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1、School of Foreign LanguagesSchool of Foreign LanguagesOrigin and Growth of Marine TransportationlOriginated in Europe in the 14th century. lEarliest global insurance organization: The Lloyds(劳合社) in London in 1871.lChinas marine insurance was made by PICC in 1949.The Main Insurance Company for Marin

2、e Transport Insurance in China: Companies:Parties Involved投保人投保人 insured 即受益人即受益人 (FOB/CFR: seller,CIF: Seller-buyer)承保人承保人 insurer/underwriter 即保险公司即保险公司保额保额 insured amount/value 即可获赔偿金额。即可获赔偿金额。保费保费 insurance premium 投保开销投保开销保险合同保险合同 insurance policy 保险标的保险标的 subject of insurance School of Foreign

3、 LanguagesAgendaFundamental Principles of Cargo InsuranceThe Insurable Interest Principle 可保利益原则The Utmost Good Faith Principle 最大诚信原则The Indemnity Principle 赔偿原则The Proximate Cause Principle 近因原则The Subrogation Principle 代位求偿原则The Share Principle 分担原则School of Foreign LanguagesnPerilsnLosses1.Expen

4、ses sustainedSchool of Foreign LanguagesnPerils 风险风险nRefer to risks which occur at sea, or at the place where the ocean and land, or the ocean and the inland river, or the ocean and the lighter (驳船) are connected. nGeneral perils of the seanExtraneous risksSchool of Foreign LanguagesnGeneral perils

5、of the sea海上风险海上风险nNatural CalamitiesnFortuitous AccidentsSchool of Foreign LanguagesnNatural Calamities自然灾害自然灾害Are caused by the forces resulting from the changes of nature, e.g., vile weather (恶劣天气), thunder (雷), lightning (闪电), tsunami (海啸), earthquake, flood, etc.School of Foreign LanguagesnFort

6、uitous Accidents 意外灾害意外灾害Include accidents resulting from unexpected causes, the carrying conveyance being grounded (搁浅), stranded (触礁), or in collision with floating ice (和漂冰相撞) or other objects, as well as fire or explosion.nGeneral Extraneous Risks:一般外来风险一般外来风险include theft, fresh or rain water d

7、amage, shortage, leakage(渗漏), breakage, sweating and heating(受潮受热), intermixture and contamination (玷污), odour (串味), hook damage, breakage of packing, rusting (锈损), etc.nSpecial Extraneous Risks: 特殊外来风险特殊外来风险such as War, Strikes, Failure to Deliver, etc.School of Foreign Languages风险风险 Perils海上风险海上风险

8、General Perils of the sea自然灾害自然灾害Natural calamities意外事故意外事故Fortuitous accidents外来风险外来风险Extraneous risks一般外来风险一般外来风险General extraneous risks特殊外来风险特殊外来风险Special extraneous risksSchool of Foreign LanguagesnOcean Losses 海上损失海上损失, 简称海损简称海损nRefer to the direct or indirect losses of the insured subject mat

9、ter during the voyage owing to the perils of the sea.nTotal lossnPartial lossnActual Total Loss (实际全损实际全损) nConstructive Total Loss (推定全损推定全损): Although the cargo is not totally lost, however the actual total loss of cargo is inevitable or the cost of salvage (抢救) or recovery (恢复) could have exceede

10、d the anticipated amount of profit or actual value of the cargo. Practices: Actual or constructive total Loss?n载货船舶沉入深海无法打捞n标的受损后修复费用超过修复后的价值n茶叶经水浸泡失去原有价值n标的受损后整理和继续运到目的地的价值将超过货物到达目的地的价值 n水泥受海水浸泡后变硬n施救费用超过获救后标的价值n战时货物被敌对国俘获作为战利品分发殆尽n船舶失踪、沉没 Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Constructive Constructiv

11、e Constructive构成全损的情况n我国海商法第245条规定,实际全损有四种表现形式:(1)保险标的的实体损毁和不复存在。(2)保险标的完全失去原有形体、效用,即丧 失原有的商业价值和使用价值。(3)保险标的不能再归被保险人所有。(4)船舶失踪。构成推定全损的情况(辅)(1)保险货物受损后,修理费用估计要超过货物修复后的价值。(2)保险货物受损后,整理和继续运到目的地的费用,将超过货物到达目的地的价值。(3)保险货物的实际全损已经无法避免,或者为了避免实际全损需要施救等所花费用,将超过获救后的标的价值。(4)保险标的遭受保险责任范围内的事故,使被保险人失去标的所有权,而收回这一所有权,

12、其所需费用将超过收回后的标的价值。School of Foreign LanguagesnGeneral Average (共同海损) nParticular Average (单独海损)School of Foreign LanguagesnParticular Average (单独海损单独海损)Means that a cargo is damaged by any cause and the degree of damage does not reach a total loss, i.e., only a partial loss.Shall be borne by the indi

13、vidual owner of this consignment. 指保险标的在海上遭受“承保范围内的风险承保范围内的风险”所造成的部分灭失或损害,即指除共同海损以外的部分损失。School of Foreign LanguagesnGeneral Average (共同海损共同海损)Refers to part of the cargo or vessel has to be sacrificed for the purpose of saving the ship and its cargo in face of a danger.Conditions to form uponSchool

14、 of Foreign Languages海上损失海上损失Ocean Losses全部损失全部损失Total Loss实际全损实际全损Actual Total Loss推定全损推定全损Constructive Total Loss部分损失部分损失Partial Loss共同海损共同海损General Average单独海损单独海损Particular AverageSchool of Foreign Languagesa) Sue and labor charges 施救费用 包括被保险人极其代理人、雇佣人员和受让人所支出的费用b)Salvage charges 救助费用 Made by th

15、e third party 如其他船舶n有一货轮在航行中与流冰相撞。船身一侧裂口,海水涌进,舱内部分货物遭浸泡,船长不得不将船就近驶上浅滩,进行排水,修补裂口。尔后为了起浮又将部分笨重货物抛入海中。请问这一连串的损失都是单独海损吗? n分析:不全是单独海损。在上述损失中只有船体撞裂和部分货物遭浸泡属于单独海损,将船只驶上浅滩以及而产生的一系列损失均属共同海损。 1) “General” or “Particular” Average ?Practices: n一货轮装运棉布,航程中起火,甲舱一货主的棉布被全部烧毁,乙舱并未着火,船长认为已着火,命灌水施救,结果棉布发生严重水渍。请问,甲舱、乙舱

16、的损失各为何种性质的海损,为什么? n分析:按照海损性质,并参照保险业务的习惯,甲舱棉布全部烧毁,属实际全损实际全损。n乙舱棉布未着火,无单独海损可言,该棉布严重水渍,并非确有危及船货共同安全的危险存在(并未着火),船长命灌水施救的行为并不是合理的,而属船长判断错误造成,因此该项损失不属共同海损不属共同海损,该项损失只能由船方负责。 2) Total loss? Partial Loss? GA or PA?n货轮在海上航行时,某舱发生火灾,船长命令灌水施救,扑灭大火后,发现纸张已烧毁一部分,未烧毁的部分,因灌水后无法使用,只能作为纸浆处理,损失原价值的80%。另有印花棉布没有烧毁但水渍损失,

17、其水渍损失使该布降价出售,损失该货价值的20%。n请问纸张损失的80%,棉布损失20%,都是部分损失吗?为什么? 2) Partial loss or total loss?2) Partial loss or total loss? (续续)n分析:根据保险公司的规定,第一种情况,即纸张的损失80%,应属于实际全损;第二种情况下,印花棉布的损失20%,则属于部分损失。3) Which kind of loss it is?n如有一台价值10万美元的精密仪器,在海运途中损害,经专家检测,若要修理,修理费用达11万美元,若把其零件拆下,可卖到2万美元。请问此机器的损坏属于哪种损失? 属于推定全损

18、(Constructive Total Loss),即可向保险公司申请赔偿。保险公司核定事故在保险承保范围内,给予全损的赔偿,同时保险公司取得该仪器的所有权。nIntroductionChina Insurance Clauses 中国保险条款中国保险条款 Institute Cargo Clauses (ICC) (英国保险协会)协会货物条款(英国保险协会)协会货物条款School of Foreign Languages * 现行的CIC是由PICC于1982年制订的,包括海、陆、空和邮包运输四部分。 英国伦敦保险协会制定的英国伦敦保险协会制定的ICC条款影响较大,涉条款影响较大,涉及许多

19、国家的保险业务。最早制订于及许多国家的保险业务。最早制订于1912年。年。 PICC Ocean Marine Cargo Clauses PICC海洋运输货物保险条款海洋运输货物保险条款 目前,我国通常采用中国人民保险公司目前,我国通常采用中国人民保险公司1981年年1月月1日生效的货物运输保险条款为依据。但有时国日生效的货物运输保险条款为依据。但有时国外客户要求按照英国伦敦保险业协会货物保险条外客户要求按照英国伦敦保险业协会货物保险条款(款(ICC Clause)为准,我方也可以通融接受。为准,我方也可以通融接受。School of Foreign LanguagesPICC Ocean

20、Marine Cargo Clauses PICC海洋运输货物保险条款海洋运输货物保险条款School of Foreign LanguagesPICC Ocean Marine Cargo Clauses PICC海洋运输货物保险条款海洋运输货物保险条款nScope of cover 险别1.Commencement and Termination of Cover 保险责任起讫 School of Foreign LanguagesPICC Ocean Marine Cargo Clauses PICC海洋运输货物保险条款海洋运输货物保险条款School of Foreign Langua

21、gesPICC Ocean Marine Cargo Clauses PICC海洋运输货物保险条款海洋运输货物保险条款nAlso called main insurance which may be underwritten independently.nFree from Particular Average (F.P.A.)nWith Particular Average (W.P.A. or W.A.)nAll Risksa) Free from Particular Average (F.P.A.)平安险平安险nTotal loss or constructive total loss

22、 of the whole consignment hereby insured caused in the course of transit by natural calamities, such as vile weather, thunder etc. 在运输过程中,由于自然灾害造成被保险货物的实际全损或推定全损 nTotal or partial loss caused by fortuitous accidents, such as the carrying vessel being grounded, stranded, sunk, etc. 由于运输工具遭遇搁浅、触礁、沉没、互

23、撞与流冰或其他物体碰撞以及失火、爆炸等意外事故造成被保险货物的全部或部分损失。School of Foreign LanguagesnPartial loss caused by vile weather, lightning and/or Tsunami, etc. where the conveyance has been grounded, stranded, sunk or burnt, irrespective of whether the event or events take place before or after such accidents. 只要运输工具曾经发生搁浅、

24、触礁、沉没、焚毁等意外事故,不论这意外事故发生之前或者以后曾在海上遭遇恶劣气候、雷电、海啸等自然灾害造成的被保险货物的部分损失。部分损失。 nTotal or partial loss consequent on falling of entire package or packages into sea during the process of loading, unloading or transshipment. 在装卸转船过程中,被保险货物一件或数件、整件落海所造成的全部损失或部分损失。a) Free from Particular Average (F.P.A.)平安险平安险a)

25、Free from Particular Average (F.P.A.)平安险平安险nReasonable expenses the insured makes for the salvage of the goods insured, and for averting or minimizing the losses, provided the expenses do not exceed the insured amount. 被保险人对遭受承保责任内危险的货物采取抢救、防止或减少货损的措施而支付的合理费用,但以不超过该批被救货物的保险金额为限。nExpenses incurred by

26、 discharge of the insured cargoes at a port of distress following a sea peril as well as special charges arising from loading, warehousing at an intermediate port of call or refuge. 运输工具遭遇海难后,需要在中途的港口或避难港口停靠,因而引起的卸货、装货、存仓及运送货物所产生的特别费用。nSacrifice in and contribution to general average, and salvage ch

27、arges. 发生共同海损所引起的牺牲、分摊和救助费用。nSuch proportion of losses sustained by the ship-owners as is to be reimbursed by the cargo owner under the contract of Affreightment “Both to blame collision” clause. 运输契约订有“船舶互撞责任”条款,按该条款规定应由货方偿还船方的损失。a) Free from Particular Average (F.P.A.)平安险平安险 平安险承保责任范围的特点较为明显的体现在前三

28、项责任上,可以归结如下: 平安险负责赔偿被保险货物由于海上自然灾害所造成的全部损失,由于海上意外事故所造成的全部损失或部分损失,在海上意外事故发生前后,由于自然灾害所造成的部分损失。思考:思考: “平安险平安险”( Free from Particular Average),原意为),原意为 “单独海损不赔单独海损不赔”。 若将英文直接译为若将英文直接译为“ 单独海损不赔单独海损不赔”名符其实么?名符其实么?School of Foreign Languagesb) With Particular Average (W.P.A. or W.A.)水渍险It covers partial los

29、s due to vile weather, lightning, tsunami, earthquake and/or flood as well as the risks covered under F.P.A. condition as mentioned above. 水渍险的责任范围除了包括上列“平安险”的各项责任外,还负责被保险货物由于恶劣气候、雷电、海啸、地震、洪水等自然灾害所造成的部分损失。n 水渍险负责赔偿被保险货物由于海上自然水渍险负责赔偿被保险货物由于海上自然灾害所造成的全部或部分损失,由于海上灾害所造成的全部或部分损失,由于海上意外事故所造成的全部损失或部分损失。意外事

30、故所造成的全部损失或部分损失。 “水渍险水渍险”(With Particular Average)英文原意为)英文原意为“负负单独海损责任单独海损责任”,这是什么意思?,这是什么意思? 为何为何“平安险平安险”与与“水渍险水渍险”要在海上自然风险灾害所要在海上自然风险灾害所造成的部分损失上面进行区分?造成的部分损失上面进行区分?b) With Particular Average (W.P.A. or W.A.)水渍险School of Foreign Languagesc) All Risks 一切险一切险Aside from the risks covered under the F.P.

31、A. and W.A. conditions as above, this insurance also covers all risks of losses or damage to the insured goods whether partial or total, arising from “general external causes” in the course of transit. 一切险的承保范围,除平安险和水渍险的各项责任外,还负责被保货物在运输途中由于一般外来原因所造成的全部或部分损失。水渍险一般外来风险所致损失水渍险一般外来风险所致损失School of Foreig

32、n LanguagesnTheft, Pilferage and Non-delivery, (T.P.N.D)偷窃,提货不着险 nFresh Water and/or Rain Damage 淡水雨淋险nRisk of Shortage in Weight 短量险nRisk of Leakage 渗漏险nRisk of Intermixture and Contamination 混杂、沾污险nRisk of clash & breakage 碰损、破碎险nRisk of Odour 串味险nSweating and Heating Risk 受潮受热险nHook Damage Risk 钩

33、损险nBreakage of Packing Risk包装破裂险nRisk of Rust 锈损险特殊附加险特殊附加险nFailure to Deliver Risk交货不到险交货不到险nImport Duty Risk 进口关税险进口关税险nOn Deck Risk 舱面险舱面险nRejection Risk 拒收险拒收险nAflatoxin Risk 黄曲霉素险黄曲霉素险nSurvey in customs risk 海关检验险海关检验险nSurvey at jetty risk 码头码头nStrike, riot and civil commotion (SRCC) 罢工险罢工险nWar

34、 Risk 战争险战争险nContingency insurance “cover sellers interest only” 卖方利益险卖方利益险School of Foreign LanguagesnBasic Insurance 基本险承保责任的起讫 “W/W” clause: “仓至仓条款”nCover pre-shipment and post-shipment risks 保险责任自被保险货物运离保险单所载明的起运地仓库或储存处所开始运输时生效。包括正常运输过程中的海上,陆上,内河和驳船运输在内,直到该项货物到达保险单所载明目的地收货人的最后仓库或储存处所为止。 School o

35、f Foreign Languages“W/W” clause: “仓至仓条款仓至仓条款”nAn overriding time limit of sixty days after the completion of discharge of the insured goods from the seagoing vessel at the final port of discharge. 但被保险的货物在最后到达卸载港卸离海轮后,保险责任以60天为限。 IV. Insurance practices1.Choose the appropriate coveragen粮谷类粮谷类n食品类食品类

36、n酒、饮料酒、饮料n毛绒、纺织类毛绒、纺织类n木材、车辆木材、车辆n陶瓷、玻璃制品陶瓷、玻璃制品n家电家电 一切险/ 水渍险水渍险短量险受潮受热险一切险/ 平安险TPND包装破裂险一切险/ 平安险TPND碰损和破碎险一切险/ 水渍险水渍险混杂和玷污险 平安险舱面险一切险/ 平安险TPND碰损和破碎险 一切险/ 水渍险水渍险TPND碰损和破碎险2. Can seller get compensated?n我方以CFR贸易术语出口货物一批,在从出口公司仓库运到码头的待运过程中,货物发生损失,该损失应由何方负责?如买方已经向保险公司办理了保险,保险公司对该项损失是否给予赔偿?n均由我方自己承担。因为

37、在CFR条件下,卖方承担装船前的一切风险和费用。在本案中虽然由买方投保,但卖方并不是保险单的合法受益人,不能向保险公司提出索赔。而买方在货物装船前不对货物享有所有权,对风险不承担责任,也不会获得赔偿。Case studies 1:n我方向澳大利亚出口坯布100包。我方按合同规定加一成投保水渍险。货在海运途中因舱内食用水管食用水管漏水,致使该批坯布中的30包浸有水渍。请问对此损失应向保险公司索赔还是向船公司索赔? n答:因投保的是水渍险,水渍险只对海水浸渍负责而对淡水所造成的损失不负责任。所以本例不能向保险公司索赔,但可凭清洁提单向船公司进行交涉。 Case studies 2:n例1:某外贸公

38、司按ClF术语出口一批货物,装运前已向保险公司按发票总值110%投保平安险;6月初货物装妥顺利开航。载货船舶于6月13日在海上遇到暴风雨,致使一部分货物受到水渍,损失价值为2100美元。数日后,该轮又突然触礁,致使该批货物又遭到部分损失,价值为8000美元。保险公司对该批货所受的两项损失都应该予以赔偿么?n解释:根据中国人民保险公司海运货物保险条款平安险的责任范围第二条和第三条的规定,触礁受损的8 000美元,是运输工具遇到意外事故造成的部分损失,保险公司负责赔偿。n遇暴风雨受损的2100美元,是在运输过程中由于自然灾害造成的部分损失,又由于该货物是在触礁意外事故发生之前造成的,所以保险公司对

39、2100美元亦负责赔偿。因此,保险公司对该批货物的上述两项损失都负责赔偿。 n例3:有批玻璃制品出口,由甲乙两轮分别载运,货主投保了平安险,甲轮在航行途中与他船发生碰撞事故,玻璃制品因此而发生部分损失,而乙轮却在航途中遇到暴风雨天气而使玻璃制品相互撞而发生部分损失,事后,货主向保险人提出索赔. n在第一种情况下,由于造成玻璃制品部分损失的原因是船舶在航行途中与他船相撞,这一碰撞意外事故导致的部分损失属于平安险的承保责任范围,保险人应当赔偿应当赔偿货主;n而在第二种情况下,由于造成玻璃制品部分损失的原因不是船舶发生意外事故而是暴风雨袭击船舶,使之颠簸的结果,而暴风雨属于自然灾害,由自然灾害造成的

40、部分损失不属平安险的承保范围,故而保险人也就无须承担无须承担赔偿责任。nInstitute Cargo Clauses (ICC) 协会货物条款协会货物条款 由英国伦敦保险协会制定 ,1912 现行ICC1982版 nInstitute Cargo Clauses (ICC) 协会货物条款协会货物条款nInstitute Cargo Clause A ICC(A)nInstitute Cargo Clause B ICC(B)nInstitute Cargo Clause CICC(C)nInstitute War Clause-Cargo (IWCC)nInstitute Strikes C

41、lause-Cargo (ISCC)Malicious Damage Clause 恶意损害险nSummaryn以上六种保险条款中,前三种,即以上六种保险条款中,前三种,即A、B、C是是主险,战争险条款、罢工险条款和恶意损害险主险,战争险条款、罢工险条款和恶意损害险条款为附加险。前五种可以单独投保,第六种条款为附加险。前五种可以单独投保,第六种不能单独投保。不能单独投保。 n三种主险中,三种主险中,ICC(A)的承保范围最大,其承的承保范围最大,其承保风险类似我国的一切险;保风险类似我国的一切险;ICC(B)类似我国类似我国的水渍险;的水渍险;ICC(C)的承保范围最小,类似我的承保范围最小,

42、类似我国的平安险,但比平安险的责任要小一些。国的平安险,但比平安险的责任要小一些。 School of Foreign LanguagesnInstitute Cargo Clause A ICC(A)协会货物条款协会货物条款AMethod: “all risks except exclusions” 协会货物条款协会货物条款A责任范围最广,采用承保“除外责任”之外的一切风险的概括式规定办法。 School of Foreign LanguagesnInstitute Cargo Clause B ICC(B)协会货物条款协会货物条款BList all risks that covered E

43、xclusions are those mentioned in clause AICC (A)险讲海盗险列入保险范围,而ICC (B)则对海盗行为不负赔偿责任。School of Foreign LanguagesnInstitute Cargo Clause B ICC(B)协会货物条款协会货物条款BnFire, explosion nShip or lighter colliding with rocks (触礁), running aground (搁浅), sunk or capsized (倾覆)nConveyance overturned(倾覆)or derailed(出轨)nS

44、hip, lighter or other conveyance colliding with any external object excluding waterSchool of Foreign LanguagesnInstitute Cargo Clause B ICC(B)协会货物条款协会货物条款BnLoss or damage due to unloading at the port of refuge (避难港)nLoss of damage due to earthquake, eruption of volcano(火山爆发), lightning or thundernSa

45、crifice in general averagenLoss of the subject matter due to jettison (抛货)and washing overboardSchool of Foreign LanguagesnInstitute Cargo Clause B ICC(B)协会货物条款协会货物条款BnLoss of the subject matter due to being plunged into water by waves (浪击落海)nLoss of the subject matter insured due to water entering

46、the ship, lighter, conveyance, container or storage placenTotal loss caused by falling of the entire package or packages into sea during the processes of loading and unloading.School of Foreign LanguagesnInstitute Cargo Clause C ICC(C)协会货物条款协会货物条款CnOnly covers “major casualties”(重大意外事故)n不承保“自然灾害及非重大

47、意外事故”School of International EconomicsnChoosing Insurance CoveragenDetermining insurance Amount and Calculating Insurance PremiumnTo obtain an Insurance Document To lodge a claim4. Insurance Clauses in the Contract formalities for Claim 索赔程序 School of Foreign LanguagesnChoosing Insurance CoveragenQu

48、ality and characteristic of the goodsnConveyance and linenChanges of international political and economic situationsnRegularity of damagenPackage conditions of the cargoSchool of Foreign LanguagesnDetermining insurance Amount and Calculating Insurance Premium uThe insurance amount(保额保额) is the highe

49、st compensation amount undertaken by the insurer, and it is also the foundation for calculating the insurance premium.uThe insurance amount may be marked up by a certain percentage on the basis of the CIF value.School of Foreign LanguagesnThe Formula of Insurance Amount under CIF Terms:nInsurance am

50、ount = CIF price x (1+ markup percentage)nMarkup percentage(保险加成率)(保险加成率) usu. 10% of the CIF valueSchool of Foreign LanguagesnThe insurance premium (保险费), referring to the sum of money paid by the insured, is the basic proceeds (收益) earned by the insurer.School of International EconomicsnThe Formul

51、a for Calculating the Premium under CIF Terms:nPremium = CIF price x (1+ markup percentage) x premium rate 计算题计算题1: 设我方以设我方以50美元美元/袋袋CIF新加坡出口某种新加坡出口某种商品商品1000袋,货物出口前,由我方向中国袋,货物出口前,由我方向中国人民保险公司投保水渍险、串味险及淡水人民保险公司投保水渍险、串味险及淡水雨淋险,水渍险、串味险及淡水雨淋险的雨淋险,水渍险、串味险及淡水雨淋险的保险费率分别为保险费率分别为0.6% 、0.2%和和0.3%,按发票金额按发票金额110投保,问:该批货物的投保,问:该批货物的投保金额和保险费各是多少?投保金额和保险费各是多少? 解:解:投保金额投保金额 CIF总值总值110 501

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