些婴儿正在被这个护士照顾吗？Who is being trained for the coming English speech contest?为了 即将到来的英语演讲比赛, 谁正在被培训？【归纳】1 肯定式:主语+am/is/are+be

33、ing done ;2. 否定式:主语+am/is/are+not being done ;3. 一般疑问式: Am/Is/Are+上语+being done ;4. 特殊疑问式: 特殊疑问词+am/is/are（+主语）+being done 。三、现在进行时的被动语态的用法【观察】He is being treated in China now.他现在正在中国接受治疗。Preparations are being made for the 2022 Olympic Winter Games in Zhangjiakou. 在张家 口,（人们）正在为2022年冬季奥运会做准备。10Tom i

34、s always being praised by the teacher.汤姆总是被这位老师表扬。He may be being interviewed by reporters at the moment.他此刻可能正在被记者们采访。【归纳】1表示说话时 正在进行 的被动动作，句中常用now. at the moment等时间状语；2. 表示现阶段正在进行的被动动作（说话时不一定在进行）；3. 表示一种 习惯的 被动行为，常与always> constantlyforever等词连用，表示赞赏、 羡慕、厌恶等感情色彩；4. 与某些情态动词连用，表示对正在发生的动作的。四、使用现在进行

35、时的被动语态应注意的问题【观察】Look!The children are being taken care of by their aunt.瞧!孩子们正山他们的姨妈照看着。 The telephone is in use （=is being used） now.这部电话正在使用中。The book belongs to him.这本书属于他。【归纳】1 动词短语用于现在进行时的被动语态时，其中的如L不可省略；2. “be （am/is.如©）“111（1曲111+11.”结构有时可相当于 现在进行时的被动语态;3. 些表示状态、心理活动、拥有等的动词（短语）如stay、love

36、> have> want、belong to 等不用于现在进行时的被动语态。单句语法填空1. My washing machine is being repaired （repair） this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.解析考查现在进行时的被动语态。句意:本周我的洗衣机正在维修中，因此我不得不 用手洗我的衣服。根据时间状语this week和后半句可知，洗衣机正在维修中，本空应用现 在进行时;且主语My washing machine和动词repair之间为被动关系，故本空应用现在进 行时的被动语态。2. Now sim

37、ilar concerns are being raised （raise） by the giants（巨头）解析 考查现在进行时的被动语态。句意:现在，巨头们正提出类似的担忧.。根据 时间状语Now可知，本空应用现在进行时,且主语concerns和动词raise之间为被动关系, 故本空应用现在进行时的被动语态。I3. They are living with their parents for the moment because their own house is being rebuilt （rebuild）.解析考查现在进行时的被动语态。句意:他们此刻正和他们的父母住在一起，因为他

38、 们自己的房子正在重建中。根据for the moment可知，本空应用现在进行时,且动词rebuild 与其逻辑主语their own house之间为被动关系，故本空应用现在进行时的被动语态。4. It is reported that many a new house is being built （build） at present in the disaster area 解析 考查现在进行时的被动语态。句意:据报道,LI前灾区正在建造许多新房子。根据at present可知，本空应用现在进行时,且动词build与其逻辑主语many a new house之 间为被动关系，故本空应用

39、现在进行时的被动语态。注意:本空主语为-manya+可数名词 单数”形式,故谓语动词应用单数形式。完成句子5. 在亚洲的其他地方，正在釆取更令人震惊的行动。Elsewhere in Asia even more astonishing actions are being taken 6. 据报纸报道,武汉正在建设儿条新的地铁线路。It is reported in 什w newspaper that several new subway lines “re being built in Wuhan.句型转换7. Many village communities feel their count

40、ryside is being ruined by the power-producing machines of wind farms.（改为主动语态）-Many village conmiunities feel the power-producing machines of wind farms aw ruining their coimtryside .8. The water supply has been cut off temporarily because the workers are repairing one of the main pipes.（改为被动语态）tTIw

41、water supply has been cut off temporarily becauseone of the main pipes isbeing repaired by the workers 9. The old temple whose roof was damaged in a storm is now under repair（改为同 义句）tTIw old temple whose roof was damaged in a stonnis now being repaired 根据要求进行句式变化10. The education programme is under

42、discussion 将画线部分改为现在进行时的被动语态ItTIw education progi'aniine is being discussed 将句改为一般疑问句> Is the education programme being discussed? 对句中的The education programme进行提问t What is being discussed?UNIT 3 THE INTERNET现在完成时的被动语态一、现在完成时的被动语态的结构【观察】He has been selected to take part in the sports meeting.M

43、ore than 100 famous films have been shown in the city since July.【归纳】现在完成时的被动语态的结构为:have/has been+过去分词二、现在完成时的被动语态的用法【观察】(1 )The house has been cleaned up by my elder brother.(2) The machine has been repaired for two hours(3) 1 will go to play football as soon as the homework has been finished(4) Yo

44、u will take over his job if he has been sent abroad【归纳】1例句(1)表示被动的动作在说话之前已经 定成，强调过去的动作对现在造成的影 响。2 例句(2)表示一个被动的动作开始于过去，持续到现生，并且有可能继续持续下去, 常与带for或since的时间状语连用,或用于How long.?句型中。3. 例句表示在时间或条件等状语从句中，表示将来某时已完成的动作,即用现 在完成时的被动语态代替将来完成时的被动语态。三、主动语态变成被动语态【观察】(1) We have built many houses in the past ten years

45、.-Many houses have been built by us in the past ten yeai s.(2) We have given him the book>He has been given the book by us.>Tlie book lias been given to him by us.(3) 1 have made her work hardShe has been made to work hard by me.(4) He has thought of a way of doing it.tA way of doing it has be

46、en thought of by him.【归纳】l.lll(l)可知，只带有一个宾语的动词变为被动语态时,将原来的宾语变为被动句的 主语。2.111(2)可知，可跟双宾语的动词，如 give, send, bring, take, teach, show, sing, write, read, sell, buy, tell, pay, lend, pass, promise等，变为被动语态时,可将其中一个宾语变为主语，另一个保留。把直接宾语变为被动句的主语时，间接宾语前通常需加仙o 3.111(3)可知，带有复合宾语的动词变为被动语态时,要将原来的宾语变为被动句的，原来的宾语补足语改为 主

47、语补足语。原来省略to的不定式作宾语补足语的, 在被动语态中要还原to o4.111(4)可知，动词短语是一个不可分割的整体，在被动语态中要保持其完整性，不可省略动 词短语中的介词或副词o四、现在完成时的被动语态需要注意的问题【观察】误:How long has this book been bought?IE:How long ago was this book bought?No books have been bought since last week【归纳】ill finish.buy,start,begin,postreturn,borrowjoinjnarry,open 等 非延

48、续性动词 构成的现在完成时的被动语态不能与表示一段时间的状语 连用，如for four days>how long 等。I但这类动词在否定句中也能与 也亠或for引出的表示一段时间的状语连用。单句语法填空1. Wildlife has been threatened (threaten) greatly in the modern age. There are species (物种)that are disappearing every day.解析考查动词的时态和语态。句意:在现代，野生生物受到了极大的威胁。每天都有 物种在消失。根据句意可知野生生物在现代已经受到了极大的威胁,导致物

49、种正在消失, 所以此处用现在完成时表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响，且Wildlife和threaten之间是 被动关系，故填 has been threatened 2. It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been poorly studied (study).解析 考查动词的语态。句意:很难计算出全球北极熊的数LI,因为大部分的北极熊的 分布范围没有被充分地研究。从句的主语much of the range和study之间是被动关系，故 用被动语态

50、。3. Six years after its launch,Cuddle Buddies continues to expand. Now over 25,000 stuffed animals have been donated (donate) to agencies worldwide.解析 考查动词的时态和语态。句意:Cuddle Buddies发起后六年,这个项訂不断扩 大。现在超过25,000毛绒玩具已经被捐赠给世界各地的代理机构。stuffed animals和 donate之间是被动关系，且表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响,故用现在完成时的被 动语态。4. The prob

51、lems of excessive(过度白勺)energy consumption, climate change and population growth have been described (describe) in a book by the American writer Thomas L.Friedman. He fears the worst, but hopes for the best.解析 考查动词的时态和语态。句意:过度的能源消耗、气候变化、人口增长带来的问 题在美国作家托马斯L弗里德曼所写的书中都有阐述。他担心最坏的情况，但抱最好的 希望。句子的主语problems

52、和describe之间是被动关系，且根据句意可知,此处表示过去 发生的动作对现在的影响，故填have been describedo5. While much of the debate so far has been focused (focus) on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions (排放)and o

53、ffer more convenient, affordable mobility options.解析 考查动词的时态和语态。根据前文时间状语so far可知，本空应该使用现在完成 时，乂因为主语much of the debate与focus之间是被动关系，故用被动语态。故填has been focusedo6. Use a fire extinguisher only if you have been trained (train) to do so.解析 考查动词的时态和语态。句意:你只有已经接受过培训才能使用灭火器。在条件 状语从句中用现在完成时表示将来完成时，且you和train之

54、间是被动关系,故用现在完成 时的被动语态，即have been trained o7. Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost (lose).解析考查动词的时态和语态。本句强调爵士乐变化对现在的影响，故用现在完成时， 乂因为从句的主语与lose之间是被动关系，故用被动语态。故填has been losto8. Sarah has been told/was told (tell) that she could be Bri

55、tain's new supermodel, earning a million dollars in the next year.解析 考查动词的时态和语态。根据语境可知Sarah与tell之间为被动关系，故用被动 语态。此处既可以用一般过去时表示过去发生的动作，也可以用现在完成时，表示过去发 生的动作对现在的影响。故填has been told/was told。9. Already this year, 115 measles cases have been reported (report)in the US A,compared with 189 for all of las

56、t year.解析 考查动词的时态和语态。句意:今年，美国已经报道了 115例麻疹，相比去年整年 的189例。根据Already可知，应用现在完成时，且115 measles cases和report之间是被动 关系，故应用现在完成时的被动语态。10. The dictionary is out of date: many words have been added (add) to the language since it was published.解析 考查动词的时态和语态。句意:这本词典已经过时了:自它出版以来，许多词汇已 经被添加进了这门语言中。根据since引导的时间状语从句，可

57、知此处应用现在完成时， 且words和add之间是被动关系，故应用现在完成时的被动语态。11. According to some developmental psychologists, the nature of babies* play has been thoroughly investigated (investigate).1解析 考查动词的语态。句意:根据一些发展心理学家，婴儿游戏的本质已被彻底调查。nature和investigate之间是被动关系，故应用过去分词。12. Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears , none of which have/hns been proved (prove).解析考查动词的时态和语态及主谓一致。句意:就人类为什么哭，科学家提出了许多 理论，但没有一项理论得到过证实。根据句意可知，这些理论到现在还没有被证实,故用现 在完成时的被动语态。none作主语时，谓语动词既可以用单数也可以用复数。13. Despite the previous roun