核心语法一：非谓语动词及答案

1、高考英语核心语法 核心语法一: 非谓语动词【知识简介】动词按语法功能可分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。谓语动词讨论动词的时态，语态及语气等形式，而非谓语动词则讨论动词充当谓语以外的句子成分的情况。非谓语动词可分为三类：不定式、动名词（即-ing动词具有名词性）、分词（包括现在分词和过去分词）。【要点难点】考点一非谓语动词的时态和语态主动形式被动形式动词不定式一般式to doto be done进行式to be doing完成式to have doneto have been done完成进行式to have been doing动词ing形式一般式doingbeing done完成式having d

2、onehaving been done过去分词只有一种形式done考点二非谓语动词作状语1不定式作状语(1)作目的状语，有时用in order to或so as to。To be a winner, you need to give all you have and try your best.要想成为赢家，你要付出所有并竭尽全力。(2)作结果状语，常用结构enough to，too.to.，only to等。Im too tired to stay up any longer.我太累了，不能再熬夜了。(3)作原因状语，此时常与表示情感的形容词连用，如glad，happy，frightened

3、，surprised等。Im very glad to hear the news.我非常高兴听到这个消息。(4)在“主语系动词形容词to do”的结构中，常用主动形式表示被动含义。The question is very difficult to answer.这个问题很难回答。2动词ing形式(现在分词)作状语(1) 动词ing形式(现在分词)作状语时与谓语动词所表示的动作同时或几乎同时发生，having done表示先于谓语动词所表示的动作发生的动作。Not knowing his address, I cant call on him.由于不知道他的地址，我无法拜访他。Not havi

4、ng received a reply, he decided to write again.由于没有收到回信，他打算再写一封。(2) 动词ing形式(现在分词)可作时间、原因、方式、伴随、结果、让步等状语。The children came in, talking and laughing.孩子们进来时边说边笑。3过去分词作状语(1)过去分词作状语时与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且先于谓语动作发生。Inspired by his speech, we took action at once.在他演讲的鼓舞下，我们马上行动了起来。(2)某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，此时作状语时相当于形容词

5、作状语。After a days work, he returned home，exhausted. 工作了一天后，他回到家，疲惫不堪。4不定式与动词ing形式(现在分词)作结果状语的比较不定式作结果状语表示意想不到的结果；而动词ing形式(现在分词)作结果状语表示自然而然的结果。He hurried to the station, only to find the train had left.他匆忙到达车站，结果却发现火车已经出站了。It rained heavily in the south, causing serious flooding in several provinces.南

6、方下了大雨，造成了几个省严重的洪涝灾害。5动词ing形式(现在分词)与过去分词作状语的比较作状语时，是用动词ing形式(现在分词)还是过去分词，取决于该动词与主语之间的关系，若为意义上的主动关系，则用动词ing形式(现在分词)；若为动宾关系，则用过去分词。Seeing from the top of the hill, we find the park even more beautiful.从山顶上看，我们发现这个公园更加美丽。Seen from the top of the hill, the park looks even more beautiful.从山顶上看，这个公园显得更加美丽。

7、考点三非谓语动词作定语1不定式作定语(1)不定式作定语时与所修饰的词之间存在动宾关系，如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词，一般要跟相应的介词。但是，如果不定式修饰的名词是time, place, way等，不定式后面的介词习惯省去。He has a lot of things to deal with.他有许多事情需要处理。(2)若名词前有序数词、最高级或no, all, only等修饰，后面一般用不定式作定语。He is always the first to come to school.他总是第一个到校。(3)用来修饰抽象名词时常用不定式作定语，常见的有ability, chance, at

8、tempt, warning等。I dont trust his promise to come for a call.我不相信他来访的诺言。2动词ing形式(现在分词)作定语动词ing形式(现在分词)作定语时与它修饰的名词之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，表示动作的主动和进行。The girl singing on the stage is his sister.在台上唱歌的那个女孩是他的妹妹。3过去分词作定语过去分词作定语时与它修饰的名词之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，表示动作的被动和完成。Have you read the novel written by Mo Yan?你看过莫言的那本小说吗？4to b

9、e done, being done与done作定语时的比较This is the problem to be discussed tomorrow.这是明天要讨论的问题。(表被动、将来)This is the problem being discussed now.这是现在正在讨论的问题。(表被动、进行)This is the problem discussed yesterday.这是昨天讨论过的问题。(表被动、完成)考点四非谓语动词作宾语(主语)补足语1不定式作宾补(1)常跟不定式作宾补的动词有advise, allow, ask, tell, teach, encourage, cau

10、se等，常构成结构tell sb.to do sth.(以tell为例)。The teacher encouraged us to write a composition every week.老师鼓励我们每周写一篇作文。(2)感官动词和使役动词后面作宾补的不定式不带to，但变为被动语态，作主补的不定式需带to。常见的词有：一感觉：feel；二听：listen to，hear；三使：let，have，make；四看：see，watch，notice，observe等。另外，help后作宾补的不定式符号to可有可无。I saw him go into the room just now.我刚才看

11、见他走进了这个屋子。He was seen to go into the room just now.有人看见他刚才走进了这个屋子。(3)下列结构中用不定式作主补，例如be said/reported/believed/considered to等。Our football team is reported to have won the match.据报道，我们的足球队赢得了这场比赛。2动词ing形式(现在分词)作宾补动词ing形式(现在分词)作宾补时强调宾语发出的动作正在进行。常见带有这种复合宾语的动词有：六让：make，let，have，get，keep，leave；三看：look at

12、，see，watch；两听：listen to，hear；一注意：notice；一发现：find；一感觉：feel等。Listen! Do you hear someone calling for help?听！你听到有人喊救命吗？3过去分词作宾补过去分词作宾补时其动词形式与宾语发出的动作有逻辑上的被动关系，且表示完成。Mr.Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday.在史密斯先生度假期间，他家被盗了。考点五非谓语动词作宾语1有些动词只能跟不定式作宾语，常见的有agree，afford，decide，determin

13、e，expect，hope，manage，refuse，offer，pretend，wish，promise等。We agreed to meet here, but so far she hasnt turned up yet.我们约好在此地见面，但她到现在还未露面。2有些动词或短语只能跟动词ing形式(动名词)作宾语，常见的有admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，dislike，escape，excuse，imagine，mind，miss(错过)，risk，suggest, be used to(习惯于)，cant stand(无法忍受)，give

14、up，feel like，keep on，insist on，look forward to，put off，devote to，stick to，object to，get down to等。He got wellprepared for the job interview, for he couldnt risk losing the good opportunity.他为这次面试做了充分准备，因为他不能冒失去这次好机会的风险。3有些动词既可跟不定式又可跟动词ing形式(动名词)作宾语，意义区别不大，但表示经常性的动作常用动词ing形式(动名词)，表示具体的动作常用不定式，常见的有begi

15、n，start，continue，like，love，prefer等。I like playing/to play football. 我喜欢踢足球。4有些动词或短语既可跟不定式又可跟动词ing形式(动名词)作宾语，但意义有着明显的区别，常见的有：forget to do sth.忘记去做某事(未做)forget doing sth.忘记做过某事(已做)remember to do sth. 记得去做某事(未做)remember doing sth. 记得做过某事(已做)try to do sth. 尽力去做某事try doing sth. 试着做某事regret to do sth. 对即将

16、做的事感到遗憾(未做)regret doing sth. 对做过的事感到后悔(已做)stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事(此处不定式作状语)stop doing sth. 停止做某事mean to do sth. 打算做某事mean doing sth. 意味着做某事go on to do sth. 继续做另一件事go on doing sth. 继续做同一件事cant help (to) do sth. 不能帮助做某事cant help doing sth. 情不自禁做某事That would mean wasting a lot of labor.那将意味着浪费很多劳动力。R

17、eally? I dont mean to waste any labor.真的吗？我并没打算浪费劳动力。5动词need，want，require后跟doing作宾语时，主动形式表示被动含义，另外be worth doing也是主动表示被动。The young trees need watering/to be watered. 这些小树需要浇水。6介词后一般跟动词ing形式(动名词)作宾语，但but/except后接不定式作宾语，若前面有实义动词do则不带to，反之则带to。He had nothing to do but lie down and sleep.他无事可做，只好躺下睡觉。7动

18、词如find，feel，expect，think，consider，make等词后接不定式作宾语，宾语后跟形容词或名词作宾补，此时要用it作形式宾语。He found it hard to solve the problem.他发现很难解答这个难题。8某些动词跟动词ing形式(动名词)作宾语，但需跟不定式作宾补，常见的有allow，permit，forbid，advise，consider等。They dont allow smoking in the office.他们不允许在办公室吸烟。They dont allow him to smoke in the office.他们不允许他在办公

19、室吸烟。考点六非谓语动词作主语和表语1不定式与动词ing形式(动名词)作主语和表语的区别不定式表示某一具体的，尤其是未发生的动作；动词ing形式(动名词)表示抽象的、泛指的动作。作主语时常用it作形式主语而把不定式或动词ing形式(动名词)置后。Playing with fire is dangerous. 玩火危险。To play with fire will be dangerous.玩火会发生危险。It is no use crying over split milk. 覆水难收。2过去分词与动词ing形式(现在分词)作表语的区别两者作表语时基本都是已经形容词化的动词ing形式(动名词)

20、或过去分词，此时表示“令人的”用动词ing形式(现在分词)；表示“感到的”用过去分词。The boy was disappointing. His parents felt disappointed.这个孩子令人失望，他的父母感到很失望。考点七独立主格结构常考的独立主格结构的形式1(with)名词/代词不定式(表主动、将来)With so much work to do, I cant go swimming with you.有那么多工作要做，我不能和你一起去游泳。2(with)名词/代词动词ing形式(表主动、进行)With so many people looking at him, h

21、e felt very nervous.那么多人看着他，他感到很紧张。3(with)名词/代词过去分词 (表被动、完成)The problem solved, the quality has been improved.问题解决了，质量也提高了。【专项练习】I. 用动词的适当形式填空1. He walked up and down,_ (lose) in thought.2. I sat before the desk until after midnight, _(absorb) in writing.3. _(surround) by a host of fans, the film st

22、ar left the airport excitedly.4. Greatly_(disappointed), some staff decided to leave the place.5. _ (take) by surprise, the enemy surrendered.6. _( throw) to the floor, the boy regained his footing a few minutes later.7. _(give) more time, the slow learners would have done better.8. When _(ask) abou

23、t his previous job, Bill said he had been a motor mechanic.9. Susan seldom speaks in class until _(speak) to.10. Mosquitoes should be completely exterminated where_(find).11. Retirees in good health should be invited to return to work wherever _(need).12. If _(keep) for too long, some medicine will

24、lose their effectiveness.13. We have made a point of not _(attack) unless_(attack).14. Though _(warn) of danger, they still went mountaineering.15. Even though _(defeat) for a second time, our team did not give up hope for the ultimate victory.16. With the water pipe _(choke), there wasnt any more w

25、ater for use.17. Without anything_(leave) in the kitchen, the Wangs decided to eat out.18. It is no good _( expect) me_(overlook) careless mistakes.19. What time would it be convenient for me _(call) you again?20. I promise _( return) your bike in good condition.21. He explained what _(do) if the ca

26、r broke down.22. You must stop _(wish) and start _(think) practically.23. Your watch is always slow; it needs _(repair).24. On _(step) out of the station my brother found himself face to face with an old friend of his.25. He had no choice but _(give) up the plan.26. Nothing can make him _(change) hi

27、s mind.27. The police had everybody _(write) down his name and address.28. The police had every detail _(write) down.29. _(never see) him before, I didnt know what he looked like. 30. I didnt hear a single word _(speak) in that classroom that day and I could feel my heart _(pound).31. The earthquake

28、 sent everything _ (crash) to the ground.32. _(walk) slowly down the road, he saw a woman _(accompany) by two children.33. An icy wind blow from the great plain, _(cut) to the bone.34. I dont argue with you. You will never get me _(agree).35. I know him _(be) innocent, but I can do nothing _(help) h

29、im.36. I showed him where _(find) the best specimens.37. They failed in their attempt _(climb) up the mountains.38. She was the first woman _(fly) solo across the Atlantic Ocean.39. _(enter) the room, he flung open all the windows, _(let) the warm summer air _(blow) in from the scented garden.40. It

30、 was reported that 115 miners _(trap) in the flooded mine for eight days were pulled out alive at last.41. The plane was _(take) off, but something went wrong with it.42. I meant _(tell) you about it, but I forgot _(do) so.43. _(know) him, I was distressed _(hear) of his death.44. His guilt _(prove)

31、, he knew he had nothing_(hope) for.45. _(keep) what belongs to another is equal to _(steal).46. What upset the child was his _(not allow) _(visit) his mother in the hospital.47. My taxes_ (pay), the amount _(leave) in the bank is hardly worth _(mention).48. The gang of thieves were caught _ (steal)

32、 from the shop.49. I went to the airport, _(attempt) to see her off, only _(tell) that her flight had already taken off.50. More TV programs, according to government officials, will be produced_(raise)peoples concern over food safety.II. 单项选择1.【2011全国】The next thing he saw was smoke _ from behind th

33、e house.A. rose B. rising C. to rise D. risen2.【2011全国卷II】The island, _ to the mainland by a bridge, is easy to go to.A. joining B. to join C. joined D. having joined3.【2011全国卷II】Sarah pretended to be cheerful, _nothing about the argument.A. says B. said C. to say D. saying4.【2011北京卷】Its important f

34、or the figures_ regularly.A. to be updated B. to have been updated C. to update D. to have updated5.【2011北京卷】Sit down, Emma. You will only make yourself more tired, _ on you feet.A. to keep B. keeping C. having kept D. to have kept6.【2011天津卷】Passengers are permitted _ only one piece of hand luggage

35、onto the plane.A. to carry B. carrying C. to be carried D. being carried7.【2011天津卷】_ into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.A. Translating B. Translated C. To translate D. Having translated8.【2011上海春招】Mike found his missing car in the street outside his house,

36、_ newly cleaned and polished.A. looked B. to look C. looking D. to be looking9.【2011上海春招】_ in 1955, Disneyland in California is regarded by many as the original fun park. A. OpenedB. Having opened C. Opening D. Being opened10.【2011上海春招】Harrison Ford is thought to be one of the few movie stars _ as a

37、 carpenter before. A. to work B. to be working C. to have worked D. to have been working11.【2011山东卷】Look over theretheres a very long, winding path _ up to the house.A. leading B. leads C. led D. to lead12.【2011江苏卷】Recently a survey _ prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused

38、 heated debate among citizens.Acompared Bcomparing Ccompares Dbeing compared13.【2011福建卷】Tsinghua University, _ in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures.A. found B. founding C. founded D. to be founded14.【2011福建卷】The difference in thickness and weight from the earlier version makes t

39、he iPad 2 more comfortable _ .A. held B. holding C. be held D. to hold15.【2011安徽卷】Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier _into small pieces.A. break B. breaking C. broken D. to break16.【2011浙江卷】 Bats are surprisingly long-lived creatures, some _ a life span of around 20 y

40、ears.A. having B. had C. have D. to have17.【2011浙江卷】 Even the best writers sometimes find themselves_ for words.A. lose B. lost C. to lose D. having lost18.【2011浙江卷】If they win the final tonight, the team are going to tour around the city_ by their enthusiastic supporters.A. being cheered B. be chee

41、red C. to be cheered D. were cheered19.【2011四川卷】Ladex doest feel like _ abroad. Her parents are old.A. study B. studying C. studied D. to study20.【2011四川卷】Simon made a big bamboo box _ the little sick bird till it could fly.A. keep B. kept C. keeping D. to keep21.【2011四川卷】_ an important role in a ne

42、w movie, Andy has a chance to become famous.A. Offer B. Offering C. Offered D. To offer22.【2011重庆卷】More TV programs, according to government officials, will be produced _ peoples concern over food safety.A. to raise B. raising C. to have raised D. having raised23.【2011重庆卷】Michael put up a picture of

43、 Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself _ of his own dreams.A. reminding B. to remind C. reminded D. remind24.【2011陕西卷】Claire had her luggage _ an hour before her plane left. A. check B. checking C. to check D. checked25.【2011陕西卷】More highways have been built in China, _ it much easier for people t

44、o travel form one place to another. A. making B. made C. to make D. having made26.【2011湖南卷】The ability _ an idea is as important as the idea itself A expressing B expressed C to express D to be expressed27.【2011湖南卷】The players _ from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer ga

45、me .A selecting B to select C selected D having selected28.【2011湖南卷】Do you wake up every morning _energetic and ready to start a new day?A. feel B. to feel C. feeling D. felt29.【2011辽宁卷】_around the fire, the tourists danced with the local people.A. Gather B. To gather C. Gathering D. To be gathering

46、30.【2011江西卷】On receiving a phone call from his wife _ she had a fall, Mr. Gorden immediately rushed home from his office. A. says B. said C. saying D. to say31.【2011辽宁卷】Twenty students want to attend the class that aims to teach _ to read fast.A. what B. who C. how D. why32.【2012江西卷】Having finished

47、her project, she was invited by the school_ to the new students.A. speakingB. having spokenC. to speakD. to have spoken33.【2012江西卷】John has really got the job because he showed me the official letter _ him it.A. offeredB. offeringC. to offerD. to be offered34.【2012重庆卷】Before you quit your job, _how

48、your family would feel about your decision.A. consider B. considering C. to consider D. considered35.【2012重庆卷】Were having a meeting in half an hour. The decision _ at the meeting will in the future of our company.A. to be made B. being made C. made D. having been made 36.【2012重庆卷】_to work overtime t

49、hat evening, I missed a wonderful film. A. Having been asked B. To ask C. Having asked D. To be asked37.【2012辽宁卷】This machine is very easy_. Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes. A. operating B. to be operating C. operated D. to operate38.【2012四川卷】I looked up and noticed a snake _ its way up

50、 the tree to catch its breakfast.A. to wind B. wind C. winding D. wound39.【2012四川卷】Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car _.A. washed B. wash C. washing D. to wash40.【2012四川卷】I make $2,000 a week, 60 surely wont make _ difference to me.A. that a big B. a that big C. big a that D. that big a 41.【2012陕西卷】_ in a long queue, we waited for the store to open to buy a New iPad .A. Standing B. To stand C. StoodD. Stand42.【2012陕西卷】If he takes on this work, he will have no choice but _ an even greater challenge.A. meets B. meeting