中级微观经济学pr8ech02lychinese

1、* of 49copyright 2013 pearson education, inc. microeconomics pindyck/rubinfeld, 8e.2.1supply and demand2.2the market mechanism2.3changes in market equilibrium2.4elasticities of supply and demand2.5short-run versus long-run elasticities2.6understanding and predicting the effects of changing market co

2、nditions2.7effects of government interventionprice controlsc h a p t e r 2prepared by:fernando quijano, illustrator供应和需求的基础2.1 供应和需求2.2 市场机制2.3 市场均衡的变动2.4 供应和需求的弹性2.5 短期弹性和长期弹性2.6 理解并预测市场状况改变所造成的结果2.7政府干预-价格控制的效应chapter outline2 of 49copyright 2013 pearson education, inc. microeconomics pindyck/rubi

3、nfeld, 8e.供应与需求2.1供给曲线（供给曲线（ supply curve）：在其他影响某商品供给）：在其他影响某商品供给的因素不变的情况下对应于每一给定的价格的因素不变的情况下对应于每一给定的价格.生产者所生产者所愿意生产的该商品的数量。愿意生产的该商品的数量。qs = qs(p | .) 如果生产成本下降、供给曲线向右移动。3 of 49copyright 2013 pearson education, inc. microeconomics pindyck/rubinfeld, 8e.other variables that affect supply 其他影响因素其他影响因素q

4、s = qs(p | cost, . )供给量还依赖于出价格以外的其他因素，比如，厂商所愿意出售的商品量不但取决于他们所面临的价格，而且还取决于他们的生产成本，这些生产成本包括工资、利率和原材料的成本。当生产成本下降时，不管在哪个价格点，长处都会增加，从而整条供给曲线会右移。经济学家常常用供给的变动来表示供给曲线的移动，而用供给量的变动表示供给曲线上的移动。4 of 49copyright 2013 pearson education, inc. microeconomics pindyck/rubinfeld, 8e.收人上升，需求曲线向右移动。qd = qd(p)qd = qd(p | i

5、ncome, taste,.)供应与需求2.1需求曲线需求曲线5 of 49copyright 2013 pearson education, inc. microeconomics pindyck/rubinfeld, 8e.shifting the demand curve收人水平增加6 of 49copyright 2013 pearson education, inc. microeconomics pindyck/rubinfeld, 8e.替代品替代品 两种商品，当一种商品价格上升会导致另一种商品的需求量增加时，我们称两种商品是替代品。 互补品互补品 两种商品，当一种商品价格上升会

6、导致另一种商品的需求量下降时，我们称两种商品是互补品。7 of 49copyright 2013 pearson education, inc. microeconomics pindyck/rubinfeld, 8e.the market mechanism2.28 of 49copyright 2013 pearson education, inc. microeconomics pindyck/rubinfeld, 8e.when the supply curve shifts to the right, the market clears at a lower price p3 and

7、 a larger quantity q3.figure 2.4changes in market equilibrium市场均衡的变动2.39 of 49copyright 2013 pearson education, inc. microeconomics pindyck/rubinfeld, 8e.when the demand curve shifts to the right,the market clears at a higher price p3 and a larger quantity q3.figure 2.510 of 49copyright 2013 pearson

8、 education, inc. microeconomics pindyck/rubinfeld, 8e.shifts in supply and demandfigure 2.611 of 49copyright 2013 pearson education, inc. microeconomics pindyck/rubinfeld, 8e. 弹性 反映了当某自变量上升1%时，因变量将会发生的百分比变化 price elasticity of demand percentage change in quantity demanded of a good resulting from a

9、1-percent increase in its price.(2.1)elasticities of supply and demand供给和需求的弹性2.4pqqpppqqep/12 of 49copyright 2013 pearson education, inc. microeconomics pindyck/rubinfeld, 8e.linear demand curve 线性需求曲线线性需求曲线figure 2.11bpaq13 of 49copyright 2013 pearson education, inc. microeconomics pindyck/rubinfe

10、ld, 8e. infinitely elastic demand ly: not exactly horizontal is easier to undersand linear demand curve14 of 49copyright 2013 pearson education, inc. microeconomics pindyck/rubinfeld, 8e. completely inelastic demand principle that consumers will buy a fixed quantity of a good regardless of its price

11、.figure 2.12linear demand curve15 of 49copyright 2013 pearson education, inc. microeconomics pindyck/rubinfeld, 8e. income elasticity of demand percentage change in the quantity demanded resulting from a 1-percent increase in income.other demand elasticities 其他需求弹性其他需求弹性 cross-price elasticity of de

12、mand percentage change in the quantity demanded of one good resulting from a 1-percent increase in the price of another. 供给的价格弹性供给的价格弹性 price elasticity of supply percentage change in quantity supplied resulting from a 1-percent increase in price.(2.2)(2.3)iqqiiiqqei/mbbmmmbbpqpqqpppqqemb/16 of 49co

13、pyright 2013 pearson education, inc. microeconomics pindyck/rubinfeld, 8e. point elasticity of demand price elasticity at a particular point on the demand curve.需求的点弹性 需求曲线上某个特定点处的需求价格弹性。ly ：relatively derivetivepoint versus arc elasticities arc elasticity of demand price elasticity calculated over

14、a range of prices. 需求的弧弹性 即在某个价格区间的弹性值。.(2.4)/)(/( : elasticity arcqppqep17 of 49copyright 2013 pearson education, inc. microeconomics pindyck/rubinfeld, 8e.short-run versus long-run (skipped)ly this section is bad , so far, we assume the world is a point, and adjustment is instantly2.518 of 49copyr

15、ight 2013 pearson education, inc. microeconomics pindyck/rubinfeld, 8e.fitting linear supply and demand curves to dataunderstanding and predicting the effects of changing market conditions2.619 of 49copyright 2013 pearson education, inc. microeconomics pindyck/rubinfeld, 8e.derive b and dderive a ( and c)demand: q = a bpsupply: q = c + dpe = (p/q)(q/p)demand: ed = b(p*/q*)supply: es = d(p*/q*)a = q* + bp*(2.5a)(2.5b)(2.6a)(2.6b)(2.7)