非谓语讲义教师版

1、The wise man builds no hopes for the future, entertains no regrets for the past.非谓语动词云南省富源县第二中学 唐老五动词除了在句子中充当谓语外，还具有名词、形容词及副词的性质动词的非谓语形式，可在句中作主语、表语、宾语、定语、补语和状语等，称作非谓语动词，包括动词不定式、分词和动名词。一、动词不定式动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”，有时可以不带to。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能作谓语，但可以担任主语、表语、宾语、状语和宾语补足语。动词不定式仍保留动词的一些特点。（一）动词不定式的特征及用法1

2、.动词不定式的构成及特征“to +动词原形”构成动词不定式，是一种非谓语形式，在句子中不能作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，它具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。2.动词不定式的用法动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句子中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。1. 作主语例如：To learn English well is not easy. 或 It is not easy to learn English well.动词不定式作主语时，往往用it作形式主语，这种句型可归纳为下面的句型：It is + adj.+ 动词不定式如果要说明不定式的动作执行者，可以用forIt is + adj.+ f

3、or sb. to do sth.： It is very important for you to learn English well.2. 作表语： My wish is to become a teacher.3. 作宾语： Most of us like to watch football matches.4. 作宾语补足语： He told me to be here on time.5. 作定语： I have nothing to say about that thing. This afternoon I have a lot of homework to do.6. 作状语

4、： He stopped to have a look.3.动词不定式的否定形式动词不定式的否定形式not + to + 动词原形 例如： He asked me not to make such a mistake.4.动词不定式与疑问词连用疑问代词who, what, which和疑问副词when, where, how, why等后面可以接动词不定式，构成动词不定式短语，可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。例如：(1) He doesnt know how to use the machine.（不定式作宾语） (2) How to use the machine is a quest

5、ion.（不定式作主语） (3) The question is when to go there.（不定式作表语）（二）动词不定式的时态和被动形式动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，由不定式符号(to)加动词原形构成。不定式的形式有五种：1 一般式to do 例如：I like to read English.2 进行式to be doing 例如：He seemed to be reading something at that time.3 完成式to have done 例如：He seemed to have cleaned the room.4 被动式to be done 例如：The

6、work is to be done soon.5 完成被动式to have been done 例如：The boy is said to have been sent to hospital yesterday.二、分词分词是动词非谓语形式的一种，包括现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示：主动，动作正在进行。过去分词表示：被动，动作已经完成。（一）分词的作用分词在句中可以作定语、表语、状语和宾语补足语。例如：1作定语Do you know the boy standing at the gate?Have you read the book written by Lu Xun？2作表语We a

7、re excited at the news.The news he told us is exciting.3作宾语补足语I heard him singing a song in the classroom.We found the ground covered with snow.4作状语While lying in bed, he listened to some music.Seen from the hill, the village looks move beautiful.分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，否则分词前面必须有自己的主语。（二）分词的时态现在分词分一般式和

8、完成式，而过去分词则没有时态形式的变化。现在分词的一般式表示动作与谓语动词同时发生，或在谓语动词之前发生。例如：Knowing his uncle would come, he began to make some preparations.现在分词的完成时，表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。常用作状语。例如：Having finished his homework, he went to bed.（三）现在分词的被动式被动一般式 being done被动完成式 having been doneThis is one of the new supermarkets being built

9、 in our city. Having been told many times, he was able to operate the machine.（四）分词的否定形式分词的否定式，由not+分词构成，例如：Not having heard the news. I wrote to him again.Not knowing how to work out the maths problem, I went to the teacher for help.（五）分词独立主格结构当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，带逻辑主语的分词短语成为独立主格结构，在句法功能上起状语作用。例如：Wea

10、ther permitting, they will go and visit the science museum. The meeting being over, they all left the room.三、动名词动名词是动词非谓语形式的一种,由动词加ing构成。动名词既有动词特征，也有名词特征。动名词在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语和定语。例如： Smoking does great harm to peoples health.（作主语） My job is looking after children.（作表语） I have finished reading the novel.

11、（作宾语） We have got a swimming pool in our school.（做定语）动名词的否定形式由not +动名词构成。例如：He made me angry by not taking the medicine.动名词的复合结构由名词所有格或物主代词加上动名词构成。例如：Would you mind my opening the door?动名词的一般式，表示的动作可以与谓语动词同时发生或在前，或在后。例如：We all enjoy listening to music.(同时发生)Do you remember meeting me there?（在谓语动词前发生

12、）动名词的完成式表示在谓语动词之前完成的动作。例如：I regret not having been taken to the Great Wall when I was a child.She attended the party without being invited.第二节 实战演练一、复习时需注意的要点1 动词不定式一般式表示的动作可能与谓语动词的动作同时发生,也可能在其之后发生。例如：I saw the young man enter the house.（同时发生） I hope to go there next time.（之后发生）2不定式完成式表示不定式的动作在谓语动词之

13、前发生。例如：Im sorry to have broken your glasses.3不定式进行式表示不定式的动作，与谓语动词同时发生。例如：When he came in, I happened to be reading at the table.4不定式的被动式有两种形式：to be done表示将要被做，to have been done表示已被做。例如：The new cinema to be put up next year will be very large.The cinema is said to have been built last year.5. 在表示情绪的动

14、词，如like, love, hate, prefer等后，用动名词作宾语表示一般倾向，用不定式表示特定某事。但在would/should like/love/prefer后要用不定式 例如：I hate eating the same food every day. Would you like to watch TV in the evening?6. 在动词need, want, require后用动名词表示被动含义，相当于动词不定式的被动式；而用动词不定式的主动式表示主动含义。 例如：The house needs cleaning. = The house needs to be c

15、leaned. He needs to clean the house first.7. 在介词后一般用动名词作宾语，但在少数介词，如but, except后用动词不定式作宾语，但要注意“to”的省略，如but前有“do”则省去“to”。 例如：I have done nothing but help him with his luggage. I have no choice but to wait for him at the bus stop.8. 分词的完成式一般不用来作定语，因此，要表示完成主动的意思常用定语从句。例如：The accident which happened yest

16、erday was very serious.9. 如果分词短语的逻辑主语与句子不是相同的，则要用从句或分词独立主格结构来表示。 例如：Weather permitting, we will go to the Center Park.10. 分词作状语时， 分词的逻辑主语要与句子的主语相一致。若它们之间的关系是主谓关系，用现在分词，而动宾关系则用过去分词。如果分词的动作先于谓语，分词要用完成时。 例如：Having finished his composition, he went home. While looking through the paper, he found some er

17、rors.二、历届高考试题分析例1、The discovery of new evidence led to _.A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught 答案为C。【解析】 lead to这个词组中to是介词，后面跟名词，于是B被排除，the thief是动名词逻辑上的主语，构成动名词的复合结构，与catch之间应是被动关系，故排除A。常见的带介词to的短语有：(get) be used to, look forward to，look u

18、p to, stick to, object to, be devoted to, pay attention to等。例2、Though _money, his parents managed to send him to university.A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in 答案为C。 【解析】 lack是及物动词，后接宾语money。his parents与lack是逻辑上的主谓关系，要用现在分词作状语。译文：虽然缺钱，他的父母亲还是设法让他上了大学。 例3、He got well-prepared for the job

19、interview, for he couldnt risk _ the good opportunity.A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost 答案：B【解析】 risk后面只能带动名词做宾语，含义为“冒之险”。例4、 _ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to ones skin.A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed 答案为C。【解析】 在非谓语动词中，用动名词或不定式来作主语，而

20、分词和介词短语不能作主语，因此A、D被排除。在这个句子中，will do是谓语，缺少主语，要用动名词作主语。expose与ones skin是动宾关系，所以要用动名词的被动式being exposed。译文：在阳光下晒太长时间对人的皮肤有坏处。例5、_ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns. A. Put B. Putting C. Having putD. Being put 答案：A 【解析】 put sth. int

21、o use “让投入使用”。显然，put 和句子主语the hotline 构成被动关系，所以用表示被动的过去分词。例6、It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just _ a look at the sports stars.A. had B. having C. to have D. have 答案：C【解析】 动词不定式充当目的状语。例7、With a lot of difficult problems _, the newly-elected president is havin

22、g a hard time.A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled 答案为C 【解析】动词不定式to settle作为difficult problems的定语表示现在或将来要解决的难题；过去分词settle作定语表示已经解决的难题，现在分词的被动式being settled作定语表示正在解决的难题。例8、More and more people are signing up for Yoga classes nowadays, _ advantage of the health and relaxation benefits.

23、A. taking B. takenC. having takenD. having been taken 答案：A【解析】 take advantage of （利用）和句子主语More and more people 构成主动关系，且和句子谓语sign up for (报名参加)同时发生，所以选择A。例9、 Sandy could do nothing but _ to his teacher that he was wrong.A. admit B. admitted C. admitting D. to admit 答案为A。【解析】 该句中的but是介词，后接动词不定式。当谓语动词是

24、do，does或did时，后接不带to的不定式；是其他动词时，后接带to的不定式。该句的谓语是could do nothing，要填动词原形admit。译文：山德不得不向老师承认自己错了。例10、 He sent me an e-mail, _ to get further information.A. hoped B. hoping C. to hope D. hope 答案为B。【解析】 现在分词hoping表示与send me an e-mail同时发生的动作。一些考生认为应该填不定式作目的状语。不定式作目的状语时，句子的正确形式是：He sent me an e-mail to get

25、 further information.不需要hope一词，如果要选择“hoped”时，句子的正确形式是：He sent me an e-mail and hoped to get further information。“hope”和“sent”作并列谓语。第三节 巩固练习【2012全国卷II】 Tony lent me the money, _ that Id do as much for him. A. hoping B. to hope C. hoped D. having hoped 【答案】A【2012全国卷II】 The old man sat in front of the

26、television every evening, happy_ anything that happened to be on. A. to watch B. watching C. watched D. to have watched 【答案】A【2012安徽】24. I remembered the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights. A. locking B. to lock C. having locked D. to have locked 【答案】B【2012安徽】30. When f

27、or his views about his teaching job, Philip said he found it very interesting and rewarding. A. asking B. asked C. having asked D. to be asked 【答案】B【2012重庆】23. _to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film.A. Having been asked B. To ask C. Having asked D. To be asked 【答案】A【2012重庆】28. Wer

28、e having a meeting in half an hour. The decision _at the meeting will influence the future of our company.A. to be made B. being made C. made D. having been made 【答案】A【2012全国】28. The party will be held in the garden, weather .A. permitting B. to permit C. permitted D. permit 【答案】A【2012全国】32. Film ha

29、s a much shorter history, especially when_ such art forms as music and painting.A. having compared to B. comparing to C. compare to D. compared to 【答案】D【2012北京】23. One learns a language by making mistakes and _ them.A. corrects B. correct C. to correct D. correcting 【答案】D【2012北京】27. _ with care, one

30、 tin will last for six weeks.A. Use B. Using C. Used D. To use 【答案】C【2012北京】31. _ at the door before you enter my room, please.A. Knock B. Knocking C. Knocked D. To knock 【答案】A【2012福建】28. China recently tightened its waters controls near the Huangyan Island to prevent Chinese fishing boats from _ in

31、 the South China Sea. A. attacking B. having attacking C. being attacked D. having been attacked 【答案】C【2012福建】34. Pressed from his parents, and _ that he has wasted too much time, the boy is determined to stop playing video games.A. realizing B. realized C. to realize D. being realized 【答案】A【2012陕西】

32、15. _ in a long queue, we waited for the store to open to buy a New iPad.A. Standing B. To stand C. Stood D. Stand 【答案】A【2012陕西】22. If he takes on this work, he will have no choice but _an even greater challenge.A. meets B. meeting C. meet D. to meet 【答案】D【2012山东】26. George returned after the war, o

33、nly _ that his wife had left him.A. to be told B. telling C. being told D. told 【答案】A【2012山东】35. After completing and signing it, please return the form to us in the envelope _.A. providing B. provided C. having provided D. provide 【答案】B【2012湖南】21. Weve had a good start, but next, more work needs _t

34、o achieve the final success.A. being done B. do C. to be done D. to do 【答案】C【2012湖南】23. Time, _ correctly, is money in the bank.A. to use B. used C. using D. use 【答案】B【2012湖南】31. The lecture, _ at 7:00 pm last night, was followed by an observation of the moon with telescopes.A. starting B. being sta

35、rting C. to start D. to be started 【答案】A【2012天津】11. He got up late and hurried to his office, _ the breakfast untouched.A. left B. to leave C. leaving D. having left 【答案】C【2012江西】33. Having finished her project, she was invited by the school _to the new students.A. speaking B. having spoken C. to sp

36、eak D. to have spoken 【答案】C【2012江西】35. John has really got the job because he showed me the official letter _him it.A. offered B. offering C. to offer D. to be offered 【答案】B【2012辽宁】25. The old couple often take a walk after super in the park with their pet dog _.A. to follow B. following C. followed

37、 D. follows 【答案】B【2012辽宁】29. This machine is very easy _. Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.A. operating B. to be operating C. operated D. to operate 【答案】D【2012四川】6. Tom took a taxi to the airport, only _ his plane high up in the sky.A. finding B. to find C. being found D. to have found 【

38、答案】B【2012四川】8. I looked up and noticed a snake _ its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.A. to wind B. wind C. winding D. wound 【答案】C【2012四川】12. Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car _.A. washed B. wash C. washing D. to wash 【答案】A【2012浙江】3. No matter how bright a talker y

39、ou are, there are times when its better _ silent.A. remain B. be remaining C. having remained D. to remain 【答案】D【2012浙江】8. I think Tom, as the head of a big department, should either study regularly or _ his job.A. quits B. to quit C. quitting D. quit 【答案】D【2012浙江】11. “Its such a nice place,” Mother

40、 said as she sat at the table _ for customers.A. to be reserved B. having reserved C. reserving D. reserved 【答案】D 【2012江苏】31. _ an important decision more on emotion than on reason, you will regret it soon or later.A. Based B. Basing C. Base D. To base 【答案】B附录：非谓语动词详解（自我提升版）1不定式和动名词作主语的区别 (1)动名词作主语通

41、常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here这里禁止抽烟。(抽象) It is not very good for you to smoke so much抽这么多烟对你身体不好。(具体) (2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。 Climbing mountains is interesting爬山很有趣。(经验) Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验) (3)不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，

42、把作主语的不定式短语后置。 It took me only five minutes to finish the job. 2不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别 (1)不定式作表语 1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。 To do two things at a time is to do neither一次做两件事等于未做。 What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。 2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。 To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。To work

43、means to earn a living工作就是为了生活。 3)如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。 His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。 The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant

44、(2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。 Our work is serving the people我们的工作是为人民服务His hobby is collecting stamps他的爱好是集邮。 (3)分词作表语 分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，凡表示“令人的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in.,若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth. is interesting.这类词常见的有： inter

45、esting使人感到高兴-interested感到高兴的 exciting令人激动的-excited感到激动的 delighting令人高兴的-delighted感到高兴的 disappointing令人失望的-disappointed感到失望的 encouraging令人鼓舞的-encouraged感到鼓舞的 pleasing令人愉快的-pleased感到愉快的 puzzling令人费解的-puzzled感到费解的 satisfying令人满意的-satisfied感到满意的 surprising令人惊异的-surprised感到惊异的 worrying令人担心的-worried感到担心的

46、Travelling is interesting but tiring旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。 The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much 如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。 The argument is very convincing他的论点很令人信服。 They were very excited at the news听到这个消息，他们非常激动。 3不定式和动名词作宾语的区别 英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但是： (1)有些动词要求不定式做宾语和宾语补足语 1)要求不定

47、式做宾语： attempt企图 enable能够 neglect忽视 afford负担得起 demand要求 long渴望 arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲，打算 begin开始 expect期望 omit忽略，漏 appear似乎，显得 determine决定 manage设法 cease停止 hate憎恨，厌恶 pretend假装 ask问 dread害怕 need需要 agree同意 desire愿望 love爱 swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望 bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供 beg请求 fail不能 plan计划 bothe

48、r扰乱；烦恼 forget忘记 prefer喜欢，宁愿 care关心，喜欢 happen碰巧 prepare准备 decide决定 learn学习 regret抱歉，遗憾 choose选择 hesitate犹豫 profess表明 claim要求 hope希望 promise承诺，允许 start开始 undertake承接 want想要 consent同意，赞同 intend想要 refuse拒绝 decide决定 learn学习 vow起 contrive设法，图谋 incline有倾向 propose提议 seek找，寻觅 try试图 2)要求不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式 ask

49、要求，邀请 get请，得到 promote促使 allow允许 forbid禁止 prefer喜欢，宁愿 announce宣布 force强迫 press迫使 bride 收买 inspire鼓舞 request请求 assist协助 hate憎恶 pronounce断定，表示 advise劝告 exhort告诫，勉励 pray请求 authorize授权，委托 help帮助 recommend劝告，推荐bear容忍 implore恳求 remind提醒 beg请求 induce引诱 report报告 compel强迫 invite吸引，邀请， summon传唤 command命令 inten

50、d想要，企图 show 显示 drive驱赶 mean意欲，打算 train训练 cause引起 instruct指示 require要求 leave使，让 tell告诉 wish希望direct指导 like喜欢 tempt劝诱 entitle有资格 order命令 warn告诫 enable使能够 need需要 urge激励，力说 encourage鼓励 oblige不得不 want想要 condemn指责，谴责 lead引起，使得 teach教 entreat恳求 permit允许 3) 用于“动词+宾语+to be + 形容词或名词”结构的动词 believe, consider, c

51、ount, declare, deny, feel, find, guess, imagine, judge, know, prove, realize, suppose, think(2)只能用动名词作宾语 acknowledge承认，自认 cease 停止 mention说到，讲到 admit 承认 tolerate忍受 dislike不喜欢，讨厌 advocate：提倡，主张 complete完成 dread可怕 appreciate 感激，欣赏 confess坦白 endure忍受 avoid避免 contemplate细想 enjoy享有，喜爱 bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒 cant help不禁 delay延迟 escape逃跑，逃避 cant stand受不了 deny否认 excuse借口 consider 考虑 detest嫌恶 fancy幻想，爱好 favor 造成，偏爱 mind 介意 repent悔悟 figure描绘，计算 miss错过 resent怨恨 finish完成，结束不得 pardon原谅，饶恕 resist抵抗，阻止 forgive原谅 permit 允许 resume恢复 imagine设想 postpone延迟，延期 risk冒险 involve卷入，包含 practise 实行，