非谓语动词(最新原创高考专题复习)

1、非谓语动词(the Non-Finite Verbs) 一.定义：不能做句子谓语，但是能做其他成分的词，叫作-。 二.分类： 1.不定式：(to) do 2.动名词：Ving 3.分词：现在分词（Ving）和过去分词（done）考点一.不定式和动名词做主语 规则1：当主语较长而谓语较短时，常用it作形式主语， It is human nature to want sth better; 规则2：动名词作主语通常表示抽象的或习惯性的动作， 而不定式作主语则表示具体的、某一次的行为。如： Smoking is forbidden in public places.(习惯性的) It is impo

2、ssible to go swimming this afternoon.(具体的) 规则3：不定式及动名词短语作主语时可转换成it作形式主语的结构。如： Its very hard to learn an art. It was no use sending him to a hospital. 规则4：带逻辑主语的动名词结构作主语时，可以和主语从句之间相互转换。如： His being elected our team leader made us all very excited.That he was elected our team leader made us all very e

3、xcited. 他被选为我们的队长，使我们都很兴奋。 规则5：“adj.for sb to do sth”与“adj.of sb to do sth”。 若形容词仅仅是描述事物，不是对不定式行为者的品格进行评价，用for sb，这类形容词有difficult, easy, hard, important, dangerous, (im)possible等；若形容词是对人物性格、特性等的描述，则常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语，这类形容词有brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good,

4、 nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, wicked, wrong等。如： Its very dangerous for children to cross the busy street. It is kind of you to lend me so much money.考点二不定式和动名词作宾语 规则1：以下动词只接to do: decide to do, expect to do,manage to do ,happen

5、to do , 规则2：以下动词只接doing: Consider doing, devote (oneself) to doing, be used to doing(注意与be used to do 的 区别) ，cant help doing(注意与cant help to do 的区别); 规则3: 接动名词和动词不定式作宾语意义有别的动词： (1)forget to do sth忘记要去做某事(此事未做) forget doing sth忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生) (2)stop to do sth停止、中断(某件事)，目的是去做另一件事 stop doing sth停止正在

6、做的事 (3)remember to do sth记住去做某事(未做) remember doing sth记得做过某事(已做) (4)regret to do sth对要做的事遗憾(此类动词常为say, tell, inform等) regret doing sth对做过的事后悔 规则4:作宾语的动名词和不定式，它们的完成式表示该动作在谓语动词动作之前发生。如： I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago. 我非常感激两年前获得了一个出国学习的机会。 By all appearanc

7、es, my choice of careers seems to have worked out. 规则5：特殊句型： 1.allow/permit doing与sb to do sth 的区别（高考考点：sb be allowed/permitted to do sth）; 2.Sb need to do sth, 区别与 sth need doing/to be done; 3.Be worth doing/n. 规则6：(1).如果做宾语的动词不定式后有宾语补足语，要用it作形式宾语： The found it hard to learn Chinese. (2) 如果宾语补足语是no

8、 good(no use,no need)时，真正的宾语用动名词：、 I think it no good doing it in that way; (3)介词的宾语一般多用动名词而动词不定式只是在个别介词后面“连接词+不定式”的形式表示： He is fond of swimming. He has his own idea of how to do it. 注意： He told us what to do.=He told us what we should do. 规则7: 固定句型 (1)There is no good/point/sense/harmdoing sth.做某事不

9、好/没用/没意义/没有害处。 (2)have difficulty/trouble/problem/a hard time/a good time/fun(in)doing (3)spend/waste/lose time (in) doing sth (4)cannot help but do, can do nothing but do, have no choice/alternative but to do表示“不得不”。 (5)“Why not动词原形”表示向某人提出建议，意为“为什么不？” (6)“would rather/had better(not)动词原形”意为“宁愿/最好(

10、不)做某事”。 规则8：为避免重复，在hope, expect, wish, want, like, love, decide, plan, need, mean, forget, refuse 等动词后面再次出现相同的不定式作宾语时，常出现单独使用的to，而把曾出现过的动词省略掉。但是，如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be, have, have been时，要保留这些词。如： John didnt pass his driving test, but I expected him to. 约翰没有通过他的驾照考试，但我希望他通过。考点三 不定式、动名词和分词作表语 规则1:不定式作表语一般表示

11、具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。如： What I would suggest is to start work at once. His hobby is collecting stamps. 规则2: interesting, exciting, disappointing, encouraging, worrying, puzzling, satisfying, surprising, pleasing等现在分词式形容词作表语时，强调外在的表象，意为“令人的”；interested, excited, disappointed, encouraged

12、, worried, puzzled, satisfied, surprised, pleased等强调主观的感受，意为“感到的”。 规则3: get, become, look, seem, appear, remain等系动词后都可跟done，表示被动或主语的状态。如：remain seated/hidden, get paid/dressed/changed/ stuck/hurt/injured/burnt等。考点四 不定式、动名词和分词作定语 规则1:不定式、动名词和分词作定语的区别：to do/to be done作定语一般表示将来动作；done表示已经完成的或表被动的动作；bei

13、ng done 表示正在被做的动作；doing表示正在进行的动作或者经常性的动作或现在(或当时)的状态；现在分词的完成式一般不作定语。体会： (1)被动结构作定语 The problem to be discussed(which will be discussed) at the meeting is very important.会上将要讨论的问题非常重要。 The problem discussed (which was discussed) at the meeting is very important. 会上讨论过的问题非常重要。 The problem being discuss

14、ed(which is being discussed) at the meeting is very important.会上正在讨论的问题非常重要。 (2)主动结构作定语 The professor to give us a lecture(who will give us a lecture) tomorrow comes from Beijing University.明天要给我们做讲座的是来自北大的一位教授。 The professor giving us a lecture(who is giving us a lecture) now comes from Beijing Uni

15、versity.正在给我们做讲座的是来自北大的一位教授。 The professor who gave us a lecture yesterday comes from Beijing University.昨天给我们做讲座的是来自北大的一位教授。 规则2:使用to do/to be done作定语的情况 (1)下列词语后常接不定式作定语：chance, wish, right, courage, need, promise, time, opportunity, way, the first, the second, the last, the only等。如： Who was the f

16、irst one to get to the top of the hill yesterday? (2)不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。如： There is no one to look after her. (3)不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。如： I have a lot of work to do. (4)如果不定式是不及物动词，后面应有必要的介词。如：He is looking for a room to live in. 规则3：分词做定语： （1）及物动词的现在分词：doing(正在做)，being done(正在被做)； eg. Look! The b

17、ridge being built is for the villagers. 及物动词的过去分词：done(被做，完成). eg.Things lost never come again.(覆水难收). （2）不及物动词的现在分词：doing(正在进行)； 不及物动词的过去分词：done(完成)。 eg.boiling/boiled water, falling/fallen leaves.考点五 不定式和分词作状语 （1）不定式作状语： 规则1:不定式和分词作状语，有一般式和完成式，也有主动和被动。完成式表示该动作比谓语动词动作先发生。当前后主语一致时，可以按照下列形式选择使用： (1)t

18、o do表示目的或结果(to doin order to do/so as to do, 其中so as to do不能放在句首)； (2)only to do表示意想不到的结果；thus doing表示自然而然的结果。如： We hurried to the classroom only to find none there.(意想不到的结果) A terrible storm hit the area, thus causing great damage to the crops.(自然而然的结果); (2)分词做状语： 1.基本原则： 1.1 分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致； 1.2

19、 分词必须和句中主语存在逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系，否则不行； 2.形式选择： doing-分词与句中主语为逻辑上的主动关系，与句中谓语动作同时发生； done-被动关系， having done-”主动关系，且先于谓语动作发生； being done-被动关系，与句中谓语动作同时发 生，一般作原因状语，置于句首； Having been done-被动关系，且先于谓语动作发生； 例句：Hearing the news, they got excited.（同时发生） The teacher came into the lab,followed by some students.(被动) Not

20、having received an answer, he decided to write another letter.（主动，且先于decided发生） Being repaired, the car cannot be used today.（同时发生，且被动） Having been told many times,he still repeated the same mistakes.(先于repeated发生，且被动)； 3.注意: 有些非谓语动词短语已经游离出来，成为固定短语，当作插入语使用。此时，句子的主语与它们不存在逻辑上的一致关系。如： (1)to tell you th

21、e truth说实话， needless to say不用说， to be honest/frank老实说/坦白说， to be more exact更确切地说， to make things worse更糟的是，say that假设，not to mention更不用说 (2)generally/frankly/roughly speaking一般说来/坦白说/粗略地说；considering鉴于/考虑到；judging by/from从来看，依据来判断；supposing/suppose that假定；providing that假定；according to依据；including包括；

22、owing to由于；talking/speaking of谈及 (3)given考虑到， provided that如果考点六，不定式和分词做宾语补足语 规则1:感官动词带宾补的结构。结构公式(以see为例)： see+宾语+do (全过程或经常性) see+宾语+doing（主动的，正在做） see+宾语+done（表示完成的、被动的动作(如果是不及物动词则只表示完成的动作）， 例句：1.1 I saw her run to the school. 1.2 I saw r crying in the corner. 1.3I saw her scolded by her mother. 注

23、意:此类句型可变成被动语态形式（高考考点）Sb +be seen to do/doing/done. eg.She was seen to enter/entering the room. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found smoking in the kitchen. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see carried out the next year. 此类动词及短语有：see, notice, watch, observe, catch(sight of), listen to, h