英语国家概况课件全chapter2BritishHistory

1、the united kingdom of great the united kingdom of great britain and northern irelandbritain and northern ireland the rise and fall of the british empirethe founding of the nationi transition to the modern ageiiiiibritain since world war iiivvcontentcontentthe shaping of the nationenglish and british

2、 monarchs55b.c.4104491066 anglo-saxons & danes english and british monarchs 10661154 11541399 house of norman house of plantagenet english and british monarchs13991461 14611485 house of lancaster house of york english and british monarchs14851603 16031714 house of tudor house of stewart english and

3、british monarchs17141917 1917 house of hannover house of windsor the founding of the nation (5000bc-1066) early settlersroman britainthe anglo-saxonsviking and danish invasionsthe norman conquestearly englishhistory ithe best evidence that the primitive people had shown their own civilization is the

4、 stonehenge 3,000 bc iberians (stonehenge)celts750b.c.francegermanys , i,w race & cultureearly settlers & 4 invasionsromans55bc-410ad roman empirelatin language christianity anglo-saxons446-871germanyenglish race & language danes 8th-11 cdenmarkdialectnorman1066normandyfeudalismconquestconquesttimet

5、imeconquerorconquerorinfluenceinfluencevfirst invasion in 55 bc, julius caesar invaded britain vsecond caesars second raid in 54 bcvthird and final in 43 ad, emperor claudius, final and successful roman invasion of britainvleft germanic attack in rome, forcing all roman troops to leave britain, and

6、thus ending the roman occupation of the island.vcapable administrators v& good builders (towns and cities & roads)roman britain (43 ad5th century)anglo-saxons (446-871) germanic tribes: angles, saxons, jutes english: the language of the angles england: the land of the angleschristianity 6th century

7、st. augustine (1st archbishop of canterbury) church (cathedral) church leader: bishop archbishop of canterburyking arthurthe sword in the stoneking arthur and the knights of the round tablethe search for the holy grail (cup)arthur drawing the sword from the stone viking and danish invasions (8th cen

8、tury1066)heptarchy( (七王国）七王国）alfred the great, king of wessex the father of the british navya peace treaty:king alfred of england from 1016 to 1042, under the rule of danish kings.in 1042, the english throne was returned to the anglo-saxons 871-899 871-899 viking invasionthe name viking comes from m

9、y language which is called old norse. it means a pirate raid. viking invasionin the end the vikings conquered all of northern, central and eastern england, and seized much of the land for their own farms. this area was called the danelaw.king edward, “the confessor”poets corner westminster abbey, bu

10、ilt in1052, by the penultimate king of england, the edward the confessor (1042-1066)viking and danish invasions (8th century1066)queen elizabeth iis coronationthe coronation ceremony of elizabeth ii was held on june 2, 1953, in westminster abbey. traditionally, the archbishop of canterbury, the high

11、est official of the church of england, presides over the coronation ceremony. the norman conquest (1066) why did william the conqueror invade england after edwards death? king edward had promised the english throne to william, when edward was on his deathbed, several men laid claim to the english th

12、rone, but the witan chose harold as king. the norman conquestthe battle of hastings a. william, duke of normandy, invaded england. b. on october 14, the two armies met near hastings. after a days battle, harold was killed and his army completely defeated c. on christmas day, william was crowned king

13、 of england in westminster abbeyconsequences of the norman conquestthe norman conquest was a pivotal event in english history and all subsequent developments in the english monarchy, government, society, language and outlook are coloured by it.the feudal system was completely established in england.

14、 relations with the continent were opened, and civilization and commerce were extended. norman-french culture, language, manners, and architecture were introduced.the church was brought into closer connection with romana brief review early settlers (the celts) roman invasion (christianity) jutes, sa

15、xons, angles (the real beginning of english nationality) the viking and danish invasion (king alfred the great) the norman conquest (1066) (feudal system completely established in england)research questionswhy to say “british history has been a history of invasion”? illustrate this point with exampl

16、es. how did each of the invasions influence english culture?the shaping of the nation (1066-1381) norman rule the great charter the origins of parliament the hundred years war the wars of the rosesiithe shaping of the nation norman rule (1066-1381)1. williams rule (1066-1087)2. henry iis reforms the

17、 great charter and the beginning of parliament1. the great charter (1215)2. the beginning of parliament the hundred years war with france (1337-1453)1. the hundred years war2. joan of arc the black death (1348-1349) the wars of the roses (1455-1485)tower of london ： norman rule 伦敦塔是一座蹲伏式的石伦敦塔是一座蹲伏式的

18、石头建筑，由高低起伏、功能头建筑，由高低起伏、功能不同的若干建筑组成。伦敦不同的若干建筑组成。伦敦塔位于泰晤士河北岸，伦敦塔位于泰晤士河北岸，伦敦塔桥附近，是伦敦著名古迹塔桥附近，是伦敦著名古迹之一。之一。威廉一世于威廉一世于1111世纪为世纪为保卫和控制整个伦敦桥而建保卫和控制整个伦敦桥而建造了该塔，占地造了该塔，占地1818英亩。英亩。1010个世纪以来，曾作过堡垒，个世纪以来，曾作过堡垒，王宫，监狱，皇家铸币厂和王宫，监狱，皇家铸币厂和伦敦档案馆。现在是王冠、伦敦档案馆。现在是王冠、王袍、兵器和盔甲陈列馆。王袍、兵器和盔甲陈列馆。in 1067, william started buil

19、ding the tower of londontower of london, the great fortress which demonstrated his power and dominated the city of london.william iroberthenrywilliam iimatildastephenhenry iirichard iking johnhenry iiiedward iedward iiking henry ii and his reforms henry house of plantagenet henry ii reformed the cou

20、rts and the laws: introduced the jury system (陪审团制度陪审团制度) institutionalized common law great councilthe conflict between thomas becket and king henry ii archbishop of canterbury religious wranglingmurder in the cathedralthomas becket in stained glass at canterbury cathedral king richard i1157-1199ri

21、chard the lion heart crusader king john and the great charter ( (大宪章大宪章) )king john in 1199feudal taxes and army servicesign the magna carta (great charter) in 1215 a limitation of the kings powerrights of feudal barons and the churchtownspeople freedom of trade and self-government merchants and cra

22、ftsmen for the first time as a new political forcefoundation of liberty and constitutionalism king john and the great charter ( (大宪章大宪章) )significancesignificancebirth of parliamenthenry iiis defy of the great councilsimon de montfort (the defender of the great charter) raised an army change in the

23、great council all estates parliament lords , churchman , knights, citizensthe earliest parliament the nobles knights and citizens the lords the commons (make decisions) (offer advice)official formation of the two houses of parliament:house of lordshouse of commonsbirth of parliamentenglish conquest

24、of wales english prince of wales the decline of feudalismthe hundred yearswarthe black deaththe wars of the rosesthe hundred yearswar1337-1453 england vs. france causes : trade ,territory, thronewinner: franceinfluence: a blessing for both countriespromoted the concept of english nationalism. promot

25、ed the development of the textile industryraised the social position of the bourgeois class.saint joan of arc 贞德。贞德。 jeamejeame d. arc. d. arc.生於一四一二年卒於一四三一年生於一四一二年卒於一四三一年 法法兰西爱国者也。幼时。英法方事战争。贞德即怀爱国之志。托神兰西爱国者也。幼时。英法方事战争。贞德即怀爱国之志。托神意。谓见空中明光。有神人告之曰。意。谓见空中明光。有神人告之曰。“贞德往救王。恢复其国贞德往救王。恢复其国土。土。”遂自负奉神命。备刀马。偕

26、数人见王。以解奥良城围自任。遂自负奉神命。备刀马。偕数人见王。以解奥良城围自任。久困之法军得此惊。乘英兵骄懈。一击溃之。连下数城。后坠马久困之法军得此惊。乘英兵骄懈。一击溃之。连下数城。后坠马被擒。英军生焚之。年犹未及笄也。被擒。英军生焚之。年犹未及笄也。 陈独秀陈独秀欧洲七女杰欧洲七女杰the black death ( 1348-1349)an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas italy in the 14th centuryhalf populationthe peasants song when adam delved and eve span

27、 who was then the gentleman? 当亚当在耕田当亚当在耕田, , 夏娃在织夏娃在织布的时候布的时候, , 贵族老爷在贵族老爷在何处何处? ?london, during the peasants revolt in 1381edward iiiedmund of langley john of gaunt black prince lionel of antwerp heir to the throne duke of clarence duke of lancaster duke of york house of plantagenet house of lancas

28、ter king richard ii king henry iv 13991461 14611485 house of lancaster house of york the wars of the roses 1455-1485house of york vs. vs. house of lancaster causes: power , wealth, crownnature:royal timeline uniting rival houses the red rose of lancaster + the white rose of york the red and white tu

29、dor roseelizabeth henry tudortransition to modern age (1455-1485) the consequences of the war a. it was destructive to the noble houses b. feudalism received its deathblow c. kings power became supreme, prepared soil for centralized government a long peace at hometransition to the modern agehenry vi

30、ii and the reformationthe civil war restoration ad the glorious revolutionindustrial revolution the tudor monarchsthe tudor monarchs henry vii1485-1509henry viii1509-1547edward vi1547-1553mary i1553-1558elizabeth i1558-1603had 6 wiveshenrytudorwthe transitional stage from feudalism to capitalismhenr

31、y viii and the reformationwhy did the reformation happen in england? 3 main causes for the reformation a. conflict between king and the church b. resentment to the church (clergy) privilege and wealth c. henry needed money 1 direct causes for the reformation divorce with catherinethe english reforma

32、tion 1. nature of the reformation a reform in religion(1) to get rid of roman catholic church(2) to set up church of england (anglican church )(3) the class struggle by the new rising bourgeoisie against the feudal ruling class and its ideology 2. what was the effect of the reformation? (1) strength

33、ened henrys position (2) the importance of parliament grew (3) moving away from catholicism towards protestantism king edward vi bloody mary the reign of elizabeth i religiousreform (compromise)literatureadventure on the sea-spanisharmada renaissance in england 14th century cultural movement revival

34、 of classical literature and artistic styles“humanists” thinkersutopia : thomas more argues against social evilsliterary times:(1)drama: christopher marlowe, william shakespeare.(2) poetry: edmund spenser, shakespeare, and john donne(3) prose: francis bacon divine right of kings james of scotland (1

35、567-1625) jamesof england (1603-1625） purpose: get rid of the parliament interferenceuk flag (union flag) king charles & divine right roundheads vs. cavaliers parliament vs. the kingthe civil wars 1642-1649the economic interests of the urban middle class vs. the traditional economic interests of the

36、 crownvictor: parliamentcromwells “ new model army” the execution of charles icommonwealthlord protector ( (护国公护国公) ) the civil wars (the puritan revolution)the consequences of the civil wars(1) overthrew feudal system in england (2) the beginning of modern world history.(3) the puritan revolutionth

37、e restoration & the glorious revolution of 1688cavalierscatholiccharles iijames iithe restoration how did the restoration take place? (1)cromwell was tyrannical(2)struggle for power by the stuart(3)charles ii mounted the throne; the commonwealth came to an endgreat fire of london 1666the glorious re

38、volution (1668)(1668) a. james iis revival of catholicism b. intolerance of catholic and dethrone of the king c. co-monarchs william & mary as joint sovereigns d. the takeover with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the kingconstitutional monarchy in englandthe bill of rights of 1689 limited the pow

39、er of the monarch guaranteed the authority of parliament two-party systemcavaliersroundheadsthe toriesthe whigsconservative party liberal partylabor partyindustrial revolutionthe industrial revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organizat

40、ion in britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. forms of primitive accumulation3enclosuremovement2foreign trade1colonial plunderenclosure movementu1450 to 1640uthe cloth industry increased the value of wool. uraising sheep became more profitable. this encouraged the landlords to convert ar

41、able land and the “commons” into pastures. ularges areas of land were often hedged or fenced without any warning to the peasants.uwhole villages disappeared and thousands of peasants were expelled from the land and became vagabonds and beggars. prerequisites p20accumulation of capitalthe development

42、 of capitalist farming the appearance of a labor reserveexpansion of domestic and foreign markets it first began in the textile industry spinning jennyjames watt & steam enginestephenson & steam locomotive engineworkshop of the worldpromoted development of productionnew cities came into being popula

43、tion increased factory system is established working class vs. capitalists the rise & fall of the british empire the formation of the empire britain in the world warsthe fall of the empireuk flag (union flag)house of hannover speak no english crown parliamentking george i queen victoria 1837-1901the longest reign polite society victorian agequ