第二十二条军规和最后的时光

1、 Joseph Heller Catch-22 Closing Time Joseph Heller American satirical novelist, short story writer, and playwright 1923-1999; Jewish family; New York world War II; served; US Air Force; bomber studied; New York University; Columbia University received; Masters degree; literature after graduation; ma

2、de a living; teacher universities; writing advertisements magazinesWorks Novels Catch-22 (1961) Something Happened (1974) Good as Gold (1979) God Knows (1984) Picture This (1988) Closing Time (1994) Short StoryCatch As Catch Can: The Collected Stories and Other Writings，(2003) PlaysWe Bombed in New

3、Haven，1967 Catch 22，1973 Clevingers Trial，1973 Absurdity of the world Criticism of conventional social life Major ThemesTechniques Surrealistic style Black humor Juxtaposition(并置) of statement Reversion(逆转) of cliches（陈词滥调） to their original meaning Catch-22 A Summary of the Writing The Theme of the

4、 Writing Writing TechniquesA Summary of the Writing takes place; Air Force base; wartime Italy in face of; increasing numbers; flying missions consequent increasing chances; death pilots; helpless; desperate Yossarian; protagonist; afraid; death horrified; sight of death; him feels; confused; absurd

5、 behavior; those; top military machine death of Snowden; fellow pilot; features; outlook; undergoes; change once; brave; has; different notion; courage heroism begins; ways; get rid of finally; manages; escape; war; deathThere was only one catch and that was Catch-22, which specified that a concern

6、for ones own safety in the face of dangers that were real and immediate was the process of a rational mind. Orr was crazy and could be grounded(停飞）. All he had to do was ask; and as soon as he did, he would no longer be crazy and would have to fly more missions. Orr would be crazy to fly more missio

7、ns and sane if he didnt, but if he was sane he had to fly them. What is “Catch-22” ? The term “Catch-22” has entered the American vocabulary.If you describe something as a Catch-22 or a Catch 22 situation, you mean it is an impossible situation because you cannot do one thing until you do another th

8、ing, but you cannot do the second thing until you do the first thing.” (Collins Cobuild English Dictionary )What is the content of Catch-22 ?疯子才能获准免于飞行，但必须由本人提出申请； 同时又规定，凡能意识到飞行有危险而提出免飞申请的，属于头脑清醒着，应继续执行飞行任务。因为如果一个人真的神志不清，他会主动执行飞行任务，因此便没有人能获准免于飞行。第二十二条军规还规定，飞行员飞满上级规定的次数就能回国，但它又说，你必须绝对服从命令，要不就不准回国。因此上

9、级可以不断给飞行员增加飞行次数，而你不得违抗。如此反复，永无休止。The Theme of the Writing The Absolute Power of Bureaucracy Loss of Religious Faith Absurdity of the World Writing Techniques Use of Psychological Timein order of timepresent; pastreality; fantasy; imaginationmingleuUse of Black Humor begin in 1950s against the dehuma

10、nization of the individual by a modern society hold a cynical attitude toward society and the conventional moral values Use of Symbolism Catch-22authoritiessymbol; American bureaucracy; absurdity;self-contradiction;Closing time A darkly comic and ambitious sequel to the American classic Catch-22.In

11、Closing Time, Joseph Heller returns to the characters of Catch-22, now coming to the end of their lives and the century, as is the entire generation that fought in World War II: Yossarian and Milo Minderbinder, the chaplain, and such newcomers as little Sammy Singer and giant Lew, all linked, in an uneasy peace and old age, fighting not the Germans this time, but The End.Theme Closing Time satirizes the realities and the myths of America in the half ce