Lesson8OperationandMaintenanceofMainEngine剖析

1、Lesson 8 Operation and Maintenance of Main Engine第 8 课 主机的运行与养护Operati ng Procedures操作程序Medium-speed and slow-speed diesel engines will follow a fairly similar procedure forstarting and manoeuvring.中、低速柴油机的起动和操作的程序完全相似。Where reversing gearboxes or controllable-pitch propellers are used then enginere

2、versing is not necessary.当采用可换向减速齿轮箱或变距桨时主机不必逆转。A general procedure is now given for engine operation which details the main points intheir correct sequence.如下给出的为主机正确操作程序的要点。Where a manufacturers instruction book is available this should be consulted and used.当有厂家说明书时 , 应参照说明书。Preparati ons for sta

3、 ndby备车1. Before a large diesel is started it must be warmed through by circulating hot waterthrough the jackets, etc. This will enable the various engine parts to expand in relation toone another.1.在主机起动前 , 应通过在缸套中循环的热水对主机进行暖机 , 以使主机各部分相对膨胀。2. The various supply tanks, filters, valves and drains ar

4、e all to be checked.2.检查各补给柜、滤器、阀件 , 并放残。3. The lubricating oil pumps and circulating water pumps are started and all the visiblereturns should be observed.3.起动滑油泵、循环水泵 , 并观察回流情况。4. All control equipment and alarms should be examined for correct operation.4.检查所有控制设备和报警装置是否工作正常。5. The indicator cocks

5、 are opened, the turning gear engaged and the engine turnedthrough several complete revolutions5.打开示功旋塞 , 合上盘车机 , 转动主机几转In this way any water which may have collected in the cylinders will be forced out.如果气缸中有水将会被排出。6. The fuel oil system is checked and circulated with hot oil.6 检查燃油系统 , 并用热油对系统进行循环

6、。7. Auxiliary scavenge blowers, if manually operated, should be started.7.如果辅助扫气泵为手动起动 , 应将其起动。8.The turning gear is removed and if possible the engine should be turned over on airbefore closing the indicator cocks,8.脱开盘车机 , 如果可能 , 在关闭示功旋塞前 , 应使用空气转动主机。9. The engine is now available for standby.9.主机

7、现在已备好。The length of time involved in these preparations will depend upon the size of the engine.备车时间的长短取决于主机的尺寸。Engine starting起动1. The direction handle is positioned ahead or astern. This handle may be built into thetelegraph reply lever.1.将转向手柄置于正车或倒车位置（ 转向手柄可与车钟手柄做成一体 ）The camshaft is thus positi

8、oned relative to the crankshaft to operate the various cams forfuel injection, valve operation, etc.此时 , 凸轮轴相对曲轴处于某位置以转动用于燃油喷射、气阀启闭的各种凸轮。2.The manoeuvring handle is moved to start. This will admit compressed air into thecylinders in the correct sequence to turn the engine in the desired direction.2.

9、将操车手柄置于“起动” , 此时 , 压缩空气将按正确的顺序依次进入气缸 , 从而起动主机A separateair start button may be used.（另外 ） 可使用单独的起动按钮来起动主机。3. When the engine reaches, its firing speed the manoeuvring handle is moved to therunning position3.当主机转速达到发火转速时 , 将操车手柄移至“运转”位置Fuel is admitted and the combustion process will accelerate the e

10、ngine and starting airadmission will cease.油喷入气缸 , 燃烧开始并加速主机运转 , 此时 , 起动空气停止进入气缸。Engine revers ing换向When running at manoeuvring speeds:当机动航行时：1. Where manually operated auxiliary blowers are fitted they should be started.1. 起动辅助鼓风机 （若手动起动 ）。2.The fuel supply is shut off and the engine will quickly s

11、low down.2.切断燃油 , 主机转速会迅速降低。3. The direction handle is positioned astern.3. 将方向手柄置于倒车位置。4.Compressed air is admitted to the engine to turn it in the astern direction.4.压缩空气进入气缸 , 从而使主机倒车转动。5. When turning astern under the action of compressed air, fuel will be admitted.5.当主机在压缩空气作用下倒车转动时, 燃油喷入气缸The

12、combustion process will take over and air admission cease.燃烧过程开始 , 而压缩空气停止进入气缸。When running at full speed:全速航行时：1. The auxiliary blowers, where manually operated, should be started.1.起动辅助鼓风机 （若手动起动 ）。2.Fuel is shut off from the engine.2.主机停油。3. Blasts of compressed air may be used to slow the engine

13、 down.3.可以使用压缩空气使主机降速。4.When the engine is stopped the direction handle is positioned astern.4.当主机停车后 , 将方向手柄置于倒车位置。5. Compressed air is admitted to turn the engine astern and fuel is admitted to acceleratethe engine.5.压缩空气进入气缸 , 使主机倒车转动 , 燃油供入气缸以加速主机运转。The compressed air supply will then cease.此时 ,

14、 压缩空气停止供入气缸。Maintenance维修Diesel engines are remarkably simple in principle and require little in the way of routinemaintenance, although what little is required is essential to a long life.柴油机在原理上相当简单 , 且仅需较少的日常维护 , 虽然该维护对于柴油机维持较长的使用 寿命至关重要。The nozzles of the engine should when necessary be freed fr

15、om coke, which, especiallywhen heavy fuel oils containing asphalt are used, may deposit around and in the nozzleholes.发动机喷油嘴应无积炭 , 当使用含沥青重质燃料油时 , 积炭会沉积在喷油孔周围及其内部。If these deposits become so large that the spraying of the fuel oil is impaired, thecombustion will be poor and the exhaust smoky.如果积炭过多 ,

16、 以致妨碍燃油喷射 , 燃烧质量会变差并且导致冒黑烟。The engine should be regularly cleaned and inspected.应定期清洁和检查发动机。How often this should be done, depends, of course, principally on the working conditions,and the engineer in charge of the engine should therefore form an idea himself of thisguided by experience and make out

17、 a schedule of necessary operations.清洁和检查的周期原则上应依发动机的工况而定 , 并且主管轮机员应根据其经验制订必要 的维修计划。The following schedule may be useful as a guide.下述维修计划可作为有益参考。It assumesordinary running conditions, careful attendance and the use of suitablelubricating and fuel oils.该计划旨在保证运行状况正常、管理周到 , 并且使用合适的滑油和燃油。A further con

18、dition is that the engine is well run in.更进一步是为了使发动机运行良好。When necessary:有必要：1. Clean the nozzles.1.清洁喷油嘴。2.Clean the lubricating oil filters and sec that their strainer inserts are free from defects.2.清洗滑油滤器并且保证其滤芯完整无损。3. The lubricant nipples of the scavenging pump-fitted at each valve shaft bearin

19、g and atthe bearing and catch device of the manoeuvring segment - are lubricated with greasefrom time to time.3.扫气泵润滑剂喷嘴应经常润滑 , 喷嘴装于轴承的各个阀及位于操纵机构的轴承和接合处。Some of the lubricant nipples are located under the protecting cap. (Does not concernturbo charged engines)某些喷嘴位于保护罩之下 (增压柴油机不在考虑之列 )。After about 3

20、00 hours running:经 300 h 运转后：1. Clean the fuel oil fillers and see that their strainer inserts are free from defects.1.清洗燃油滤器并且保证其滤芯完整无损。2. Clean the air intake strainer.2.清洗空气进气滤器。3. Check the tightening of the stay-bolt nuts first time and afterwards once yearly.3 撑杆螺栓初次使用时应检查预紧力 , 以后每年检查一次。4. Lub

21、rication of the lubricating nipples on the control board (when such occur).4.润滑控制板上的喷嘴 ( 如果有 )。After about 2,000 hours running:经 2 000 h 运转后：1. Inspect the starting and safety valves.1.检查起动阀和安全阀。2.Remove and clean the working pistons. Check the compression chamber andmeasure the cylinder liners.2.吊出

22、活塞并清洁。检查压缩室并测量缸套。Replace worn piston and scraper rings. When renewing piston rings, place then in thelower grooves.更换磨损坏的活塞以及刮油环。当活塞环换新时 , 应将其装于下环槽。3. Clean the scavenging and exhaust ports.3.清洁扫气口和排气口(Note; under unfavourable working conditions or if the fuel oil used, is of a poorer quality,a more

23、 regular cleaning of pistons, scavenging and exhaust ports may be necessary.)(注：在工况恶劣或使用的燃油质量较差时 , 有必要对活塞、扫气口和排气口进行更多次的 定期清洁 )。4.Inspect the ring piston blower.4.检查环形活塞式扫气泵。Dismount the charge valves or valve covers and inspection covers.拆解排气阀或阀盖并检查阀盖。Check the piston slackness and the minimum dista

24、nce between piston wings and thepartition walls.检查活塞“松紧度”及活塞边缘和部分缸壁的最小间隙。Check the outer radial clearances between piston and housing. (Does not concern turbocharged engines).检查活塞与壳体的外部径向间隙 (增压柴油机不在考虑之列 )。5. Inspect the elastic coupling rubber bushes. (Does not concern turbo chargedengines).5.检查弹性连接

25、器橡皮垫子 (增压柴油机不在考虑之列 )。After about 4,000 hours running:经 4000h 运转后：1. At plants having lubricating oil tanks, drain and clean the tanks thus full with fresh orproperly cleaned oil.1.动力装置有滑油柜时 , 应进行放残和清洁 , 并加满新油或清洁过的油。Engines with wet sump must be subject to cleaning and replacement of oil whennecessar

26、y.当发动机有“湿油底壳”并需要对滑油清洁和换新时 , 必须清洁和换新。For all plants, more frequent cleaning and replacement of oil is necessary when theengine is new.对所有的动力装置 , 如发动机是新的 , 应更加频繁地对滑油清洁和换新。2.Check the crankshaft and its alignment in the bearings.2.检查曲轴及其轴承的对中。3. Inspect the ring piston blower. Dismount the piston.3.检查环

27、形活塞式扫气泵。拆卸活塞。Check the radial and axial clearances and the slackness of the piston.检查活塞的径向和轴向间隙以及搭口间隙。Check the min. distance between the piston wings and the partition walls.检查活塞边缘和部分缸壁的最小间隙。Check the gear wheels, the bearings and the bearings clearances. (Does not concernturbo charged engines).检查齿

28、轮、轴承及其轴承间隙 ( 增压柴油机不在考虑之列 ) 。4.Dismount and inspect the elastic coupling rubber bushes. (Does not concern turbocharged engines).4.检查弹性连接器橡皮垫子 (增压柴油机不在考虑之列 )。5. Clean the lubricate oil cooler. Check the tightness of water and oil systems.5.清洁滑油冷却器。检查系统的油水密封。After about 8,000 hours running:经 8 000 h 运转

29、后：1. Dismantle the working pistons and clean their oil chambers.1.吊出活塞并清洁油腔。2.Remove deposits from the cooling water spaces of the working cylinder cover andcylinders.2.清除气缸盖及其气缸冷却水空间的沉积物。3. Check and adjust the bottom and top end bearings.3.检查并调整上下底端轴承。4.Dismantle the exhaust pipe and the silencer

30、Remove soot and coke deposits.4.卸下排烟管和消音器 , 清除烟灰和积炭。5. Drain and clean the fuel oil tanks.5.燃料油舱放残和清洁。After about 16,000 hours running:经 16 000 h 运转后：1.Remove and adjust the main bearing brasses if necessary. Measure the wear, checkthe clearances and adjust them if necessary.1.若有必要 , 清除并调整主轴承铜套。测量磨损

31、量 , 若有必要 , 检查并调整间隙。2. Inspect the crankshaft carefully to see whether any cracks have developed.2.仔细检查曲轴 , 看是否有裂纹。B.Multiple Choice 选择题Questio ns 1-3 are based on paragraphs on Preparati ons for Stan dby.根据课文备车的准备工作部分回答问题1-51.The engine is now available for sta ndby. What will the len gth of time in

32、vo Ived inthese preparatio ns depe nd upo n主机现在可以备车，备车时间取决于什么？答案.CA. The size of fuel oil system.燃油系统的大小B. The turning gear.盘车机C. The size of the engine.主机的大小D. The scave nge blower.扫气鼓风机2.Which of the follow ing stateme nts does not bel ong to preparatio n for sta ndby?下列哪一表述不属于备车的准备工作？答案.DA.The va

33、rious supply tanks, filters valves and drains are all to be checked各种补给柜、滤器阀和泄放口都要检查。.B.All control equipment and alarms should be examined for correct operation.检查 所有控制设备和报警装置，确保其运转正常C.The fuel oil system is checked and circulated with hot oil.检查燃油系统并用热油 循环。D.The fuel supply is shut off and the eng

34、ine will quickly slow down.D.关闭燃油， 主机迅速减速。3.The in dicator cocks are ope ned, the turning gear en gaged and the engine tur nedthrough several complete revoluti ons. In this way_ which may have collected inthe cyli nders will be forced out.打开示功旋塞，合上盘车机，转动主机几整转。 这样如果 有_聚集在气缸里将被排出。答案:CA. any fuel oil任何

35、燃油B. any lube oil.任何滑油C. any water任何水D. any air任何空气4.Before a marine diesel engine is started the cylinders and pistons shouldbe_.在船用柴油机启动前气缸和活塞应该答案.BA.cooled to appropriate temperatures却到适当温度B.warmed up gradually to appropriate temperatures渐加热到适当温度C.opened up and renewe打开换新D.ground and polished研磨抛光

36、5.After the engine is warmed, we should_the turni ng gear before starti ng theengine.主机暖缸后，我们应在启动主机前一盘车机。答案.CA.take in吸人B. put in合上C.take out脱开D. put out熄灭6.The mano euvri ng han dle is moved to_This will admit compressed air intothe cyli nders in the correct seque nce to turn the engine in the desi

37、red direct ion.将操纵手柄转到位置。这样压缩空气将按正确的顺序进人气缸，以使主机按期望的方向转动。答案；CA. ahead正车B. astern倒车C. start启动D. ahead or astern正车或倒车7.When the engine reaches its firing speed the mano euvri ng han die is moved to thepositi on.当主机转速达到发火转速时，操纵手柄移至位置。答案.cA. ahead正车B. astern倒车C.running运行D. start启动8.When there are large d

38、eposits on the no zzles of the engine, what will happe n to thecombusti on?当主机喷嘴处有大的积炭，燃烧会怎样？答案.BA.The combustion will not be affected.燃烧不会受影响B.The combustion will be poor and the exhaust smoky燃烧会不良，且冒黑烟C.There will be no combustion.不会有燃烧D.No ne of the above is true.以上都不对9.After about 300 hours, r u

39、nning, what should we do?300 h 的运行后，我们应该做什么 ?0 素:DA.Clea n the fuel oil filters and see that their stra in er in serts are free from defects.清洁燃油滤器，确保其滤芯无损坏B.Clea n the air in take strai ner.清洁进气滤器C.Check the tightening of the stay-bolt nuts对拉杆螺栓螺母的拧紧度进行初次检查，以后每年检查一次D.All of the above.以上全部。10. After

40、 about 2, 000 hours, running, we11 do the following procedures except约 2 000 h的运行后，我们将进行下列步骤，除了_。答案:DA.in spect ing the starti ng and safety valve检查启动阀和安全阀B.clea ning the scave nging and exhaust port清 洁扫气口和排气口C.inspecting the ring piston blower检查环形活塞式鼓风机D.checking the crankshaft and its alignmen检查曲轴

41、及其对中情况A. Technical Terms 专业术语Tran slate the followi ng into Chi nese.将下列词组译成汉语。1.radial and axial cleara nce_1 径向和轴向间隙2.辅助扫风机示3 功旋塞4.操纵手柄5 方向手柄9.控制板6.滑油滤器10.环形活塞式鼓风机7 积炭8.润滑嘴11 弹性联轴节橡皮垫2.auxiliary scave nge blower3.in dicator cock_4.mano euvri ng handl _5.direct ion handl _6.lubricat ing oil filter_

42、7.cock deposit_8.lubricat ing n ipple_9.con trol board_10. ring pist on blower_11. elastic coupli ng rubber bush_B. Active Words 常用词Complete the followi ng sen ten ces by filli ng in the bla nks with the words in the table.Change the form of the words if n ecessary.从框中选词完成句子，如有必要改变词的形式。drainaccelera

43、teimpairin spectinvo Ivemeasuredism ount1.Fuel is admitted and the combustion process will_ the engine and starting airadmissi on will cease.1 .accelerate燃油进人气缸，燃烧过程会使主机加速，并中止启动空气的供应。2.The engine is now available for standby. The length of time_ in thesepreparati ons will depe nd upon the size of th

44、e engine.2.in volved主机现在已经备妥，这些准备工作需要的时间的长短取决于主机的尺寸。3. If these deposits become so large that the spraying of the fuel oil is_, thecombusti on will be poor and the exhaust smoky.3.impaired如果这些结炭过多损害到燃油喷射的质量，燃烧会不良并且冒黑烟。4.Check the compression chamber an _ the cylinder liners. Replace worn pistonand scraper rin