语法句子结构

1、 导论导论 句子结构句子结构导论语法层次 英语的语法结构具有层次性：5个层次 句子（sentence) 分句(clause) 词组(phrase) 词(word) 词素 (morpheme)EXAMPLE These undergraduates are rapidly improving in their writing.主语(S)谓语(V) 宾语(O)状语(A) 补语(C)主谓结构主谓结构SV SVC SVO SVoO SVOC句子结构句子结构基本句型基本句型 SV SVC SVA SVO SVOA SVoO SVOC 句子结构句子结构Seven basic clause types 辨认

2、分句成分1. Joshua quickly finished his homework and went out to play. A. Object: B. Adverbial:KEY: Joshua quickly finished his homework and went out to play. A. Object: his homework B. Adverbial: quickly, to play2. The huge black horse easily won the race. A. SubjectB. Object2. The huge black horse easi

3、ly won the race. A. Subject : The huge black horseB. Object : the race 3. People have thought about going to space for many years. A. Predicate verb:B. Object: 3. People have thought about going to space for many years. A. Predicate verb: have thought aboutB. Object: going into space 4. The snake wa

4、rms up and crawls out of the bag. A. Predicate Verb:B. Adverbial: 4. The snake warms up and crawls out of the bag. A. Predicate Verb: warms up and crawlsB. Adverbial: out of the bag5. Saturn is one of the most beautiful planets to look at through a telescope because of the many rings that surround i

5、t A. Complement: B. Adverbial: 5. Saturn is one of the most beautiful planets to look at through a telescope because of the many rings that surround it A. Complement: one of the most beautiful planets to look at through a telescopeB. Adverbial: because of the many rings that surround it 6. Neptune t

6、akes 165 years to complete its path, or orbit, around the sun A. Object:B. Adverbial: 6. Neptune takes 165 years to complete its path, or orbit, around the sun A. Object: 165 yearsB. Adverbial: to complete its path, or orbit, around the sun 7. How many pairs of shorts should you and your brother bri

7、ng ?A. Subject:B. Object: 7. How many pairs of shorts should you and your brother bring ?A. Subject: you and your brother B. Object: How many pairs of shorts 8. What is the most expensive meal listed on the menu ?A.Subject: B. Complement: 8. What is the most expensive meal listed on the menu ?A. Sub

8、ject: the most expensive meal listed on the menuB. Complement: What9. The boy scouts(男童子军）男童子军）teach their members an “Outdoor Code” before camp.A.Direct object: B. Indirect object: 9. The boy scouts(男童子军）男童子军）teach their members an “Outdoor Code” before camp.A. Direct object: an “Outdoor Code”B. In

9、direct object: their members10. Hurricane winds can blow as fast as 180 miles (290 kilometers) an hour.A.Predicate Verb: B. Adverbial:10. Hurricane winds can blow as fast as 180 miles (290 kilometers) an hour.A. Predicate Verb: can blowB. Adverbial: as fast as 180 miles (290 kilometers) an hour11. T

10、he spiral (盘旋）盘旋）of the air and moist air begins to twist and grow and spin faster and faster in counterclockwise direction.A. Subject: B. Object: 11. The spiral (盘旋）盘旋）of the air and moist air begins to twist and grow and spin faster and faster in counterclockwise direction. A. Subject: The spiral

11、of heated air and moist air B. Object: to twist and grow and spin12. The direction a hurricanes spiral moves is counterclockwise. A. Subject: B. Complement: 12. The direction a hurricanes spiral moves is counterclockwise. A. Subject: The direction a hurricanes spiral moves B. Complement: countercloc

12、kwise13. At the north pole the sun does not shine for half of the year. A.Predicate Verb: B. Adverbial: 13. At the north pole the sun does not shine for half of the year. A. Predicate Verb: does not shine B. Adverbial: At the north pole; for half of the year14. The cold winds that blow off of the Ar

13、ctic Ocean makes the north pole a very cold place.A. Subject: B. Object Complement: 14. The cold winds that blow off of the Arctic Ocean makes the north pole a very cold place. A. Subject: The cold winds that blow off of the Arctic OceanB. Object Complement: a very cold place15. These criminals migh

14、t have been guilty of murder. A. Predicate Verb: B. Complement: 15. These criminals might have been guilty of murder. A. Predicate Verb: might have been B. Complement: guilty of murderSVC SV SVA SVO SVOASVOCSVoO 句子结构句子结构Seven basic clause types 1. Walden Pond, once praised by Thoreau for its natural

15、 beauty, is now the site of many tourist stands. 2. Almost every summer night the cooling northeast wind swept through our bedroom windows, making air conditioning unnecessary and a light blanket welcome. / Sweeping through our bedroom windows almost every summer night, the cooling northeast wind ma

16、de3. The steep surrounding slopes were capped with snow, which fed two streams plunging down to join in the valley below.4. With the river on one side and a large tree providing shade, this is a good spot for a picnic, and we can spread our blanket on the grassy knoll.5. Panting for breath after run

17、ning up the stairs, Mr Wood stood at his neighbours door and knocked again and again till someone opened it.6. The town folk envied Horace, who had come into a small fortune with which he bought a big house and obtained a partnership in the biggest grocery in town.7. Standing in front of the mirror,

18、 Jim looked at his image, wondering at the big change that had come over him in recent years.8. The idea that his only daughter whom he had greatly wronged might never forgive him almost drove him mad.9. The story, written in plain language, consists of three parts with an interesting plot centering

19、 round an aristocratic family living in 17th century France.10. Mud-covered and shivering, John sat hunched over a bowl of hot broth prepared by his father to drive off the chill.11. Far above the waters of a beautiful lake and over the tops of the tall pine trees growing on the steep of a hill stan

20、d five Chinese-style pavilions.12. Farther down the street, the old man stopped and leaned against a lamp-post, listening to a cheerful song coming out of a restaurant on the opposite side of the street.13. Sarah sank in the nearest chair, completely exhausted, her limbs stiff with cold, her mind a

21、piece of blank.14. Throughout the day Mrs Rymer behaved very properly, her pleasant, refined face wearing a grave look, her elegant figure wrapped in deep mourning while occasionally she uttered a sigh or a sob.15. Tony thought it necessary to break the news to his family, that Mr Jacob, his former

22、employer, had promised him a half-day job at 20 pounds a week. 16. The thought that he might have wronged his friend who had rendered him good services on many occasions troubled his mind, already overburdened with worries and cares.17. The men of the disbanded royal bodyguard, suddenly turned loose

23、 onto the street of a capital seething with unrest, unemployed and perhaps disgruntled at their abrupt dismissal, were a potentially dangerous element.18. For many years London has been a business centre with hotel accommodation for visiting businessmen together with well-to-do travelers but completely inadequate for the swarms of short-stay tourists landing at Heathrow or disembarking at Dover.19. Nearing the top, he climbed recklessly faster and faster, his eyes already glowing with triumph, but suddenly he slipped and fell, tumbling to the