动词时态和语

1、初高中英语语法衔接系列（二）初高中英语语法衔接系列（二）时态与语态一、动词时态一、动词时态英语的时态从时间上来看，可分为“现在”，“过去”，“将来“和”过去将来“四大类。动词共有十六种不同时态，但常用的时态有：一般现在时、一般一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时 、现在完成进行、现在完成进行时、将来完成时和将来进行时时、将来完成时和将来进行时 1）经常性、习惯性的动作）经常性、习惯性的动作 I go to work by bus. 2）现在的特征或状态）现在的

2、特征或状态 I am a teacher and I teach English. I love sports. 3）普遍真理）普遍真理 Light travels faster than sound. Water boils at 100. I. 一般现在时一般现在时2、谓语构成、谓语构成 1) 肯定句：谓语用动词肯定句：谓语用动词原形原形或或第三人称单数第三人称单数 Toms parents _ to work by bike every day.goLi Tao _ English every morning.studies 2) 否定句：谓语用否定句：谓语用 dont/doesnt 加

3、加动词原形动词原形构成构成 I _ (not get) up at six every morning.dont get She _ (not watch) TV in the evening.doesnt watch3) 一般问句：一般问句： 用用 Do 或或 Does 加陈述句（谓语动词用原形）加陈述句（谓语动词用原形） -_ he _ (work) in a plastic factory? -No, he doesnt.Does work (4) 特殊问句：疑问词加一般问句特殊问句：疑问词加一般问句 -_ do you write to him? -Once a month.How o

4、ftenII. 一般过去时一般过去时1、一般过去时用法：句中常有表示过去的时间状语如、一般过去时用法：句中常有表示过去的时间状语如 yesterday, in 1989, once, last week (month, year), at that time, just now 等等 1）表示在）表示在过去时间里过去时间里发生的动作或存在的状态发生的动作或存在的状态 He bought a new bike last week. They were in the office just now. 2）表示）表示过去过去经常或反复发生的动作经常或反复发生的动作 When I was a smal

5、l child, I often went to that park and played football. 2、谓语构成、谓语构成 1）肯定句：谓语用动词的）肯定句：谓语用动词的过去式过去式 Yesterday, I _ to a shop and _ a pen. wentbought 2）否定句：助动词）否定句：助动词 didnt 加动词加动词原形原形 She _(take) any money with her that day.didnt take 3）一般问句：助动词）一般问句：助动词 Did 加陈述句（动词用加陈述句（动词用原形原形） -_ you _ to the cinem

6、a last night? -No, I didnt.Didgo 4）特殊问句：疑问词）特殊问句：疑问词 + 一般问句一般问句 -_ _ you find your key? -I _ it under my desk. Wheredidfound特殊句式1. Its time we _ (have) a rest. hadIts (high) time 后从句谓语用过去式过去式2. I would rather he _ (come) with you.camewould rather 后从句谓语一般用过去式过去式III. 一般将来时一般将来时1、一般将来时用法：、一般将来时用法： 表示表示

7、将要发生将要发生的动作或存在的状态的动作或存在的状态 I will go to Tibet some day by plane. He will be busy tonight.2、谓语构成、谓语构成 1）肯定句）肯定句 （1）will 加动词加动词原形原形 （第一人称也可用（第一人称也可用 shall ） She _ back in twenty minutes.will come（2）be going to 加动词加动词原形原形 a. 打算、计划做某事打算、计划做某事 I _ a dictionary tomorrow.am going to buy b. 即将、眼看要发生即将、眼看要发生

8、 Look at the dark clouds. It_ .is going to rain（3）be to 加动词加动词原形原形：安排好的事：安排好的事 We _ at the entrance of the park.are to meet（4）按时刻表进行的）按时刻表进行的, 可用现在时表示将来可用现在时表示将来 The plane _ at a quarter past nine.arrives（5）用进行时表示将来）用进行时表示将来 They _ (leave) tomorrow. are leavingcome, leave, go, move, start, arrive, s

9、tay （6）主句是将来时，条件从句用现在时）主句是将来时，条件从句用现在时 We _ (go) to the park if it _ (not, rain) tomorrow.will godoesnt rain 2）否定句：）否定句：will / shall 加加 notwont / shant He _ come to the party tomorrow. b. We _ (give) it to him when he _ (arrive).will givearrivesc. One _ (not, learn) English well unless he _ (study)

10、hard.will not learnstudieswontWill_ we have a break?Shall d. If she will make friends with me, I will be happy.3）一般问句：将）一般问句：将 will 提到句首（第一人称用提到句首（第一人称用 shall ） _ you go to the Summer Palace with us?4）疑问词）疑问词 + 一般问句一般问句 _ shall we meet next time? When and where_ is he going to do tomorrow afternoon?

11、What_ will he turn to for help?Who_ shall we do if there is no bus?WhatIV. 现在进行时现在进行时1、现在进行时用法：、现在进行时用法： 1）表示）表示此时此刻正在进行此时此刻正在进行的动作的动作 I am teaching and you are listening to me. 2）表示目前这段时间内）表示目前这段时间内正在进行正在进行的动作的动作 He is writing a book this week. 3）与）与 always 连用表示赞扬、不满等情绪连用表示赞扬、不满等情绪 The girl is alwa

12、ys smiling happily. You are always making the same mistake.2、谓语构成：、谓语构成： be动词动词(am, is, are) + 现在分词现在分词 Toms mother _ (watch) TV and his father _ (read) newspaper.is watchingis reading 2）否定句在）否定句在 be 动词后加动词后加 not 一般问句只需把一般问句只需把 be 动词提到句首动词提到句首 They _ (not, play) football. They _ (play) basketball. a

13、re not playing are playing-_ she _ (do) her homework now?-No, she isnt. she _ (write) a letter.Isdoingis writing-Who _ our teacher _ (talk) with?-He _ with my father.istalkingis talkingV. 过去进行时过去进行时1、过去进行时用法、过去进行时用法 表示表示过去某一时刻或一段时间内正在进行过去某一时刻或一段时间内正在进行的动作的动作 He was watching TV when I came in.2、谓语构成、

14、谓语构成 be 动词动词(was, were) + 现在分词现在分词 a. She _ (see) a film with her friend this time yesterday. was seeingb. We _ football when it began to rain.were playingVI. 现在完成时现在完成时1、现在完成时用法：、现在完成时用法： 1）表示动作）表示动作已经完成已经完成（强调发生在过去的动作对现在（强调发生在过去的动作对现在造成的造成的影响影响或或结果结果） I have finished my work. He has found his lost

15、 key. 2）表示从过去某时开始一直）表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在延续到现在的动作或状态的动作或状态 They have worked in that factory for ten years.2、谓语构成：、谓语构成： 助动词助动词(have, has) + 过去分词过去分词 We _ one hundred apple trees this year. have plantedMiss Li _ an English-Chinese dictionary.has bought 2）否定句：）否定句： 在助动词在助动词(have, has)后加后加 nothavent, hasnt

16、I _ (not, finish) reading the novel. 3、have been 与与 have gone 的区别的区别 He has been to Washington twice. 去过去过 He has gone to Washington. 去了去了（现在不在这里现在不在这里）havent finishedThe meeting will begin in five minutes but she _ (not, come) yet. hasnt come3）一般问句：把助动词）一般问句：把助动词(have, has)提到句首提到句首 -_ you _ (hand)

17、in your homework? -No, I havent. Havehanded-_ he _ (tell) you the exciting news?-Yes, he has.HastoldVII. 过去完成时过去完成时1、过去完成时用法：、过去完成时用法： 表示过去某一时间或动作表示过去某一时间或动作之前之前已经发生或完成的动作已经发生或完成的动作 When I arrived, the film _ (begin). 2、过去完成时构成：、过去完成时构成：had + 过去分词过去分词 When I got home, they _ (get) supper ready. had

18、begun They _ (learn) Chinese for a year before they came to China. had learned He _ (finish) writing the report by the end of last month.had finished She told us her parents _ (work) in the hospital for twenty years.had workedhad gotHe said he _ to Japan twice.had been特殊句式1. Hardly _ we _ (begin) wh

19、en we were told to stop.hadbegun2. No sooner _ the murderer _ (come) back home than he was arrested.hadcomeHardlywhen；No soonerthan：一就前一时态用过去完成时过去完成时，后一时态用过去时过去时VIII. 过去将来时过去将来时1、过去将来时用法：、过去将来时用法： 表示在过去某一时间看来将要发生的动作表示在过去某一时间看来将要发生的动作 He said he would visit the Palace Museum the next week.2、过去将来时构成：、

20、过去将来时构成： would + 动原动原或或 was(were) going to + 动原动原 He told me he _ (take) me to the US the next month. would take They said they _ (not, allow) any reporter to enter their factory. wouldnt allow We told her we _ (send) her to Beijing.were going to sendIX. 现在完成进行时现在完成进行时1 1、用法、用法 从过去开始的动作不间断地延续到现在，有可能

21、继续从过去开始的动作不间断地延续到现在，有可能继续持续下去。持续下去。2 2、谓语构成：、谓语构成： have / has been doing have been waitingIt _ (rain) since this Monday.has been rainingWe _ (wait) for him for three hours.将来完成时将来完成时 “will have done”表示到将来的某个时间已经完成的行为。表示到将来的某个时间已经完成的行为。 We _ (complete) the building by the end of next year.will have c

22、ompletedwill be having将来进行时将来进行时 “will be doing”表示在将来的某个时间里正在进行的动作。表示在将来的某个时间里正在进行的动作。 Please ask him not to phone me when he comes, I _ (have) a meeting at 3 oclock this afternoon.动动词词的的语语态态主动语态主动语态被动语态被动语态主语是动作的执行者主语是动作的执行者We water the flowers once a week.They caught the thief stealing a bike.主语是动

23、作的承受者主语是动作的承受者The flowers are watered once a week.The thief was caught stealing a bike.一、被动语态的构成：一、被动语态的构成： be 动词动词 + 及物动词的及物动词的过去分词过去分词二、各种时态的被动语态：二、各种时态的被动语态： 主动句变被动句主动句变被动句： a. 主动句的主动句的宾语宾语变为被动句的变为被动句的主语主语 b. 被动句的谓语由被动句的谓语由“be + 原主动句谓语动词的原主动句谓语动词的过过去分词去分词”构成，由构成，由 be 体现时态（语态变了，时态不能变）体现时态（语态变了，时态不

24、能变） c. 主动句的主语变为主动句的主语变为 by 的宾语，可省略的宾语，可省略 1、一般现在时一般现在时： The dustmen clean the street every morning.The street is cleaned by the dustmen every morning.The street is cleaned every morning.am / is / are + 过去分词过去分词 2、一般过去时一般过去时： We hid the ball behind the door last night.The ball _ behind the door by us

25、 last night.was / were + 过去分词过去分词3、一般将来时一般将来时： They will plant some pine trees in the park.Some pine trees _ in the park.will be + 过去分词过去分词4、现在进行时现在进行时： The workers are building a new bridge over the river.A new bridge _ over the river.am / is / are + being + 过去分词过去分词5、过去进行时过去进行时： The doctors were o

26、perating on him when I arrived. He _ when I arrived.was / were + being + 过去分词过去分词was hiddenwill be plantedis being builtwas being operated on 6、现在完成时现在完成时： He has posted all the letters.All the letters_.have / has + been + 过去分词过去分词1、双宾语：、双宾语：一个变主语，另一个不动一个变主语，另一个不动(间宾前加介词间宾前加介词) My friend bought me two English books.I _ two English books.Two English books _ for me.2、主动句中省去的、主动句中省去的 to，被动句中要写出来，被动句中要写出来 The boss made the workers _ 14 hours a day. The workers were made _ 14 hours a day.、情态动词：、情态动词： You must return the book tomorrow.The book _ tomorrow.must / can / may + be + 过去分词过去分词have been