航海论文雾航英文翻译

1、Poor visibility collision avoidanceOn the ship in poor visibility collision analysis, summarized the main reason of such accidents, and on how to prevent such incidents put forward corresponding measures. Collision at home and abroad because of the accident, visibility poor with many ship collisions

2、 are closely related. According to a number of maritime management departments and units on the ship collision accident incomplete statistics, the ship in poor visibility crashes that occurred more than 13% of the total number of all accidents in some areas has reached more than half. To this end, t

3、he ship drivers must give full attention to such incidents, through careful study, 1972 International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea ship (the Rules) relating to ship navigation in restricted visibility rules, a comprehensive understanding of rule The spirit and requirements of their r

4、esponsibilities and obligations clearly and correctly grasp the ships collision avoidance in this case, principles and methods. Should also be summarized in a comprehensive analysis and poor visibility when the ship collision accident causes and prevention, based on take effective measures to preven

5、t such accidents from occurring.1.Restricted visibility and the characteristics of ship collision avoidance rules1.1 Characteristics of navigation in restricted visibilityPoor visibility navigation hazards mainly reduced visibility, ship positioning difficulties, avoid difficulties. Foggy, see each

6、other fore and aft, fog long time, not seen the sun for several days, only by moving elements of radar identification, radar again its limitations, when the density increases around the ship, sailing situation has deteriorated When the safety of navigation becomes more important, while on duty as th

7、e driver of the psychological factors become more complex and sailing conditions will be much worse impact on the safety of navigation also pose a great threat.The fog, the ships operations due to poor visibility and greatly curtailed, navigation environment becomes more complex, another long contin

8、uous visibility of the case in sailing, watch the master and pilot heart stress, easy high tension , physical decline, thinking and ability to judge and give rise to hasty, blind, hesitant, there are chances, poor response at the critical moment, critical thinking abnormal, easily lead to the occurr

9、ence of fog.Also, the fog, the human visual, auditory and navigation equipment will have been affected to varying degrees, thereby affecting the driver of the navigation area, the surrounding environment and the right to judge the dynamic impact on the ship route makes drivers, position to judge the

10、 accuracy and reliability, resulted in the effective control and the ship speed of tickets, not early warning, collision risk situations such as the right to judge, when taking avoidance measures are likely to lead to misjudgments, it will cause a serious collision between ships.Therefore, the fog e

11、ffect for the safety of navigation is very large, must be highly vigilant.1.2 Encounter situation in a variety of law of the uncertainty avoidance actionEncounter in various situations, the starboard bow close to the driving situation on the starboard side and is horizontal with the boat around to t

12、he formation of large angle cross-encounter situation, two ships avoid the uncertainty of the greatest actionon thecase of a situation or close to the case of , two ships of the minimum uncertainty avoidance action. Usually ships from it than from starboard to port overtake overtake small uncertaint

13、y avoidance action. Front to form a small angle cross-ship situation, than are horizontal or close to being horizontal to the formation of course boat smaller orthogonal situation of uncertainty. Data on the starboard side close to the situation on the starboard side of the close encounter is the mo

14、st dangerous situation. It is noteworthy that the situation of small-angle cross or 1nmile in 2nmile within the relatively large uncertainties, the data show that visibility will encounter a situation when the small-angle collision accidents occur more. As if no avoidance action in 3nmile ago, when

15、the ship close to the 2nmile drivers avoid actions within the uncertainty of significantly increased.1.3 Ship during the ship will encounter on the avoidance of the distanceThe distance between the ship between the 3nmile-4nmile, the avoidance method in accordance with the proportion of concentrate

16、in the rules turned on the requirements, departure from the rules of the steering ratio smaller proportion of use of vehicles to smaller, so the uncertainty than small. With the reduction of the distance between the ship, avoidance methods have shifted, deceleration and other methods, it resulted in

17、 increased uncertainty.1.4 The ships side corner of the driver avoidanceSituation will be encountered in a variety of personnel in driving cross-come is the time to take avoiding ship earlier. Wang came to boat and are compared to avoid being cross or are near the cross in order to then watch the pi

18、lot boat speed with a high proportion of insurance to protect. The avoidance is transverse to ship later with left, right, and the proportion of slow close, resulting in greater uncertainty in value.In addition, compared with the starboard side to ships, port side to avoid shipping with insurance to

19、 protect high-speed ratio. At the same time, avoid the ships port side to starboard side to the boat for more time later. Ship on the port side to depart from rules of the turn, deceleration and relative movement of the steering line uncoordinated movement acceleration and deceleration of the high p

20、ercentage of drivers making increased uncertainty avoidance action.1.5 The relative speed of the ship will encounter the impact of the driver avoidanceShip from the same direction forming encounter, if there is risk of collision, the relative velocity of large, small uncertainties. According to the

21、survey data analysis, is the same horizontal position before the ship, when the situation of small-angle cross-overtake situation of uncertainty is less than the uncertainty of the time. This is because the latter take turn, the proportion of slow closer. Regulations for Preventing Collisions in the

22、 19th article of the ship should be used in poor visibility safe speed, Every vessel shall be suitable to the environment and the poor visibility conditions at a safe speed, motor boat at any time should be well controlled machine preparation. What is safe speed? Under the rules of Article VI know t

23、hat, when encountered, to take appropriate and effective action to avoid collision, and in appropriate circumstances and conditions at that time stopped within a distance, the speed of the safe speed. Although the collision Rules has repeatedly emphasized the importance of safe speed, but in actual

24、operation, the fog most of the boats failed to properly comply with this provision. Fog, collisions, most of them and not use the safe speed.1.6 Ship will encounter in the driver avoidance the impact of DCPAWhen the ship will encounter the risk of collision of the judge primarily by the recent passi

25、ng distance value (DCPA) and the TCPA, not to determine the size of DCPA is not only to the driver to determine whether there is risk of collision impact, and whether the driver will result in to take avoiding action and the different ways of avoidance actions. DCPA in a range of ship collision avoi

26、dance action when the impact of uncertainty in the performance of Paul taken to ensure speed, change the steering ratio. In poor visibility and to ship the formation of the drive (DCPA = 0), the right proportion significantly higher. Starboard on the starboard side in the formation of close-close to

27、 the situation (DCPA = 0) when the left 30% of the action taken by way of action so that the uncertainty avoidance increases1.7 Ship will encounter during the collision avoidance features incompatibleWhen the poor visibility, the uncertainty of the geological hazards inaction to thedisharmony of the

28、 geological hazards action, which might occur ship collision accident. Ships in the adverse circumstance, visibility regulation rules of both ships will have the responsibility and obligation of geological hazards. Ships will encounter in particular circumstances occur once a boat left and right tur

29、n to another ship, a ship direct and another ship to ship and a ship to another parking, etc, will make the geological hazards of the ship, the geological hazards caused by ship offsets the effect in a safe distance and ultimately drove the ship collision. This action is not the geological hazards o

30、f ship collision coordination of collision avoidance behavior. Ship collision avoidance behavior of disharmony mainly for driver, in accordance with the relevant regulations to the provisions of the common way of seafarers or take proper action, and optionally geological hazards to the geological ha

31、zards.2. Poor visibility in the prevention of ship collision, avoidance, approach2.1 Take all effective means to maintain normal outlookAccording to the survey, most of the fog crashes with Outlook negligence related to maintaining a regular lookout to ensure the safety of maritime navigation is the

32、 primary factor, should be visual, auditory, VHF communication, radar and other detection and plotting for the prevailing circumstances and conditions all effective means to maintain regular Outlook, in order to discover and identify a dynamic to ship.Fog, navigation, first place should be designate

33、d with sufficient qualified personnelOutlook vision, hearing Outlook, so that they can get the best vantage results. Rules Article Outlook provides: Every vessel should at all times the use of visual, auditory, and the prevailing circumstances and conditions for all effective means to maintain a reg

34、ular lookout for danger on the situation and make a full estimate of the collision. Fog, navigation, one very important tool is the use of radar to observe the drivers rely mainly on his radar echo imaging to determine the ships dynamic. Determine whether the risk of collision. When using the radar

35、observation, especially should pay attention to the alternate use of distance range, for radar plotting or systematic observation, should not according to the incomplete observations to make judgments. For vehicles equipped with collision avoidance radar (ARPA) of the boat, you can target through to

36、 boat manual and automatic enrollment tracking, access to target vessels of the movement parameters (direction, speed, etc.), and collision avoidance parameters (direction, distance, etc.), which according to His ships dynamic, on whether the risk of collision to make the right judgments. The fog sh

37、ould adhere to the radar observation and radar plotting or equivalent systematic observation, taking the cab to open doors and windows, listen to his boat so as to help keep fog, and pay attention to visual lookout.2.2 Use for the environment and conditions of safe speedTo ensure the visibility of t

38、he case have enough time and room to take effective action to avoid the use of safe speed particularly important. Therefore, in the waters of poor visibility, especially in large aircraft traffic density area of navigation, the vehicle must be promptly prepared and used for the visibility was bad ci

39、rcumstances and conditions of safe speed so that it can at any time when circumstances require manipulation of the host adjust the speed of or in the prevailing circumstances and conditions for a distance of the boat to stop.2.3 Taking significant action earlyShip in poor visibility to avoid his shi

40、p time should be earlier, with his ship safe passing distance be greater. A significant shift in the use of measures, should be fully taken into account enough room for a ship full of action time and do not result in another pressing situation. Unless it is to avoid the risk of collision due to forc

41、ed departure from the rules of action, on being cross-ship can not come to turn left. When the cross came with the boat can not be avoided is an urgent situation, the ship should be immediately reduced to only maintain the minimum speed of course, necessary, stop the boat completely.2.4 Give way to

42、strengthen communication links in order to coordinationShip in poor visibility areas, especially in a narrow channel or other navigable waters of relatively high density while navigating to take avoiding action in a variety of time before the communication methods accessible communications link. For

43、 example, the sounding of control and warning signals, or open VHF channel 16 watch or avoid the call to make clear his intentions or warn each other, so as to achieve mutual coordination of action and purpose to ensure the safe passage of each other. Even in the case of the sea to ship, they can fo

44、recast their own VHF position, course and speed of the ship, and strive to avoid shipping contact to coordinate action. In addition, the ship in a narrow channel, traffic separation schemes or other higher traffic density, the complex waters of navigation conditions in the case of fog, it should str

45、ictly enforce the provisions of navigation in these areas, to maintain the correct ship position, when necessary, choose to drop anchor until the visibility improved follow-up aircraft. Any conditions as soon as possible contact with the VTS console to find fairways and acceptance within the ships d

46、ynamic avoid guidance. As long as the ship in strict accordance with the above-mentioned provisions and requirements to take avoiding action, the ship in poor visibility collisions can be avoided or greatly reduced.2.5 Steering to make wayIn the case of sufficient water, simply turn is usually the m

47、ost effective action to avoid collision, the advantage of short time effect is obvious, simple, does not depend on the equipment truck. Therefore, collision avoidance is the most common avoidance method.In view of a steering avoidance procedures simple, easy to operate, the effect was obvious and ea

48、sy to ship him the perceived characteristics of the radar, if the broad areas surrounding the ship, drivers in poor visibility turned to avoid most of the action taken to avoid any emergency situation and to ship . Ship in poor visibility on the risk of collision can be used to ship turned right mea

49、sures. The right to increase according to two ships DCPA, TCPA, the relative speed between the speed of ratios and maneuverability of the vessel is concerned. According to the simulation, when the DCPA is zero, the ship and the speed of his vessel ratios were 1.5/1.0, 1.0/1.0 and 1.0/1.5, as in 5nmi

50、le action to get the same as 2nmile the DCPA, the ship taken by the corresponding right angle 38, 50 and64 . However, the actual avoidance of the sea, if necessary, depending on thecircumstances to take right turn 60 90 ,or in the future boat is placed in horizontalposition in order to achieve wide

51、for the purpose. Should also strictly abide by the already mentioned earlier in addition to being the overtaking vessel, the cross on the front of the boat is taken to avoid turning left and right are horizontal and are cross-engineered to refrain from moving it to the requirements. In fact, the for

52、mer requirement in poor visibility at the situation in the two ships meet (each other are in his cross before the ship is) should avoid the left turn to avoid the incompatibility between two ships in action; the latter is to avoid being caught in their cross after cross or are shifted to the side of

53、 the ship will lead to a new urgent situation. In addition, the rule was not on the tail was clear the ships steering avoidance provisions, but the specific use of visual right or left to avoid. from the collision avoidance action is conducive to coordination between two ships, which can be located

54、relative orientation of the vessel 112. 5 to 210 access to the left inside the vessel turned to the avoidance method (because the ship at sea usually take the right to, from the right side of his boat through). If necessary, can be taken to end later transferred to the aft ship collision avoidance a

55、ction, and then to ship according to the dynamic to take further action.Ships to action taken in time after careful observation through the ship changes direction and distance to test the effectiveness of action. Such as are to come on board to take a significant turn right cross after the event to

56、ship found little change in relative position, it should be noted that it may slow down or turn left to take the measures to avoid disharmony. At this point, the ship should take urgent action to avoid dangerous place. Especially in the position found in the same boat and the starboard side to close

57、 faster, they should realize that the ship has taken action to turn left to avoid disharmony. If the circumstances and conditions permit, the right to immediately continue substantially in the future boat is placed in the vessel after cross or are cross Shaopian (no greater than 15).At this time not

58、 at liberty to slow down to avoid the right to offset the effect of their own, and close attention to changes in relative orientation to ship to control the dynamic. When necessary, such as conditions Yun Ke, the right to be taken to the appropriate emergency avoidance measures, until it is so clear

59、; to port to ship found the relative position remains the same, but close to slow down, the ship may use a small Lets avoid the left angle of the measures. Then as both sides close to the slow, slow down to let the ship can be used by way of its relatively safe.2.6 Changing speed collision avoidanceIf the circumstances and conditions is difficult to take to action or to leave more time to observe and judge the situation at that time, the ship speed should avoid taki