初一至初三英语语法及中考难点

1、中考重点句型一、常使用动词不定式的短语1、Its time to do sth. Its time for sth该作某事的时候了.2、cant wait to do sth. 迫不及待要作某事3、ask /telle sb. (not ) to do sth. 要求/告诉某人(不)作某事4、allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人作某事5、be supposed to do sth. 应该作某事6、Would like /want (sb.) to do sth. 想要作某事7、have sth/nothing to do 有时要做/与无关8、find it +adj. to do

2、 sth. 发觉作某事9、prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. 宁愿作某事,而不愿作某事 10、Its +adj. for sb. to do sth.作某事对某人来说11、Its better /best to do sth. 最好做某事12、It takes sb. sometime. to do sth. 某人做某事用了一些时间二、常用动名词的短语1、 enjoy /like /love doing sth. 喜欢做某事 2、 keep /keep on /carry on / go on doing sth. 继续做某事 3、feel like d

3、oing sth. 想要做某事 4、practise doing sth. 练习作某事 5、give up doing sth. 放弃作某事6、be good at= do well inon doing sth. 擅长作某事7、pay attention to doing sth. 注意作某事8、what about/ how about doing sth.怎么样(好吗)?9、Thank you for doing sth. 为感谢某人10、mind doing sth. 介意作某事11、be used for doing sth./ be used to do sth. 、被用来作某事1

4、2、spend (in) doing sth. 花时间作某时13、be busy doing/ with sth. 忙于作某事 14、finish doing sth. 作完某时15、look forward to doing. 盼望做某事16、prefer doing sth. to doing sth. 喜欢胜过17、be/get used to doing sth. 习惯作某事18、keep / stop/ prevent sb. from doing sth.阻止某人作某事三、省略动词不定式的短语1、一看二听三使役see/ hear/ feel/ notice/ look at /li

5、sten to sb. do sth.看见/听见/感觉/注意某人作某事make /let /have sb. do sth. 使/让某人做某事2、help sb. (to) do sth/ with sth.帮助某人作某事3、 had better (not) do sth. 最好(不)做某事4、 Why dont you/ not do sth.为什么不作某事5、Would /Will / Could you please (not) do sth. 请你(不)作某事好吗?四、 同义词比较1、 stop to do sth. 停下正在做的事去作另一件事stop doing sth. 停止正在

6、作的事eg. When the teacher came into the classroom, the students stopped talking. After he worked for an hour, he stopped to have a rest.2、 forget / remember to do sth.忘记/记得要去作某事forget / remember doing sth. 忘记记得曾经做过某事eg. Please remember to bring my book to school.I remember doing my homework3、 used to

7、do sth. 过去常常作某事be used to do sth. 被用来作某事be used to doing sth. 习惯于作某事eg. My father used to smoke.Wood is used to make paper.I am used to getting up early.4、So +be/助动词/情态动词 + 主语 也一样So +主语+be/助动词/ 情态动词 是呀,表示赞同别人的观点Neither + be /助动词/ 情态动词+主语也不一样（用于否定句）eg. He has been to Beijing. So have I.Its a fine day

8、. So it is.She doesnt like eggs. Neither do I.5、 tooto do sth. 太而不能so +adj. /adv + that(从句) 如此以致such +（a/an +adj.）+n.+ that(从句)如此以致(not) enough (for sb.) to do sth. (对某人来说)做某事(不)够eg. The boy is too young to go to school.The boy is so young that he cant go to school.He is such a young boy that he can

9、t go to school.The boy is not old enough to go to school.五、常考知识点1、keep +adj. 保持状态keep (sb.) doing sth. 继续做某事/使某人老是做某事eg. Everyone should keep our classroom clean.Its too late, but he still keeps working.Lily always keeps us waiting for her.2、make+ sb. + n. 使某人成为make + sb. + adj. 使某人make sb. do sth.

10、使某人做某事Sb. be made to sth. 某人被迫做某事eg. We made Peter our monitor.Books make us happy.He often makes me laugh.The workers were made to work 12 hours a day.3、I dont think that 我认为不eg. I dont think you are right.4、Its /was/has been+ some time +since+一般过去时 自从以来有多久了eg. It has been two years since we met la

11、st time.6、 What do you mean by?=What does . mean?=what is the meaning of.?是什么意思?eg. What do you mean by “computer”?=What does “computer” mean?=what is the meaning of computer?7、 What do you think of/How do you like ? 你认为怎么样?eg. What do you think of this film /How do you like this film? 8、 What is/wa

12、s/will be like? .怎么样?eg. What is the weather like?What will the life in the future be like?9、 Its said/ reported that 据说/据报道 Its well known that 众所周知 Its thought that 大家认为eg. Its said that the population of the word would be 6 billion in 2050.10、one of the +形容词最高级+名词复数 其中之一eg. Shanghai is one of the

13、 biggest cities in China.11、neithernor 既不也不（两者都不）eitheror要么要么/或者或者/不是就是not onlybut also 不但而且以上三个词做主语时,要用就近原则eg. Neither you nor he has been to the USA.Either he or you go to the park.Not only my mother but also my father is a teacher.neither of 两者都不 either of 两者选一none of 没有一个以上三个做主语时，谓语动词用单数All of 全

14、部 Both of 两者都以上二个做主语时，谓语动词用复数12、比较级+ than +any other +名词单数 比其余任何一个 比较级+ than + the other+名词复数eg. Shanghai is bigger than any other city=shanghai is bigger than the other cities in China.13、When（当的时候）, if （如果）, as soon as（一就）, until（直到才）, unless（除非/如果不）这几个词引导的时间或条件状语从句时,主句要用一般将来时.从句一般现在时eg. I will ca

15、ll you when he comes. If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will have a picnic. As soon as I get to Beijing, Ill come to see you. He wont go to bed until his parents come back. Unless you work hard, you wont catch up with others. 希望我的答案对你有帮助初一的语法知识包括：30主要掌握几种时态1，一般现在时2，一般过去时3，一般将来时4，现在进行时还有几种词1，名词2，代词3，形容词

16、4，动词5，冠词初一英语语法一、词法1、名词A）、名词的数我们知道名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词，而不可数名词它没有复数形式，但可数名词却有单数和复数之分，复数的构成如下：一）在后面加s。如：fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas二）x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如：boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes三）1）以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es如：baby-babies, family-families, duty-duties, comedy-comed

17、ies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories2）以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如：day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways四）以o结尾加s（外来词）。如：radios, photos, 但如是辅音加o的加es：如: tomatoes西红柿, potatoes马铃薯五）以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es(s)。如：knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves六）单复数相同（不变的

18、）有：fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese七）一般只有复数，没有单数的有：people, pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks八）单词形式不变，既可以是单数也可以是复数的有：police警察局，警察, class班，同学, family家，家庭成员九）合成的复数一般只加主要名词，多数为后一个单词。如：action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals; 但如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数。如：man doctor-men

19、doctors, woman teacher-women teachers十）有的单复数意思不同。如：fish鱼 fishes鱼的种类, paper纸 papers报纸，卷子，论文, work工作 works作品，工厂, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯，眼镜,orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光线 lights灯, people人 peoples民族,time时间 times时代, 次数, chicken 鸡肉chickens 小鸡十一） 单个字母的复数可以有两种形式直接加s或s。如：Is (Is), Ks (Ks)。但如是缩略词则只加s。如：IDs, VCDs, SA

20、Rs十二） 特殊形式的有：child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-EnglishmenB）名词的格当我们要表示某人的什么东西或人时，我们就要使用所有格形式。构成如下：一）单数在后面加s。如：brothers, Mikes, teachers二）复数以s结尾的直接在s后加，如果不是以s结尾的与单数一样处理。如：Teachers Day教师节, classmates; Childrens Day六一节, Womens Day三八节三）由and并列的名词所

21、有时，如果是共同所有同一人或物时，只加最后一个s，但分别拥有时却分别按单数形式处理。如：Mike and Bens room迈克和本的房间（共住一间），Mikes and Bens rooms迈克和本的房间（各自的房间）2、代词项目 人称代词 物主代词 指示代词 反身代词 人称 主格 宾格 形容词 名词性 第一人称 单数 I me my mine myself 复数 we us our ours ourselves 第二人称 单数 you you your yours yourself 复数 you you your yours yourselves 第三人称 单数 she her her h

22、ers herself he him his his himself it it its its this that itself 复数 they them their theirs these those themselves 3、动词A） 第三人称单数当动词是第三人称单数时，动词应该像名词的单数变动词那样加s，如下：一）一般在词后加s。如：comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains二）在x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如：watches, washes, wishes, finishes三）1）以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i

23、再加es。如：study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries2）以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如：plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys四）以o结尾加es。如：does, goes五）特殊的有：are-is, have-hasB） 现在分词当我们说某人正在做什么事时，动词要使用分词形式，不能用原形，构成如下：一）一般在后加ing。如：spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching,

24、 go-going, do-doing二）以不发音e的结尾的去掉e再加ing。如：dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having三）以重读闭音节结尾且一个元音字母一个辅音字母（注意除开字母组合如show showing, draw-drawing）要双写最后的辅音字母再加ing。如：put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning四）以ie结尾的变ie为y再加ing。如：tie-t

25、ying系die-dying死lie-lying 位于4、形容词的级我们在对两个或以上的人或物进行对比时，则要使用比较或最高级形式。构成如下：一） 一般在词后加er或est(如果是以e结尾则直接加r或st)。如：greater-greatest, shorter shortest, taller tallest, longer longest, nicer- nicest, larger -largest二）以重读闭音节结尾且1个元音字母1个辅音字母(字母组合除外，如few-fewer fewest)结尾的双写结尾的辅音再加er /est。如：big-bigger biggest, red-r

26、edder reddest, hot-hotter hottest三） 以辅音字母y结尾的变y为i加er/est。如：happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier sorriest, friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly most friendly), busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest四）特殊情况：(两好多坏，一少老远)good/well - better best many/much - more most bad/ill worse worstlittle-

27、less least old- older/elder oldest/eldest far- farther/further farthest/furthest5、数词 (基变序，有规则；一、二、三，自己背；五、八、九、十二；其它后接th；y结尾，变为i, eth跟上去。) first, second, third; fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth; seventh, tenth, thirteenth, hundredth; twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth, ninety-ninetieth二、句式1.陈述句肯定陈述句 a) Th

28、is is a book. (be动词)b) He looks very young. (连系动词)c) I want a sweat like this. (实义动词)d) I can bring some things to school. (情态动词)e) Theres a computer on my desk. (There be结构)否定陈述句 a) These arent their books. b) They dont look nice.c) Kate doesnt go to No. 4 Middle School. d) Kate cant find her doll.

29、e) There isnt a cat here. (=Theres no cat here.)2. 祈使句肯定祈使句 a) Please go and ask the man. b) Lets learn English!c) Come in, please.否定祈使句a) Dont be late. b) Dont hurry.3. 疑问句1) 一般疑问句 a) Is Jim a student?b) Can I help you? c) Does she like salad?d) Do they watch TV? e) Is she reading?肯定回答: a) Yes, he

30、is. b) Yes, you can. c) Yes, she does. d) Yes, they do. e) Yes, she is.否定回答: a) No, he isnt. b) No, you cant. c) No, she doesnt. d) No, they dont. e) No, she isnt.2) 选择疑问句 Is the table big or small?回答 Its big./ Its small.3) 特殊疑问句问年龄 How old is Lucy? She is twelve.问种类What kind of movies do you like?

31、I like action movies and comedies.问身体状况 How is your uncle? He is well/fine.问方式 How do/can you spell it? L-double O-K.How do we contact you? My e-mail address is cindyjones.问原因Why do you want to join the club?问时间 Whats the time? (=What time is it?) Its a quarter to ten a.m.What time do you usually ge

32、t up, Rick? At five oclock.When do you want to go? Lets go at 7:00.问地方 Wheres my backpack? Its under the table.问颜色 What color are they? They are light blue.Whats your favourite color? Its black.问人物 Whos that? Its my sister.Who is the boy in blue? My brother.Who isnt at school? Peter and Emma.Who are

33、 Lisa and Tim talking to?问东西 Whats this/that (in English)? Its a pencil case.What else can you see in the picture? I can see some broccoli, strawberries and hamburgers.11问姓名 Whats your aunts name? Her name is Helen./Shes Helen.Whats your first name? My first names Ben.Whats your family name? My fami

34、ly names Smith.12 问哪一个 Which do you like? I like one in the box.13 问字母What letter is it? Its big D/small f.14 问价格How much are these pants? Theyre 15 dollars.15 问电话号码 Whats your phone number? Its 576-8349.16 问谓语(动作) Whats he doing? Hes watching TV.17 问职业(身份) What do you do? Im a teacher.Whats your fa

35、ther? Hes a doctor.三、时态1、一般现在时表示普遍、经常性的或长期性的动作时使用一般现在时，它有：Be 动词：Shes a worker. Is she a worker? She isnt a worker.情态动词：I can play the piano. Can you play the piano? I cant play the piano.行为动词：They want to eat some tomatoes. Do they want to eat any tomatoes? They dont want to eat any tomatoes.Gina ha

36、s a nice watch. Does Gina have a nice watch? Gina doesnt have a watch.2、现在进行时表示动词在此时正在发生或进行就使用进行时态，结构为sb be v-ing sth + 其它.Im playing baseball. Are you playing baseball? Im not playing baseball.Nancy is writing a letter. Is Nancy writing a letter? Nancy isnt writing a letter.Theyre listening to the

37、pop music. Are they listening the pop music? They arent listening to the pop music.初二英语语法大全动词时态的句子结构及关键词: 一般现在时: 句子结构: 肯定句主语+be (am, is, are ) + 其他 否定句主语+be not +其他 疑问句 Be+主语+其他 或: 肯定句主语+动词原型+其他 ( 第三人称单数作主语动词要加s ) 否定句主语+dont+动词原型+其他(第三人称单数作主语dont改为doesnt) 疑问句 DO+主语+动词原型+其他(第三人称单数作主语do改为doess) 关键词: s

38、ometimes, often, usually, always, every day, on Sunday afternoon, at 10 oclockin the morning, five days a week, three times a month等. 注:在时间壮语从句,条件壮语从句中,常用一般现在时表示将来时,这时一般从 句用一般现在时,主句用将来时 现在进行时: 句子结构:肯定句 主语+be +动词的现在分词+其他 否定句主语+be not+动词的现在分词+其他 疑问句 Be +主语+动词的现在分词+其他 关键词:now, right now, at the moment,

39、 Its+几点钟等的句子.或look, listen, keep quiet等提示语. 一般将来时: 句子结构: 肯定句 主语+will+动词原型+其他 否定句 主语+will not +动词原型+其他 疑问句 Will +主语+动词原型+其他 (will 可改为be going to ,当主语是第一人称时will可用shall) 关键词:tomorrow, tomorrow morning, at sevenoclock tomorrow evening, next year, at ten oclock next Sunday, this year, at the end of this

40、term, from now on, in the year 2008, soon, in a few days time, in the future 等. 一般过去时: 句子结构:肯定句 主语+be(was,were)+其他 否定句 主语+be not+其他 疑问句 Be+主语+其他 或: 肯定句 主语+动词的过去式+其他 否定句 主语+did not+动词原型+其他 疑问句 Did+主语+动词原型+其他 关键词:yesterday,yesterday morning等 ,last week, last year, at the end of last term, 一段时间+ago如:te

41、n years ago, five hours ago, on January 1st,2004, in the 1980s等. Just now,in the old days, long ago, a moment ago等. 过去进行时: 句子结构: 肯定句 主语+was/were+动词的现在分词+其他 否定句 主语+was/were not +动词的现在分词+其他 疑问句 Was/Were + 主语+ 动词的现在分词+其他 关键词:具体时间+过去的时间壮语 如:at ten oclock yesterdaymorning, at this time last Sunday等. 现在完成

42、时: 句子结构:肯定句 主语+have/has+动词的过去分词+其他(第三人称单数用has) 否定句 主语+have/has not+动词的过去分词+其他 疑问句 Have/Has + 主语 + 动词的过去分词+其他 关键词:already, yet, just, ever, never ,so far, for +一段时间,since+过去的 时间或过去时从句.或this year alone今年以来,these five years alone这五年 以来,in the last ten years 在过去的十年中等. 过去将来时: 句子结构: 肯定句 主语+ would+ 动词原型+其他

43、 否定句 主语+ would not + 动词原型+ 其他 疑问句 Would+主语+动词原型+其他 (would可改为was/were going to ,主语第一人称时would可用should) 过去将来时主要用在宾语从句中. 过去完成时: 句子结构: 肯定句 主语+had + 动词的过去分词+其他 否定句 主语+had not +动词的过去分词+其他 疑问句 Had+主语+动词的过去分词+其他 关键词:by+过去某一时间点 如:by last year, by the end of+过去某一时间点 如: by the end of last year, before+过去某一时间点,b

44、y the time +从句,或宾语从 句中最后,请记住: Its not the end of the world, try to look on the bright side of thing, Im sure it will be all right. 这不是世界末日,试着往事情好的方面看,我确认一切都会好起来.英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。初中阶段的被动语态有五种时态，我们可以从以下方面进行小结：一、被动语态的时态及结构（以动词do为例）结构：主语 + be + 过去分词时态：1. 一般现在时： am (is, are) done.2.带情态动词的被动语态：must (ca

45、n, may, should, need, would) be done3. 一般过去时： was (were) done * 4. 一般将来时： will (shall) be done * 5. 现在进行时： am (is, are) being done6. 现在完成时： have (has) been done 二、从初中阶段所学五种基本句型谈变被动语态时应注意的问题。1主语 + 连系动词+ 表语 (S+V+P)此结构不可用被动语态。(正) The flowers smell sweet.(误) The flowers are smelt sweet.2主语 + 不及物动词(S+V)此

46、结构不可变被动语态。(正) An accident happened last night.(误) An accident was happened last night.3主语 + 及物动词+ 宾语 (S + V+ O)（1）将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语Children often sing this song This song is often sung by children.（2）将含有介词或副词的动词短语变为被动结构时，不可将介词或副词去掉。We should listento the teachers carefully.The teachers should be lis

47、tened to carefully.4主语 + 及物动词+ 间接宾语+ 直接宾语(S + V+ IO+ DO)（1）.将表人的间接宾语变为主语，直接宾语不变。He showed us a picture .We were shown a picture.（2）.将指物的直接宾语变为主语，要在间接宾语前加介词to或for.常用加to的动词give, show, pass, read等常用加for的动词 buy, get, make, sing, draw 等A picture was shown to us.A dictionary was bought for me by my parent

48、s.5 主语+及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语(S+ V+ O + C)如动词为 make, see, hear, watch 等，后接宾语补足语为不带“to”不定式时，变被动语态时要加上“to” 。I saw him fall off the tree.He was seen to fall off the tree.6. be + 过去分词 并非都是被动语态，系动词 be, feel, seem,look,等词后面的过去分词已转化为形容词，作表语用，表示某种状态。 Im interested in mathematics. 我对数学感兴趣。*7. 某些动词用主动语态来表示被动含义。The

49、 womans clothes sell well. 女装卖的快。This book sells best.这本书很畅销. 英语语法大全下载1、所有格：He is Freds best friend.（-s）2、动词现在时的第三人称单数：Alfredo works.（-s）3、动词过去式：Fred worked.（-ed），但亦有不规则变化。4、现在分词进行时态：Fred is working.（-ing）（注如果动词的末音节为辅音结尾的闭音节，则须双写末辅音，如running）5、过去分词：The car was stolen.（-en）；Fred has talked to the pol

50、ice.（-ed），但亦有不规则变化。6、动名词：Working is good for the soul.（-ing）7、名词的复数：Fred has two blue eyes.（-s）（注如果动词的尾字是s,sh,x,ch，则需加-es，如dishes）8、形容词的比较级：Fred is smarter than Rick.（-er）形容词末尾加-er，多音节在前面”加more，如more difficult。9、形容词的最高级：Fred has the fastest car.（-est）形容词末尾加-est，多音节词在前面加most，如the most difficult。英语的基本

51、语序为SVO，且基本上不能任意变换语序，除了在少数诗词以外；另一方面，有时英语会使用OSV的语序。（注：S：Subject主语；V：Verbal phrase谓语；O：Object宾语）英语中所有的词可分成十大类，每一类词在句子中都有其特定的位置和作用。这十大词类是：一、名词：表示人或事物的名称的词。二、形容词：表示人或事物的特征的词。三、副词：修饰动词、形容词和副词的词。四、代词：是代替名词、形容词和数词的词。五、数词：表示数量和顺序的词。六、动词：表示动作和状态的词。七、冠词：与名词连用，其说明人或事物的作用。八、介词：通常置于名词和代词之前，表示名词和代词与其他词的关系。九、连词：连接词

52、与词、短语与短语、句子与句子的词。十、感叹词：表示说话人感情或语气的词。 英语的时态英语共有十六个时态、四个体。（注：四个体为一般、进行、完成、完成进行。）英语中的四个体相当于法语、西班牙语以及所有印欧语系罗曼语族中的式，如：直陈式，命令式等。 （1）一般现在时基本形式（以do为例）：第三人称单数：does（主语为非第三人称单数）；肯定句：主语动词原形其他；否定句：主语dont动词原形其他；一般疑问句：Do主语动词原形其他。肯定回答：Yes， 主语do否定回答：No，主语dont.特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句语序 （2）一般过去时be动词行为动词的过去式waswerenot；在行为动词前加d

53、idnt，同时还原行为动词was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did提问，同时还原行为动词 （3）一般将来时amareisgoing todowillshalldoam/is/are/about to + doam/is/are to + do一般将来时的表达方法be going to +动词原形be +不定式,be to+动词原形,be about to 动词原形be able to +不定式be about to+动词原形 (4)过去将来时be（was，were）going to+动词原形be（was，were）about to+动词原形be（was，were）to+动词原形肯定

54、句：主语+be（was，were）going to+动词原形. 否定句：主语+be（was，were）not going to+动词原形. 疑问句：Be（Was，Were）+主语+going to+动词原形？ 肯定句：主语+would（should）+动词原形. 否定句：主语+would（should）not+动词原形. 疑问句：Would（Should）+主语+动词原形？ (5)现在进行时主语+be+动词ing现在分词形式第一人称+am+doing+sth 第二人称+are+doing +sth第三人称+is+doing+sth (6)过去进行时肯定句：主语+was/were+doing+其它否定句：主语+was/were+not+doing+其它一般疑问句及答语：Was/Were+主语+doing+其它 答语：Yes,I was./No,I wasnt. 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+was/were+主语+doing+其它 (7)将来进行时动词be的将来时+现在分词 (8)过去将来进行时should(would)+be+现在分词 (9)现在完成时基本结构：主语+have/has+过去分词(done) 肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词