建筑英语第八讲

1、建筑英语主讲：杜鹃ARCHITECTURE ENGLISHArchitecture School of SIASUNIT SIXUNIT SIXCHINESE ARCHITECTUREThe architecture of China is as old as Chinese civilization. From every source of informationliterary, graphic, exemplarythere is strong evidence testifying to the fact that the Chinese have always enjoyed an

2、 indigenous system of construction that has retained its principal characteristics from prehistoric times to the present day. Over the vast area from Chinese Turkistan to Japan, from Manchuria to the northern half of French Indochina, the same system of construction is prevalent; and this was the ar

3、ea of Chinese cultural influence. That this system of construction could perpetuate itself for more than four thousand years over such a vast territory and still remain a living architecture, retaining its principal characteristics in spite of repeated foreign invasionsmilitary, intellectual, and sp

4、iritualis a phenomenon comparable only to the continuity of the civilization of which it is an integral part.Liang, Ssu-cheng, 1984Chinese Classical Architectural StyleChinese Classical Architectural Style中国古典建筑风格Unit 3 Text C课文翻译课文翻译 Paragraph1China is a country with a long history. On this land, o

5、ur ancestors left us an abundance of splendid, time-honored architectural legacy, which has undergone thousands of years of development to become a distinct part of world architectural history. These features are demonstrated mainly in the following aspects:中国是一个具有悠久历史的国家。在这片土地上，我们的祖先留给我们大量灿烂的，历史悠久的

6、建筑遗产，它经历了千百年的发展，成为世界建筑史上的一个独特的部分。这些特征主要体现在以下几个方面：课文翻译课文翻译 Paragraph2-11.Wooden FrameworksWooden frameworks for buildings appeared at a very early period of Chinese history. First, rows of wooden pillars are raised from the ground, on which horizontal wooden roof beams and crossbeams are placed. The

7、roof timbers are laid on the beams, so that the weight of the roof is all transmitted to the ground by way of beams and the upright pillars. The advantages of this form of structure are as follows:1. 1. 木质框架木质框架木框架建筑出现在中国历史上非常早的时期。首先，一排排木柱从地面升起，其上放置水平木质屋梁和横梁。屋顶的木材被放置在横梁，从而使屋顶的重量是全部由横梁和立柱的方式传送到地面。这种结

8、构形式的优点如下：Beam : n. 梁，椽 v.传送，发光 Crossbeam : n.横梁，檩Wooden Frameworks课文翻译课文翻译 Paragraph2-2First, the wooden framework bears all the weight of the building, which makes the installation of both the outer and inner walls flexible and able to be placed in accordance with practical needs. Door and windows

9、can be installed between the erected pillars, or the pillars can be left open. Inside , the house can be divided into spaces with different purposes using wooden partitions and screens. 首先，木制框架承担建筑物的全部重量，这使得两者的外壁和内壁能够灵活安装，并且能够根据实际需要放置。门和窗户可以立柱之间安装，或者立柱可以开敞（如柱廊状）。房子的内部空间则因不同的目的而使用木质隔板来区分。Pillar : n.

10、支柱 partition: n.划分；隔离物 Wooden Frameworks课文翻译课文翻译 Paragraph2-3 Second, the wooden framework is shock-resistant, because the parts are linked by mortise-and-tenon joint. So, when subjected to a violent shock such as that from an earthquake, a wooden framework is less likely to break or fall down than

11、a brick or a stone one. Third, a wooden framework is easy to construct. Wood is a natural material, not like bricks and tiles which are manufactured. Compared with stones which are also natural materials, wood is much easier to obtain, refine and work on.第二，木框架是耐冲击的，因为部件由榫卯结构相连。所以，当受到剧烈撞击，例如地震时相比砖或石

12、头，一个木制的框架是不容易折断或倒下。第三，木制的框架易于施工。木材是一种天然材料，而不是像砖瓦是人工制造的。与也是天然材料的石块相比，木材很容易获得，加工和使用。mortise-and-tenon : n.榫眼和榫 refine： v.精炼；改进 tiles ： n. 瓷砖，瓦片Toukong & Mortise-and-tenon课文翻译课文翻译 Paragraph3-12.Collective Layout of StructureTraditional Chinese buildings are always found in pairs or groups, whether they

13、 are residences, temples or palaces. The Siheyuan (courtyard house or quadrangle) in Beijing is the typical form of residence in north China. It is a compound with houses around a square courtyard. The main house in the courtyard is occupied by the head of the family, and the junior members live in

14、the wings on each side.2.2.结构的集合式布局结构的集合式布局中国传统建筑都是成双或以组群形式出现的，无论是住所，寺庙还是宫殿。北京的四合院四合院（庭院式房子或方形庭院）是中国北方典型的民居建筑形式。它是房子与周围的方形庭院的复合。庭院中的正房由一家之主占据，而资历较浅的家庭成员则住在每边的厢房。Quadrangle： n.四边形；方形庭院 Typical Siheyuan Courtyard House with Labels宅门：zhaimen, The main gates (size and decoration indicated social status)

15、影壁：yingbi, Screen Walls (ensure privacy and kept out evil spirits)倒座房：daozuofang, Reversely-set Rooms正房：zhengfang, Principal Rooms (the head of household usually lives here)耳房: erfang, Side Rooms厢房：xiangfang, Wing Rooms游廊：youlang, Corridors垂花门： chuihua men, Chuihua Gate (separates first courtyard fr

16、om second courtyard)庭院: tingyuan, Main family courtyard Siheyuan 课文翻译课文翻译 Paragraph3-2This layout not only conforms to the feudal Chinese family moral principle of distinction between the older and younger, and male and female members, but also provides a quiet and private environment for family lif

17、e. Temples and palaces also sometimes display this layout. In the Forbidden City in Beijing, there are nearly 1,000 halls of varied sizes which are all grouped around large or small courtyards.这种布局不仅符合封建中国家庭中老年人和年轻人，男性和女性成员之间的道德区分原则，而且还为家庭生活提供了安静和私密的环境。寺庙和宫殿有时也是这种布局。在北京故宫故宫，有近千个不同尺寸厅堂由大小庭院分组而成。Confo

18、rm ： v.使一致；遵从the Forbidden City课文翻译课文翻译 Paragraph4In garden architecture, in order to create an environment with hills and waters of natural beauty in a limited space, structures are usually carefully separate and laid irregularly to make variable spaces and different landscape. Although occasionall

19、y grouped around courtyards, the pavilions, terraces, towers and halls are often separate scenes with a tenuous connection between them.在园林建筑中，为了在有限的空间内创造出自然美的山水环境，结构通常被仔细的分离和不规律的摆放以形成多变的空间和不同的景观。虽然亭台楼阁偶尔环绕着周围的庭院成群出现，但往往它们是以微妙联系彼此而分离的场景。Tenuous ： adj.脆弱的；纤细的 Suzhou Gardens课文翻译课文翻译 Paragraph56In both

20、 regular and irregular architectural complexes, decorative archways, pillars, screen walls , and stone lions and tablets besides small buildings play an important role in dividing space and forming scenes.Most structures in traditional Chinese architecture are simple rectangles, and it is the archit

21、ectural complex composed by single structures rather than the single structures themselves that expresses the broadness and magnanimousness of ancient Chinese architecture.在规则和不规则的建筑群中，装饰拱门、石柱、隔墙、石狮子以及匾额（小型建筑物除外）均起到划分空间和形成场景的重要作用。 大部分结构在中国传统建筑是简单的矩形，由单一结构组成的建筑群而非单一的结构本身，表达了中国古代建筑的广度和大气。Magnanimousne

22、ss : n.宽宏大量Architectural Ornaments 课文翻译课文翻译 Paragraph7-13. The Artistic Treatment of the Architectural ImageAncient Chinese artisans ingeniously made the heavy roofs of buildings look light and graceful by forming the ridges and eaves into curves, and making the four corners stick up. 3.3.建筑形象的艺术处理建

23、筑形象的艺术处理 中国古代工匠通过使屋脊和屋檐形成曲线，并使四角翘起，巧妙地使建筑物沉重的屋顶看起来轻盈曼妙。Ridge ：n.脊；山脊 stick up : 竖起 课文翻译课文翻译 Paragraph7-2The style of a roof can be divided into four basic types: fudian(wings), xieshan(hip and gable), xuanshan(suspended gable) and yingshan(hard gable),which denote a roof with a single layer, several

24、 layers, four corners and many corners. All these make the huge roof an important component of ancient Chinese architecture with an outstanding artistic image. 屋顶的样式可以分为四种基本类型：庑殿（翼），歇山（屋脊和山墙），悬山（悬山墙）和硬山（硬山墙），它们表示一个屋顶具有单层，多层，四角和多角。所有的这些使巨大的屋顶成为中国古代建筑杰出的艺术形象的重要组成部分。Suspended: adj. 悬挂的 Denote ： vt.表示；象

25、征Main Styles of Chinese Traditional Roofing Systems1. 悬山: xuanshan, Overhanging gable roof2. 硬山: yingshan, flush gable roof3. 庑殿: wudian, Hip roof4. 歇山: xieshan, Gable and Hip Roofs5. 攒尖: cuanjian, Pyramidal Roof6. 重檐: zhongyan, Double-eaved versions (of 4, 3)7-9. Double-Eaved versions of 5, 6, 3课文翻

26、译课文翻译 Paragraph8-1The decorations on ancient Chinese structures have cultural connotations as well as esthetic ones. The dragon heads on the edges of roof ridges signify the spurting of water to douse fires. The dragon, phoenix, tiger and tortoise were regarded as sacred animals by the ancient Chine

27、se, and the carved images of them on eaves tiles which were exclusively used on imperial structures.中国古建筑的装饰不仅具有文化内涵而且有美学意义。在屋脊边缘的龙头象征着洒水以扑灭火灾。龙，凤，虎，龟被古代中国人视为神圣的动物，雕刻有它们形象的瓦当是专门用于皇家建筑的。spurting : n.溅散 douse ： v. 浇灭；泼水课文翻译课文翻译 Paragraph8-2The emperors were supposed to be descendants of dragons, so th

28、ere are images of dragons all over imperial structures, from balustrade column heads, terrace steps and stone foundations of pillars to roof beams, paintings on ceilings and carvings on doors and windows.皇帝被认为是龙的传人，所以龙的形象遍布皇家建筑，从栏杆柱头、露台台阶、支柱顶梁的石础、藻井壁画、以及门窗雕刻。Descendant : n.后裔；子孙；后代 balustrade ： n.栏杆

29、Decorations课文翻译课文翻译 Paragraph8-3Symbols denoting happiness, honor and longevity can be seen everywhere on traditional Chinese structures, including palaces, temples, gardens, residences, gateways, windows, and roof beams. Bats represent happiness, deer stand for honor, and pines , cranes and peaches

30、 represent longevity. In addition, there are various patterns made by putting Chinese characters together, like the combination of the characters meaning happiness, longevity and ten thousand. 在中国传统建筑中，包括宫殿，寺庙，园林，住宅，大门，窗户和屋楣，随处可见的这些符号代表着快乐、荣誉和长寿。蝙蝠代表幸福，鹿代表尊贵，松树、仙鹤和桃子代表长寿。此外，还有通过把中国文字组合在一起制成各种图案，类似幸福，长寿和万字符的组合。gateway : n.门课文翻译课文翻译 Paragraph9Ancient artisans were also good at using colors to decorate buildings. In the Forbidden City, stretches of ye