HND国际实物配送(共8页)

1、.1Transportation modesModeTotal mode costCost per palletTransit timeAdvantagesDisadvantagesSea62024.87daysCheap and large capacitySlow and high risksAir12652534hoursFast and secureExpensive and finite capacityRail1275512daysFast and large capacityLess flexible and need railroadDirect road135067.53da

2、ysBetter for shipped and convenientSmall capacity and expensiveMulti-mode118547.47 days 18 hoursReduce handing of cargo and quicker transit timesCost of investment is high Take sea as an example, because the shipping requires 25 pallets and the total cost is 620, the cost per pallet is 620/25=24.8.

3、In the similar way, other result also can be calculated, except the Multi-mode. The Multi-mode cost is 1185 including 125, 620, 295, and145, thus the cost per pallet is 1185/25=47.4. Air transportation is optimum choice. Air transportation can use the least time to convey goods due to faster speed.

4、Besides, it also ensures the security to a large extent relatively. However, it also has some disadvantages. Air transportation has expensive cost, and airport is distant from municipal center.Sea transportation also can be chosen. Though it is the slowest method and vulnerable to bad weather in oce

5、an, it is the lowest expenses of freight and carries the largest quantities.Angus Glen also can select rail. Rail has a large capacity and is less refrained by bad weather. Rail has these disadvantages, it is not much flexible and can not work without railroad.2 Consignment delivery termFCAFree Carr

6、ier (named place of delivery)A trade term requiring the seller to deliver goods named airport, terminal, or other place where carrier operates. Cost loss transfer buyer and risk of loss transfer to the buyer after deliver to the carriers. The seller fulfils his obligation deliver when he has handed

7、goods over, cleared for export, into the charge of the carrier named named by the buyer at the named place. When used trade terms, word“free” means seller has an obedience to deliver goods named place for transfer to carrier (, 2016). FOBFree On Board(named port of shipment)a term in

8、 international commercial law specifying at what point the seller transfers ownership of the goods to the buyer. Under the standard published by the , FOB is only used in non-containerized sea freight, and also defines ownership transfer. The owner of the goods is responsible for damage or loss duri

9、ng transport, so the point of ownership transfer is important(, 2016).CIFCost, Insurance & Freight (named port of destination)This term is broadly similar to the above CFR term, with the exception that the seller is required to obtain insurance for the goods while in transit to the n

10、amed port of destination. CIF requires the seller to insure the goods for 110% of their value under at least the minimu)m cover of the Institute Cargo Clauses of the Institute of London Underwriters, or any similar set of clauses. The policy should be in the same currency as the contract. CIF can be

11、 used by any transport by sea and air not limited to containerized or non-containerized cargo and includes all charges up to the port/terminal of entrance. CIP covers additional charges at the port/terminal of entrance(, 2016).CPTCarriage Paid to (named place of destination)The selle

12、r pays for the carriage of the goods up to the named place of destination. However, the goods are considered to be delivered when the goods have been handed over to the first or main carrier, so that the risk transfers to buyer upon handing goods over to that carrier at the place of shipment in the

13、country of Export. The seller is responsible for origin costs including export clearance and freight costs for carriage to the named place of destination. If the buyer requires the seller to obtain insurance, the Incoterm CIP should be considered instead(, 2016).CIPCarriage and Insur

14、ance Paid to (named place of destination)CIP requires the seller to insure the goods for 110% of the contract value under at least the minimum cover of the Institute Cargo Clauses of the Institute of London Underwriters or any similar set of clauses. The policy should be in the same currency as the

15、contract, and should allow the buyer, the seller, and anyone else with an insurable interest in the goods to be able to make a claim.CIP can be used for all modes of transport, whereas the Incoterm CIF should only be used for non-containerised seafreight(, 2016).DATDelivered At Termi

16、nal (named terminal at port or place of destination)This Incoterm requires that the seller delivers the goods, unloaded, at the named terminal. The seller covers all the costs of transport (export fees, carriage, unloading from main carrier at destination port and destination port charges) and assum

17、es all risk until arrival at the destination port or terminal.The terminal can be a Port, Airport, or inland freight interchange, but must be a facility with the capability to receive the shipment.All charges after unloading are to be borne by buyer. However, it is important to note that any delay o

18、r demurrage charges at the terminal will generally be for the sellers account(, 2016).DAPDelivered At Place (named place of destination)Under DAP terms, the risk passes from seller to buyer from the point of destination mentioned in the contract of delivery.Once goods are ready for s

19、hipment, the necessary packing is carried out by the seller at his own cost, so that the goods reach their final destination safely. All necessary legal formalities in the exporting country are completed by the seller at his own cost and risk to clear the goods for export(, 2016).DDP

20、Delivered Duty Paid (named place of destination)Seller is responsible for delivering the goods to the named place in the country of the buyer, and pays all costs in bringing the goods to the destination including import duties and taxes. The seller is not responsible for unloading. This term is ofte

21、n used in place of the non-Incoterm Free In Store. This term places the maximum obligations on the seller and minimum obligations on the buyer. No risk or responsibility is transferred to the buyer until delivery of the goods at the named place of destination(, 2016).Incoterm 2010Exp

22、ort-Customs declarationCarriage to port of exportUnloading of truck in port of exportLoading charges in port of exportCarriage(Sea Freight/Air Freight) to port of importUnloading charges in port of importLoading on truck in port of importCarriage to place of destinationInsuranceImport customs cleara

23、nceImport taxesEXWBuyerBuyerBuyerBuyerBuyerBuyerBuyerBuyerBuyerBuyerBuyerFCASellerSellerBuyerBuyerBuyerBuyerBuyer Buyer BuyerBuyerFOBSeller Seller Seller Seller BuyerBuyerBuyer BuyerBuyerBuyerCPTSeller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Buyer Buyer CIFSellerSellerSellerSellerSellerSell

24、erBuyerBuyerSellerBuyerBuyerCIPSeller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Buyer Buyer DATSeller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Buyer Buyer DAPSeller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Buyer Buyer DDPSeller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller

25、Seller Seller Seller For incoterms importance, it can ensure that transactions are finished successfully and safely. By negotiating, sellers and buyers can sign contract containing right and duty and other pertinent item. It also explicitly shows the price and cost between buyers and sellers. In gen

26、eral, buyers should pay cost, freight and insurance. It is good for solving conflict. In the end, incoterms is beneficial for relevant agencies to carry out operational activities3 Consolidation and groupage arrangementGroupageLess-than-container load (LCL) is a shipment that is not large enough to

27、fill a standard cargo container. The abbreviation LCL formerly applied to less than car load for quantities of material from different shippers or for delivery to different destinations carried in a single railway car for efficiency. LCL freight was often sorted and redistributed into different rail

28、way cars at intermediate railway terminals en route to the final destination.(Henry, Robert Selph (1942)LCL is a quantity of cargo less than that required for the application of a carload rate. A quantity of cargo less than that fills the visible or rated capacity of an inter-modal container. It can

29、 also be defined as a consignment of cargo which is inefficient to fill a shipping container. It is grouped with other consignments for the same destination in a container at a container freight station.2ConsolidationPeople take above Groupages containers to same warehouse to preserve together. Then

30、, carrying them to different boat according to these containers destination, for example, there are 5 containers and 2 boat. If 2 containers destination is the U.S, they will be carried on A boat.If another 3 containers is to UK, they will be carried on B boat.Circumstances when they could be usedTh

31、e groupage often is normally used by the sea, rail and direct road. Its number is not large and the goods have no rigorous time requirements.Consolidation is fit for air transportation and carries necessities, thus when some emergencies happens or transportation need less time, the consolidation wil

32、l be used. It acknowledges the general products instead of the exceptional productsCost effective pallet load levelBy the part 1, the choice is direct road whose cost is 1350 and to per pallet is 108 so result is 1350/108 =12.5. By calculating, the result is 12.5, so, when the load is equal to or bi

33、gger than 12.5 pallets, the direct road mode is effective. However, according to method, the result should be rounded to the nearest integer, thus the result is 13 finally.4 Least total costRoute AModeCostKirriemuir to CoatbridgeRoad145+28=173 poundsCoatbridge to SouthamptonRail 315+15+12*2+24.5+55=

34、433.5 poundsSouthampton to Port de montreal CanadaSea1880+24.5+34=1938.5 poundsPort de montreal Canada to Ecosse HotelRoad420+2*18+32=488 poundsHire cost 32*6=192 poundsInsurance 80*(1+10%)=88 poundsTotal cost3313 poundsRoute BModeCostKirriemuir to TillburyRoad505+32+6*15=627 poundsTillbury to Port

35、de montreal CanadaSea2010+24.5+34=2068.5 poundsPort de montreal Canada to Ecosse Hotel Road420+2*18+32=488 poundsHire cost 23*6=138 poundsInsurance 80 poundsTotal cost3401.5 poundsRoute Mode Least total cost ARoad Rail Sea Road3313 poundsBy above chart, Route A- Kirriemuir Bottling Plant to Coatbrid

36、ge Railport to Southampton Container Terminal to Port de Montreal Canada to Ecosse Hotel is optimum choice. Because the cost of Route A is lower than Route B.5 Procedures and documentation tableAreaProcedureDocumentationTransportationForemost, company selects freight forwarder and sign contract and convey the goods from UK to the port of exports. Then, company loads goods after checking. Next, the purchaser lets bearer to help convey the goods. Then, conveying them to Canada. Next, the purchasers empty the ship. Then, the purchaser convey th