英语二学历语言学的课件03Phonetics

1、 phonetics-chapter threecontentsi. definition of phonetics;ii. international phonetic alphabet;iii. branches of phonetics;iv. articulatory phonetics. 语音学就是对在所有人类语言或语音学就是对在所有人类语言或某种语言中用来表意的语音的科学研某种语言中用来表意的语音的科学研究。究。i. definition of phonetics phonetics is the scientific study of speech sounds which ar

2、e used by all human languages or by a particular language to represent meanings.ii. international phonetic alphabet2.1 what is it?;2.2 why do we use it?;2.3 how do we use it?.10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红5国际音标字母表国际音标字母表2.1 what is it? international phonetic alphabet (shortened as ipa) is the phonetic alphab

3、et designed by the international phonetic association (also shortened as ipa) in 1888 to be used to represent the sounds found in all human languages.10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红62.2 why do we use it?the first reason is that there is usually a discrepancy between pronunciation and spelling of many language

4、s;the second reason is that we need an orthography as far as linguistic study is concerned.10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红72.3 how do we use it?broad phonetic transcription: is that which only transcribes the sounds that contrast words in meaning without providing any details, e.g. pen;narrow phonetic transcr

5、iption: is that which not only transcribes the sounds that contrast words in meaning but also provides the details by using diacritics, e.g. ph.宽式标音法宽式标音法严式标音法严式标音法.10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红8diacritics （变音符）（变音符） are the additional markings on written symbols to specify various phonetic properties such

6、as length, tone, stress, nasalization, etc. examples are i:, , , and , etc.10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红9broad /narrow transcription宽式和严式标音 when we use a simple set of symbols in our transcription, it is called a broad transcription. the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred

7、to as a narrow transcription. both are phonetic transcriptions so we put both forms in square brackets .10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红10common phonemic rulesaspiration hunreleased stop flap dental consonants velarization voicelessness vowel lengthening ?vowel nasalization 10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红11iii. branches

8、 of phoneticsarticulatory phoneticsacoustic phoneticsauditory phonetics10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红13articulatory phonetics（发音语音学）: is the study of the way in which speech sounds are made by the vocal organs;acoustic phonetics（声学语音学）: is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds as transmitted

9、between mouth and ear;auditory phonetics（听觉语音学）: is the study of the perceptual response to speech sounds as mediated by ear, auditory nerve and brain.10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红14iv. articulatory phonetics4.1 articulatory organs;4.2 english consonants;4.3 english vowels;4.4 natural classes of sounds;4.5

10、binary feature description of sounds.10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红15oral cavity（口腔）pharynx（咽）larynx（喉）（喉）vocal cords & glottisnasal cavity（鼻腔）the four cavities10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红1610. larynx（喉）（喉）the speech organs1. lips（唇）（唇）2. teeth（齿）（齿）3. alveolar ridge（齿龈）（齿龈）7. tip of the tongue（舌尖）（舌尖）4. palate（硬腭）

11、（硬腭）8. blade of the tongue（舌面）（舌面）9. back of the tongue（舌背）（舌背）11. pharynx（咽）（咽）12. nasal cavity （鼻腔）（鼻腔）.5. velum（软腭）（软腭）6. uvula（小舌）（小舌）.10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红17anatomy of the vocal tract 10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红1810/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红19anatomy of the larynx10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红20vocal cords and glott

12、is声带声带声门声门10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红21speech production levelsrespiration (sub-glottal activity)how do we control our breathing to help our speech communication?phonation (glottal/laryngeal activity)how do we control our vocal-folds to help our speech communication?articulation (supra-glottal activity)ho

13、w do we control our articulators to help our speech communication?10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红22english phonemesenglish consonantsenglish vowels there are 24 english consonants.there are 20 english vowels.10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红234.2 english consonants4.2.1 definition;4.2.2 subdivisions;4.2.3 some other issu

14、es.10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红24 辅音辅音就是发音过程中声道闭塞就是发音过程中声道闭塞或变窄，气流或被完全阻塞或受阻到或变窄，气流或被完全阻塞或受阻到产生可闻摩擦的程度时发出的音。产生可闻摩擦的程度时发出的音。4.2.1 definitiona consonant is a speech sound made by a closure or narrowing in the vocal tract so that the airflow is either completely blocked, or so restricted that audible friction

15、is produced.10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红254.2.2 subdivisions4.2.2.1 places of articulation（发音部（发音部位）位）:it means the part of the vocal tract at which the airstream is constricted, obstructed or blocked;table10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红26place where sounds are produced10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红274.2.2.2 manners of artic

16、ulation（发音方（发音方式）式）:it means the way the airstream is obstructed as it travels through the vocal tract.10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红284.2.2.1 places of articulationbilabials（双唇音）（双唇音）: p b m w;labiodentals（唇齿音）（唇齿音）: f v;interdentals（齿间音）（齿间音）: ;alveolars（齿龈音）（齿龈音）: t d n s z l r;palatals（硬腭音）（硬腭音）: j;velar

17、s（软腭音）（软腭音）: k g ; glottal（声门音）（声门音）: h.10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红294.2.2.2 manners of articulationstops（爆破音）: oral stops: p b t d k g;nasal stops: m n ;fricatives（摩擦音）: f v s z h ;affricates（破擦音）: ;liquids（流音）: l r;glides（滑音）: j w;voiceless vs. voiced sounds （清/浊音）.stops are the sounds in which the airf

18、low is briefly but completely stopped in the oral cavity. fricatives are the sounds produced with so narrow a constriction in the vocal tract as to create sound through friction.affricates are the sounds produced by a stop closure followed immediately by a slow release characteristic of a fricative.

19、liquids are all of the apico-alveolar sounds that release the airstream from one or both sides of the mouth. glides are sounds produced with little or no obstruction of the airstream that is always preceded or followed by a vowel.voiceless sounds are those produced with open, non-vibrating vocal cor

20、ds; while voiced sounds with vibrating vocal cords.10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红30manners of articulation( median) approximant (中）通音中）通音: an articulation in which one articulator is close to another, but without the vocal tract being narrowed to such an extent that a turbulent airstream is produced. i.e. w,

21、 r, j lateral ( approximant)边（通）音边（通）音: obstruction of the airstream at a point along the center of the oral tract, with incomplete closure between one or both sides of the tongue and the roof of the mouth, such as l in english.10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红31table of english consonants placesmannersstopsfri

22、cativesaffricatesliquidsglidesoralnasalbilabials ppbbmmwwlabiodentalsffvvinterdentals alveolarsttddnnsszzl rl rpalatals j j velarskkgg glottalhhvoiceless bilabial stopvoiced bilabial stopvoiceless alveolar stopvoiced alveolar stopvoiceless velar stopvoiced velar stop bilabial nasal alveolar nasal ve

23、lar nasal voiceless labiodental fricative voiced labiodental fricative voiceless interdental fricative voiced interdental fricative voiceless alveolar fricative voiced alveolar fricative voiceless palatal fricative voiced palatal fricativeglottal fricative voiceless palatal affricate voiced palatal

24、affricate lateral （旁流音）（旁流音） retroflex （卷舌音）（卷舌音） bilabial glide palatal glide.10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红3210/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红3310/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红34the pronunciation of /p/ and /b/10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红35the pronunciation of /t/ and /d/10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红36the pronunciation of /k/ and /g/10/20/2021

25、哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红3710/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红38allophonic variations of /p/allophoneoccurrence exampleph aspirated release in initial word and stressed positionspokep- unreleased in word final position top tenp unaspirated release in clusters, esp. after /s/ spotp: lengthening, when arresting /p/ is followed b

26、y a releasing /p/ stop pete.p nasal release, before a syllabic nasalstop him.10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红39allophonic variations of /b/allophoneoccurrence exampleb- unreleased in word final position robb: lengthened when arresting /b/ is followed by a releasing /b/ rob bobb nasal resonance, before a syllab

27、ic nasal rob him.10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红40allophonic variations of /t/allophoneoccurrence exampleth aspirated release in initial word and stressed positionstapet- unreleased in word final position coat hangert unaspirated release in clusters, esp. after /s/ stopt: lengthening, when arresting /t/ is fo

28、llowed by a releasing /t/get ten.t nasal release, before a syllabic nasalbutton t dentalized before /eighth flapped, intervocalicallyletter glottal stop, before syllabic n or lbutton, battle10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红41allophonic variations of /d/allophoneoccurrence example d dentalized before an interden

29、tal widthd- unreleased in word final position lead glass dl bilateral release with /l/ middled: lengthened when arresting /d/ is followed by a releasing /d/ sad daved nasal release, before a syllabic nasal bread and butter10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红42allophonic variations of /k/allophoneoccurrence example

30、kh aspirated release in initial word and stressed positionskeepk- unreleased in word final position take minek unaspirated release in clusters, esp. after /s/ skyk: lengthening, when arresting /k/ is followed by releasing /k/take kim.k nasal release, before a syllabic nasalbeaconklbilateral release

31、with /l/clockc or kassimilated to a front vowelkeen glottal stop, before syllabic n baconkw rounded, before a rounded soundquarter10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红43allophonic variations of /g/allophoneoccurrence exampleg- unreleased in word final position and some clusters flag g: lengthened when arresting /g/

32、 is followed by a releasing /g/ big grapesgl bilateral release with /l/ gladg nasal release, before a syllabic nasal pig and goatg assimilated to a front vowel geesegw rounded, before a rounded sound goose10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红4410/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红4510/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红46labiodental (唇齿音): /f/ /v/

33、dental (齿音): / / side view for the articulation of /f/ /v/ / / 10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红4710/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红4810/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红49alveolar (齿槽音): /s/ /z/postalveolar (后龈音): / / side view for the articulation of /s/ /z/ / / 10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红5010/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红51 postalveolar (后龈音): /t/ /d/

34、side view for the articulation of /t/ /d/postalveolar (后龈音后龈音): / / 10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红5210/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红53allophonic variations of /m/syllabic: somethinglengthened, when an arresting /m/ is followed by a releasing /m/: some morethe labiodnetal nasal, when followed by /f/: comfort10/20/2021哈尔

35、滨师范大学 张旭红5410/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红5510/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红56allophonic variations of /n/dentalized before a labiodental /f/ or /v/: invitevelarized before /k/ or /: thinksyllabic: buttonlengthening, when /n/ arrests and releases adjoining syllables: ten names10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红5710/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红

36、58allophonic variations of /r/devoiced as in voiceless clusters: treatthe one-tap flap /r/: verythe retroflexed /r/: rightthe back /r/, before or after /k/ or /: crate grey10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红5910/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红6010/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红61allophonic variations of /l/syllabic: bottleclear-l, made w

37、ith the tongue in the classical fronted position: leasedark-l, (the tongue tip and blade in the post alveolar position): calldevoiced in consonant clusters with voiceless stops: playthe post-palatal, or velar /l/: milk10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红6210/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红6310/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红64vowel diagram

38、 for /j/ vowel diagram for /w/ 10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红6510/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红6610/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红674.2.3 some other issuesmore about stops:plosives - another name for oral stops;a glottal stop as in latin ln, or bottom bm in american english;more about glides:a voiceless labiovelar glide (hw) as in

39、 which i in american english;10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红68more about retroflex: a flap （闪音）（闪音）r as in very in british english;approximants （无摩擦连续音）（无摩擦连续音）:a covering term for liquids, glides and vowels./w/, /r/, /j/ - they are called approximants because this is an articulation in which the articulators

40、 approach each other but do not get sufficiently close to each other to produce a complete consonant such as a stop, nasal or fricative.10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红694.3 english vowels4.3.1 definition;4.3.2 subdivision:4.3.2.1 criteria of vowel description;4.3.2.2 the theory of cardinal vowels;4.3.2.3 desc

41、ription of monophthongs;4.3.2.4 description of diphthongs.10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红70 元音元音是口腔内没有完全闭塞或是口腔内没有完全闭塞或收窄程度不足以产生可闻摩擦时发收窄程度不足以产生可闻摩擦时发出的音。出的音。4.3.1 definitiona vowel is a speech sound articulated without a complete closure in the mouth or a degree of narrowing which would produce audible frictio

42、n.10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红714.3.2.1 criteria of vowel descriptionthe vertical position of the tongue:high（高）（高）, mid（中）（中）, low（低）（低）;the horizontal position of the tongue:front（前）（前）, center（央）（央）, back（后）（后）;the shape of the two lips:rounded（圆唇）（圆唇）, unrounded（非圆唇）（非圆唇）;the tenseness of the muscles i

43、nvolved:tense（紧）（紧）, lax（松）（松）.10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红72vowels vowels monophthongs semi-vowel vowel glides diphthongs triphthongs10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红73features of vowelsfunctionally, vowels are the basis of syllables. physically, vowels are musical. articulatorily, for vowels, airstream is not obstru

44、cted, and speech organs are tense. 10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红7410/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红75general british & general americangbga kit, ship, bridge, milk, myth, busy dress, step, neck, edge, shelf, friend trap, tap, back, badge, hand, cancel lot, stop, sock, possible, quality truck, cup, suck, budge, pulse, t

45、runk foot, put, bush, full, good, look, wolf : bath, staff, brass, ask, dance, calf cloth, cough, broth, cross, long : rnurse, hurt, lurk, burst, jerk, term i:ifleece, speak, leave, feel, key, people 10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红76gbgae e face, tape, cake, raid, veil, steak, : palm, psalm, father, bra, spa,

46、 larger : thought, taught, sauce, jaw, broad o goat, soap, joke, home, know, so u:ugoose, loop, shoot, tomb, huge, view a a price, ripe, write, arrive, try, buy choice, avoid, noise, join, toy, royal a a mouth, out, house, loud, crowd, cow (rnear, beer, sincere, fear, beard e e (rsquare, care, fair,

47、 pear, scarce, vary : (rstart, far, bark, carve, farm, heart : (rnorth, for, short, scorch, born, warm : o(rforce, four, sport, porch, borne, story (r cure, poor, tourist, pure, plural, jury 10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红77 基本元音基本元音是由英国语音学家是由英国语音学家d 琼斯琼斯（1881-1967）设计发明的。它是一套标准的）设计发明的。它是一套标准的参照点，为人们提供了一种精确地描写

48、语言参照点，为人们提供了一种精确地描写语言里元音的方法。里元音的方法。4.3.2.2 the theory of cardinal vowelscardinal vowels are a set of standard reference points, devised by the british phonetician daniel jones (1881-1967), to provide a precise means of identifying of vowel sounds of a language.cardinal vowel diagram10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学

49、 张旭红78cardinal vowelsa set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages. daniel jones (1962) outline of english phonetics10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红79(daniel jones 1881-1967)英国杰出的语音学家。他

50、出生于伦敦，英国杰出的语音学家。他出生于伦敦，1903年获得剑桥数学专业学位。其父是年获得剑桥数学专业学位。其父是律师，他于律师，他于1907年也一度操此业。年也一度操此业。1898年，他到伦敦一所古安法学校学习法语，年，他到伦敦一所古安法学校学习法语，发现自己学语言很在行。发现自己学语言很在行。1900年他在菲埃托家乡的一所语言学校学了一个月德年他在菲埃托家乡的一所语言学校学了一个月德语，首次接触到外语教学的语音法。他通过校长的介绍认识了帕西，在语，首次接触到外语教学的语音法。他通过校长的介绍认识了帕西，在1905-1906年从师帕西学习语音学。年从师帕西学习语音学。1906年他学成回国，说

51、服伦敦大学让他开设法语年他学成回国，说服伦敦大学让他开设法语语音讲座。这为当地培训外语教师发挥了作用。讲座办得很成功。他继续干下语音讲座。这为当地培训外语教师发挥了作用。讲座办得很成功。他继续干下去，直至办起了语音学系并亲自任教。去，直至办起了语音学系并亲自任教。琼斯是个实践语音学家，他提倡在外语教学中采用语音学方法。他写过关于多琼斯是个实践语音学家，他提倡在外语教学中采用语音学方法。他写过关于多种语言的语音专著，其中包括俄语、印地语、锡兰语和汉语粤方言。他提出种语言的语音专著，其中包括俄语、印地语、锡兰语和汉语粤方言。他提出“基准元音基准元音”的概念，首次借助的概念，首次借助“元音四边形元音

52、四边形”图示精确而系统地对元音加以图示精确而系统地对元音加以描述。他认为音位由有关系的一族语音构成。他只承认元音、辅音是音位，不描述。他认为音位由有关系的一族语音构成。他只承认元音、辅音是音位，不承认重音、语调是音位。他的主要著作有承认重音、语调是音位。他的主要著作有英语语音英语语音、英语语音学纲要英语语音学纲要、英语正音词典英语正音词典、音位的性质和功用音位的性质和功用、莎士比亚原著读音莎士比亚原著读音、乔叟乔叟读音片段读音片段、拼音改革的语音方面拼音改革的语音方面。他长期担任国际语音协会会刊。他长期担任国际语音协会会刊语音语音教师教师的编辑，曾任协会的助理秘书、秘书和主席。从的编辑，曾任协

53、会的助理秘书、秘书和主席。从1926年年bbc设立英语口设立英语口语顾问委员会时起，他一直任该会委员。他又是简化拼法学会会员，语顾问委员会时起，他一直任该会委员。他又是简化拼法学会会员，1946年但年但任主席并致力于英语拼字法改革。他为多种语言创设了拼音文字，其中有拼写任主席并致力于英语拼字法改革。他为多种语言创设了拼音文字，其中有拼写非洲语言的统一记音方案。非洲语言的统一记音方案。10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红8010/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红81cardinal vowel diagramcv1 icv2 ecv3 cv4 acv5 cv6 cv7 o cv8 uf

54、rontcenterbackhighmid-highmid-lowlowcv9 ycv10 cv11 cv12 cv13 cv14 cv15 cv16 cv18 cv17 10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红8210/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红83black: ipared: english10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红84monophthong纯元音或单元音vs. vowel glides.元音音渡languages also frequently make use of a distinction between vowels where the quality

55、 remains constant throughout the articulation and those where there is an audible change of quality. the former are known as pure or monophthong vowels and the latter, vowel glides.10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红85diphthongs双元音if a single movement of the tongue is involved, the glides are called diphthongs. d

56、iphthongal glides in english can be heard in such words as way we, tide tad, how ha, toy t, and toe t.10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红86triphthong 三重元音a double movement produces a triphthong, which is a glide from one vowel to another and then to a third, all produced rapidly and without interruption. they are

57、 really diphthongs followed by the schwa , found in english words like wire wa and tower ta.10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红8710/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红8810/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红8910/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红90frontcentralbackhigh/closemid-high/half-closemid-low/half-openlow/open10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红91 i:e u: i : high mid-hi

58、gh mid-low lowfrontcentralbackvowel charts: english pure vowels: 10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红9210/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红9310/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红94tongue positions for english front and central vowels (unrounded):10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红95/ hit bit pit10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红96/ bet set head10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红97/ ba

59、t pat fat10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红98/:/ bird her fur10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红99/ about aware flower 10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红10010/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红101/:/ fool food pool10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红102/ foot look should10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红103/:/ port taught court10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红104/ box cot not 10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学

60、 张旭红105/ cut hut duck 10/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红10610/20/2021哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红1074.3.2.3 description of monophthongsdefinition:a monophthong (or pure vowel) is a vowel where there is no detectable change in quality during a syllable; 单元音单元音（或纯元音）是在音（或纯元音）是在音节内音质没有可察觉变化的元音。节内音质没有可察觉变化的元音。vertically:high: i: i u