BasicFormatofArgumentationPPT教学课件

1、Steps of Making an Argumentation1.To analyze the motion and find out the center words2.To analyze the correlation of the center words3.To make an 第1页/共22页Student should memorize facts only after they have studies the ideas, trends and concepts that help explain those facts. Students who have learned

2、 only facts have learned very little.1.Key words: Students, facts, underlying concepts2. Correlation:第2页/共22页3.Outline:Opening: Although the memorization of facts can be a handy tool for students to learn a subject, especially the fundamental knowledge, it is still not enough to grasp what they lear

3、n with full comprehension. A qualified student should be well informed by either the facts or the underlying theories and be able to apply them in different situation as well. 1)Facts base (Memorizing mere facts is useful but at the lowest level of learning) Eg: English words, Multiplication tables,

4、 table of elements2)Underlying concepts can be a helpful tool for students to reach the highest level of learning, i.e. the ability to apply either facts or the theories behind the facts to different situation and to coherently discuss them. Eg: history study2)Students abilities are of paramount imp

5、ortance. Eg.: comprehension, assimilation, applicationSummary: Whether the facts are memorized first or after the student understands the underlying theories does not matter, what matter is that the student truly grasps the subject with full comprehension to the best of his or her ability.第3页/共22页 S

6、hould thrift be encouraged now that our personal income has considerably increased?Key words: income thrift still necessary? Sparing, frugal,frugalityIdeas related to the key words: 1. 从对立面看：收入高了，但消费也多了, limit ones desire 2. 从长远看: 要买房买车、教育子女，收入再高也不为高.In satisfying the needs of the present, we must n

7、ot neglect the problem of providing for the future. Thrift can safeguard one from extravagance and waste 3.从自身特点看：节俭是美德。We can benefit from it from at least three perspectives. Individuallymould our personalities; socially;nationallysave public money 第4页/共22页4. 从资源角度看： We are experiencing unpreceden

8、ted economic growth; meanwhile, we suffer from unprecedented shortage. We have less natural resources than ever before for human, even for such essential things as water to drink and fresh air to breathe. As an example, China is a developing country and there are millions of people living in dire pr

9、operty. We cannot afford such reckless waste.第5页/共22页The Basic Format of Argumentation The Claim The Support The Refutation The Conclusion第6页/共22页The Claim Definition: Claim, or propositions, represent answers to what you are trying to prove in an argumentative essay. Although they are the conclusio

10、ns of your arguments, they often appear as thesis statements. (Ensure that it is clearly stated, preferably at the beginning of your paper.)第7页/共22页Types of Claims The countrys economic growth this year will reach 8 percent. (Of Facts) It is not wise for students to marry and have children before th

11、ey finish college. (Of Value) A strict code of behavior should be introduced in all public schools and colleges. (Of Policy)第8页/共22页Tips of How to Make a Claim Define terms that may cause confusion before making a claim. Qualify a claim of fact with a word such as generally, usually, probably or as

12、a rule, etc. In the case of claims of value, adhere to the value you defend. State a claim of policy with a word such as should or must.第9页/共22页Should thrift be encouraged now that our personal income has considerably increased?While it is true that our personal income has considerably increased in

13、accordance with related national surveys, but on the whole, thrift as a virtue should still be encouraged on account of its several benefits to the people.第10页/共22页The SupportDefinition: The ideas and information intended to convince readers that the claim is sound or believable.Types:1. Reasons: Ge

14、neral statements that back up a claim, explaining why a viewpoint on an issue is reasonable or correct. Reasons should be logical and reasonable.2. Evidence: What writers use to support or verify reasons. Evidence must be relevant and sufficient.3. Emotional appeal: which evoke the needs or values t

15、hat readers care deeply about.第11页/共22页The Evidence Facts Statistics Expert Opinion Examples Observation From Personal Experience(With all of these examples, it is evident that;In these cases;第12页/共22页Reasoning:如何推理? The reasons and evidence in an argument should follow a logical line of reasoning.

16、The most common types of reasoning are induction and deduction. They use evidence in different ways to arrive at a conclusion. The difference between reasoning and supporting?第13页/共22页Induction:归纳 It begins with evidence and moves to a conclusion. In other words, specific cases and facts are examine

17、d to draw a wider-ranging conclusion which would be the thesis of an argumentative essay. (From specifics to a generalization)第14页/共22页Evidence 1Evidence 2Evidence 3ConclusionP149 examples:第15页/共22页Deduction:演绎P149 It begins with commonly accepted statements or premises and shows how a conclusion fo

18、llows. In other words, general statements believed to be true are applied to specific situations or cases. The result of deduction is a conclusion about the specific situation. (from generalization to specific)第16页/共22页 The major premise should be universally accepted. The minor premise should accor

19、d with the major one. ConclusionDeductionminormajorConclusion第17页/共22页The Refutation Refutation attempts to prove views against “my opinion” wrong. It is often an indispensable part of an argumentative essay, for it shows that the writer is aware of opposing viewpoints and has thought about both sid

20、es. ONE can cast doubt on the opponents reasons or question the accuracy, relevancy, and sufficiency of the opponents evidence.第18页/共22页The Conclusion To be a summary in a higher level Try to use any of quotations as an ending (or an opening) From what has been discussed above, we may conclude that high living standards don not necessarily mean to waste. The question is not to give up modern comfort; the question is how to enhance efficiency. In fact, economic depends strongly on saving. We have only one Earth to live on; we should leav