大学英语专业词汇学PPTChapter1

1、The 3 basic elements of English:nspeech sounds ngrammar nvocabulary nLexicology: A b r a n c h o f Linguistics which studies the origins and meanings of words. nTo be specific, they include aspects like the formal and semantic structure, semantic relationships, word formation and usage, the historic

2、al development and evolution of words, etc.Aims and Significance of the Course:1) To know the general rules of word formation which helps us enlarge our vocabulary. 2) To foster the ability to use “the right word”. As a saying goes, “Right words in right places makes a good writing.”.3) To have a be

3、tter awareness of language (English).4) To get a deeper understanding of the culture of foreign countries.nTo sum up, English Lexicology is a theoretically-oriented course as well as a practical one. Chapter I Objectives: Introduce a definition of a word;Put forward the three main principles of lexi

4、cal classification;Elaborate on the features of basic word stock and non-basic vocabulary.Teaching focus:Definition of a wordDefinition of vocabularyClassification of words Basic word stock and non-basic vocabulary Content words and functional words Native words and borrowed words1.1 What is a word?

5、1.1 What is a word? A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function. 词是具有一定的声音、意义和语法功能，能词是具有一定的声音、意义和语法功能，能独立运用的最小的语言单位。独立运用的最小的语言单位。nSimple words:nComplex words:de-internationalization non-internationalization sun, book, fine, eat, well etc. intern

6、ationalization1.2 What is vocabulary?What is vocabulary?The total number of the words in a language. All the words used in a particular historical period.All the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person.1.3 Sound and meaning A word is

7、 a symbol that stands for something else in the world. E.g., dog, woman, bird, tree, etc. Whats the relationship between sound and meaning?nArbitrary(任意性)nConventional(规约性)nArbitrary: no logical relationshipnConventional: people of the same speech community have agreed to use the sound to refer to t

8、he entity.nEnglish: dog /dog/ woman /wuman/ bird /b:d/nChinese: /gou/ /fun/ /niao/nSame sound:n/sn/ son sun; /flau/ flower flour1.4 Sound and formnForm= written record of the oral formnThe two forms (written & oral forms) of a language should agree with each other.nIn modern English, sound (pronunci

9、ation) and form (spelling) have a lot of differences. What causes the differences between sound and form? More phonemes than letters Not enough letters to represent phonemes phonemes lettersQuicker change of sound than spelling Sound and spelling do not change simultaneously. Printing stabilized spe

10、lling while sound continued to change.Deliberate change of spelling by early scribes for easier recognitionni u v m w n made handwriting difficult to recognize and the scribes changed spelling forms. nsum cum wuman wunder munk nsome come woman wonder monkUn-assimilated borrowings A large proportion

11、of them are not assimilated yet: stimulus (L) dnouement (F) fiesta (Sp) eureka (Gr) kimono (Jap)1.5 Classification of words Criterion : by use frequency Basic word stock Non-basic vocabularyCriterion: by notion Content words Functional wordsCriterion : by origin Native words Borrowed word1. Basic wo

12、rd stock and nonbasic vocabulary基本词汇和非基本词汇基本词汇和非基本词汇Basic word stock 5 basic features of the basic word stocknAll national character 全民性nStability 稳定性nProductivity 能产性nPolysemy 多义性nCollocability 搭配能力强nAll national character 全民性全民性nsnow, fire, sun hand, face, father, mother apple, tree; horse, cow ea

13、t, hear, good, old, I, you, in, out nStability 稳定性稳定性nman, fire, mountain, water, sun, moon BUT bow, chariot, knight, rickshaw (out of common use) plane, computer, internet, cellphone (in common use)nProductivity 能产性能产性ndog: doglike, doghood(狗性), dogcart, dog- cheap(便宜廉价的), dog-ear(书页折角n. or v.), do

14、g-fall(平局), dog-fight(混战), doghole(狗窝(一样的房间), dog paddle(狗爬式), dogsleep(假寐, 打盹) nPolysemy 多义性多义性nMost words have plural meanings. get, go, etc.nCollocability 搭配能力强搭配能力强nable to form collocations na change of heart 改变主意; after ones heart 正中下怀; a heart of gold金子般的心; at heart 在心底; break ones heart 令人心碎

15、; cross ones heart 上帝保佑, 祈祷; cry ones heart out 痛哭; eat ones heart out 因伤心而消瘦; have ones heart in ones mouth忐忑不安, 紧张; heart and hand 全心全意; heart and soul 全心全意; Ones heart sinks within one 心寒; take something to heart 把放在心上, 在意; wear ones heart upon ones sleeve 流露感情; with all ones heart 诚心诚意nBUT Not a

16、ll the words of the basic word stock have these characteristics. E.g., Pronouns, numerals: monosemous, non-productive n“All national character” is the most important of all characteristics.1)Terminology 专业术语2)Jargon 行话3)Slang 俚语4)Argot 隐语/黑话5)Dialectal words 方言词6)Archaisms 古语词7)Neologisms 新词语1) Term

17、inology 专业术语专业术语nphotoscanning 扫描audiovisual 视听 indigestion 消化不良 2) Jargon 行话行话nshop talk 行话 hypo = hypodermic syringe皮下注射 buster = bomb3) Slang 俚语俚语（sub-standard） dough, bread = money smoky, bear = police drunk = elevated, merry, jolly, comfortable, boiled, grassy, tight, knocked out, blue-eyed, fr

18、ied, paralyzed, pickled, stiff, stunned4) Argot 隐语隐语/黑话黑话(language of the in-groups or criminals) can-opener = all-purpose key 万能钥匙persuader = dagger 匕首5) Dialectal words 方言词方言词station (AusE） = ranch auld (ScotE） = old bluid (ScotE）= blood 6) Archaisms 古语词古语词nwords now restricted in use such as in o

19、lder poems, legal documents and religious writing or speech nthou = you ye = you (plural) thee = you (objective case) therefrom = from that or there 7) Neologisms 新词语新词语nSARS, e-commerce, on-line education, euro, microblog, SNS, cybernaut, WiFi, etc.2. Content words and functional words 实义词和功能词实义词和功

20、能词nContent words/Notional words/Lexical wordsnConstitute the main body of the English vocabulary, numerous and the number is ever growing nnoun, verb, adjective, adverb, numeral nFunctional words/Empty/form words/Grammatical wordsnConstitute a very small number of the vocabulary; stablenpreposition,

21、 article, pronoun, conjunction, etc. nCharacteristics: nContent: numerous; changing/growing; less frequent nFunctional: small in number; stable; more frequent nEg. It is certain that they have forgotten the address. 3. Native words and borrowed words 本族语词和外来语词本族语词和外来语词nNative words / Anglo-Saxon wor

22、dsnWords of Anglo-Saxon origin (Germanic tribes) 50,000 to 60,000 : 1,000,000 5% BUT form the mainstream of the basic word stocknCharacteristics: 1. all national character 2. stability 3. productivity 4. polysemy 5. collocability 6. neutrality in style 7. higher frequency in use nneutrality in style

23、 nbegin ( E) commence (F) nbrotherly (E) fraternal (F) nkingly (E) royal (F) regal (L) nrise (E) mount (F) ascend (L)nhigher frequency in use (See statistics on page )Borrowed words/ loan words / borrowingsnBorrowed words constituting 80% of modern English V. nCriteria of classification: 1. Degree o

24、f assimilation 2. Manner of borrowingnDenizens 同化词nAliens 非同化词nTranslation-loans 译借词nSemantic loans 语义借词/借义词 Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. 同化词指早期借入同化词指早期借入, 其拼写和读音完全符合其拼写和读音完全符合本族语词规范的借词。本族语词规范的借词。 portus (L) port skipta (ON) sh

25、ift Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. 非同化词指拼写和读音保持原样的借词。非同化词指拼写和读音保持原样的借词。 dcor (F) blitzkrieg (G ) kowtow (CH ) bazaar (Per ) intermezzo (IT) emir (Arab ) nTranslation loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the Eng

26、lish language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.n翻译借词是利用英语中现有的语言材料但模翻译借词是利用英语中现有的语言材料但模仿另一种语言的模式而构成的词。仿另一种语言的模式而构成的词。ntranslated according to soundnTofu, wok(锅), china, typhoon, tea, wonton(馄饨), yen(元)ntranslated according to meaning nlong time no see, lose face, paper tiger, f

27、our modernizations, one country two systemsnSemantic loans are words borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language.n语义借词指受另一种语言中相关词语的影响语义借词指受另一种语言中相关词语的影响而借进新义的词。而借进新义的词。npioneer 少先队员 (Russian) ndumb = unable to speak stupid (from dumm G)AssignmentAnswer the following questions:1.What

28、is a word?2.What are the characteristics of the basic word stock?3.What is the fundamental difference between content and functional words?1. Decide whether the following are true or false.n( ) a. A word can be defined in different ways from different points of view. n( ) b. Under no circumstances can sound an