Lecture2SubjectverbConcord

1、在英语中，句子的主语和谓语动词要保持数上的一致关系，叫主谓一致主谓一致(Subject-verb Concord/Agreement)。这种关系通常要遵循三条原则：1.语法形式一致语法形式一致（grammatical concord）2.意义一致意义一致(notional concord）3.邻近一致邻近一致(principle of proximity)语法形式一致语法形式一致句子的主语是单数形式，谓语动词要用单数形式；句子的主语是单数形式，谓语动词要用单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词用复数形式。主语是复数形式，谓语动词用复数形式。 例：例：Australia is an extremel

2、y rich country 澳大利亚是个非常富裕的国家。澳大利亚是个非常富裕的国家。 What are advertisements made？ 广告是怎样制作的？广告是怎样制作的？ 注意：注意：anything，everyone，everybody，nobody，anyone，anybody， someone，somebody等复合不等复合不定代词作主语时，定代词作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式谓语动词一般用单数形式。意义一致意义一致即谓语动词该用单数还是复数取决于主语所表达的内即谓语动词该用单数还是复数取决于主语所表达的内容在含义是单数意义还是复数意义容在含义是单数意义还是复数意义 例：

3、例：The Chinese _ industrious 中国人是勤劳的。中国人是勤劳的。 The USA _ a developed country 美国是个发达国家。美国是个发达国家。 isare另外，像另外，像works（工厂），（工厂），politics（政治），（政治），physics（物理）等词，虽然形式上是以（物理）等词，虽然形式上是以s结尾，但表示的意义结尾，但表示的意义是单数，故谓语动词要用单数形式。相反，是单数，故谓语动词要用单数形式。相反，people，police等词形式上是单数形式，但表示复数意义，谓等词形式上是单数形式，但表示复数意义，谓语动词要用复数形式语动词要用复

4、数形式。邻近一致邻近一致 谓语动词该用单数还是复数形式，取决于最邻近它的名谓语动词该用单数还是复数形式，取决于最邻近它的名词、代词或其它词的数。词、代词或其它词的数。 另外，另外，neithernor，eitheror，not onlybut also连接两个名词或代词作主语时，连接两个名词或代词作主语时，或由或由there，here引导的句子，并且主语不止一个时，引导的句子，并且主语不止一个时，谓语动词通常与邻近它的那个主语保持数上一致。谓语动词通常与邻近它的那个主语保持数上一致。 e.g. Not only his parents but he himself was unhappy. T

5、here is a pen, two books on the desk. There are two books, a pen on the desk.除了上述三个原则外，还有一些特殊的情除了上述三个原则外，还有一些特殊的情况需要注意：况需要注意： 1表示时间、重量、数目、价格、长度、数表示时间、重量、数目、价格、长度、数学运算等的词或词组作主语时，尽管它们是复学运算等的词或词组作主语时，尽管它们是复数形式，但如果把这些复数形式的词或词组看数形式，但如果把这些复数形式的词或词组看作是一个整体，谓语动词就用单数形式。作是一个整体，谓语动词就用单数形式。 e.g. Three weeks _ a

6、 short time 三个星期是很短的时间。三个星期是很短的时间。 is2动词不定式、动名词、从句或不可数动词不定式、动名词、从句或不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 e.g. It is not easy to master a foreign language 要掌握一门外语是不容易的。(动词不定式) Playing tennis is a very good exercise. 打网球是一项很好的运动。 (动名词) Why she did this is not known.(从句) Much effort is wasted. (不可数名词)3

7、由由and连接两个单词作主语时，要看其表示的连接两个单词作主语时，要看其表示的意义意义来决定谓语动词用单数还是用复数形式。如来决定谓语动词用单数还是用复数形式。如果表示的是一个整体的概念或指的是同一事物，果表示的是一个整体的概念或指的是同一事物，谓语动词用单数形式；如果表示的是两个不同的谓语动词用单数形式；如果表示的是两个不同的对象时，谓语动词用复数形式。对象时，谓语动词用复数形式。 e.g. The writer and the teacher _ coming 作家和老师走来了。 The poet and teacher _ one of my friends 那位诗人兼教师是我的一位朋友

8、。 areis4集合名词集合名词people（人、人民），（人、人民），police一般看作复数一般看作复数意义，谓语动词要用复数形式。另外一些集合名词，如意义，谓语动词要用复数形式。另外一些集合名词，如family，enemy，class， population，army等作主语时，等作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式还是复数形式，要根据这些词在句中谓语动词用单数形式还是复数形式，要根据这些词在句中的实际含义而定。当它们表示的是整体意义时，谓语动词的实际含义而定。当它们表示的是整体意义时，谓语动词用单数形式；当它们强调或着重指个体成员时，谓语动词用单数形式；当它们强调或着重指个体成员时，谓语动词用

9、复数形式。用复数形式。 e.g. Are there any police around？ 附近有警察吗？ His family isnt large 他家的人不多。 5名词性物主代词名词性物主代词mine，yours，his，hers，its，ours，theirs等作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于该动词等作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于该动词后面名词的数，动词后面的名词是单数形式，谓语动词用后面名词的数，动词后面的名词是单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；动词后面名词为复数形式，谓语动词用复数形单数形式；动词后面名词为复数形式，谓语动词用复数形式。式。 e.g. His is a new bike 他的

10、是一辆新自行车。他的是一辆新自行车。 Ours are old bikes 我们的是些旧自行车。我们的是些旧自行车。 6many a意为意为“许多许多”，但因后面跟的是单，但因后面跟的是单数名词，谓语动词应用单数形式。数名词，谓语动词应用单数形式。 e.g. 许多人都有过这种经历。 Many a person has had that kind of experience7.当eachand each, everyand every, noand no, many aand many a.等结构做主语，谓语动词用单数形式。e.g. No man and no animal is to be f

11、ound on the moon. 在月球上没有发现人和动物。 Many a doctor and many a nurse is busy with their work. 许多医生和护士都在忙于他们的工作。8. 一个单数名词同时被两个不同的形容词修饰，一个单数名词同时被两个不同的形容词修饰，表示两个不同的概念时，谓动应用复数。表示两个不同的概念时，谓动应用复数。e.g. Ancient and modern history are the subjects we are studying. 但表示同一概念时，谓动应用单数。表示同一概念时，谓动应用单数。The last and most d

12、ifficult lesson is lesson14.9.当主语由 as well as, along with, 时，其谓动的单复数形式通常由这些together with, rather than, no less than, but, except, in addition to, like, including 等词连接词语前的名词来决定。e.g. An iron and steel works, with some satellite factories, is to be built here. The professor, together with many of his s

13、tudents, is entering the meeting hall.10. 当百分数、分数后加名词或代词时，要根据当百分数、分数后加名词或代词时，要根据这个名词或代词来确定其谓动的单复数形式。这个名词或代词来确定其谓动的单复数形式。11. None 做主语时，谓动可用单数，也可用复做主语时，谓动可用单数，也可用复数。但在表不可数的东西时常看作单数，因而数。但在表不可数的东西时常看作单数，因而谓动须用单数。谓动须用单数。12. both, (a) few, many. several 等做主语时，谓等做主语时，谓动常用复数。动常用复数。e.g. Both (of) the instrum

14、ents are not precise ones.13. all 做主语表示人时，谓动用复数；若表物，谓做主语表示人时，谓动用复数；若表物，谓动则用单数。动则用单数。 All is well that ends well. All are eager to reach an agreement.13. 当主语是当主语是 most, the rest, the last, the remainder 等时，谓动应依据等时，谓动应依据of后宾语的单复数而定。后宾语的单复数而定。表示“全体”、“部分”等意义的词做主语时的主谓一致e.g. Three of us will go, the rest

15、are to stay here. After the big fire, the remainder is nothing.14.当当town, school, village等分别表示总称的等分别表示总称的“镇镇民民”、“全体师生全体师生”、“村民村民”时，谓动用单复数时，谓动用单复数均可。有时其前可用均可。有时其前可用the或或the whole修饰。修饰。e.g. The whole school were/was sorry when she left. The whole town is/are in agreement about the plan.15. “the+形容词/过去

16、分词做主语的主谓一致“the+形容词形容词/过去分词过去分词”表示一类人或事物时，表示一类人或事物时，谓动用复数；若指某一抽象概念，则用单数。谓动用复数；若指某一抽象概念，则用单数。e.g. The sick here are very well cared for. The true is to be told from the false.16.两数相加、相乘，谓动单复数均可；两数相两数相加、相乘，谓动单复数均可；两数相减、相除，谓动只用单数。减、相除，谓动只用单数。e.g. Thirty-six from forty leaves four. Six times seven are/is

17、 forty-two.17.主语是以主语是以-ics结尾的学科时，谓动一般用单数；结尾的学科时，谓动一般用单数；以以-s结尾的专有名词做主语，如：结尾的专有名词做主语，如：the United States, the New Times, Arabian Nights等，谓动等，谓动要用单数。要用单数。18.群岛、山脉、瀑布等专有名词如: the Alps, the Philippines, Niagara Falls等做主语时，谓动用复数。e.g. Niagara Falls are a splendid scene.19.名词如名词如trousers, pants, shorts, gla

18、sses, scissors以以及及clothes, goods等做主语，谓动要用复数；但当这等做主语，谓动要用复数；但当这类词前有类词前有a/the pair of修饰时，谓动用单数修饰时，谓动用单数。20. number, many a.等做主语时的主谓一致the number of做主语时，谓动用单数；a number of做主语时，谓动用复数。e.g. The number of mistakes is surprising. A number of books are missing from the library.集体名词做主语时的主谓一致21.有生命的词，如cattle, po

19、lice等做主语时，谓动常用复数。e.g. The police are investigating the crime.22.无生命的词，如foliage(叶子），machinery(机械），merchandise(商品、货物）等做主语时，谓动用单数。e.g. All the machinery in this factory is made in China.23. audience, class, crew, committee, family, team, group, army等做主语时，如指一整体，谓动用单数；如指全体中的每一个成员，谓动则用复数。 The football tea

20、m is being recognized. The football team are having baths and are coming back here for tea.“ one of+复数名词+定语从句“结构中的主谓一致24. 在”one of +复数名词+定语从句“结构中，定语从句中的谓动的单复数形式由它所修饰的先行词来决定。e.g. This is one of the rooms that were damaged in the fire.25. 在“the only one of+复数名词+定语从句”结构中，定语从句的谓动仍用单数。e.g. Mary is the on

21、ly one of the youngest girls who is studying the major of International Law in this university.从句做主语时的主谓一致26.在以what从句作主语的“主系表”(SVC)结构中，主句的谓语动词要以表语名词的单复数而定。 What caused the accident is a complete mystery. What his father left him are a few English books.27.在在what从句所引导的从句所引导的“主系表”(SVC)结构中，结构中，若从句中具有两个

22、以上的动词，主句中谓语动词若从句中具有两个以上的动词，主句中谓语动词应用复数应用复数。e.g. What I say and think are none of your business.从句做主语时的主谓一致Ex. 11.More than one person here _ with the disease. A. has been infected B. have been infected C. has been infecting D. have been infecting由more than one 修饰单数名词作主语时，谓语动词要用单数。又如：又如：More than one

23、 man was injured in the accident. More than one house has been repaired.2. One or perhaps more pages _ missing. A. is B. are C. being D. been由由or连接两个名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词应与靠近它的连接两个名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词应与靠近它的主语一致。主语一致。又如：Are you or he to drive ? Was she or you there ?3. An expert, together with some assistants, _

24、to help in this work.A. was sent B. were sent C. is sending D. are sending由由 with，together with，along with，rather than，no less than, but， besides，except等连接两个名词或代词等连接两个名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词应与前一个相一致。作主语时，谓语动词应与前一个相一致。又如：Nobody but John and Helen was absent. I, rather than you, am responsible for the accident

25、.4.The police _ the black in winter. A. wears B. wear C. put on D. puts on英语中，一些表示总称意义的名词，如：英语中，一些表示总称意义的名词，如：police，people，cattle等作主语时，谓语动词要用复数形式。等作主语时，谓语动词要用复数形式。又如：又如：Some people spend a lot of money on clothes. Cattle are raised everywhere by the farmers.5.The number of students that you have me

26、t _ the life of the team. A. are B. is C. were D. bethe number of复数名词作主语时，谓语用单数。复数名词作主语时，谓语用单数。a number of复数名词作主语时，谓语用复数。复数名词作主语时，谓语用复数。又如：The number of cars is increasing in Beijing. A number of books have been published on this subject.6. To get up early and to go to sleep early _ good for your he

27、alth. A. is B. are C. was D. were由由and连接两个名词，包括两个不定式、两个动名词作主语，连接两个名词，包括两个不定式、两个动名词作主语，若指同一件事或一个概念事，谓语动词用单数形式。若指同一件事或一个概念事，谓语动词用单数形式。又如：又如：Whether to go on or return is not known. Time and tide waits for no man.7. More students than one _. A. were punished B. is punished C. was punished D. will punis

28、hMore 复数名词复数名词 than one 和和 more than one 单单数名词的意义相同，均表示数名词的意义相同，均表示“不只一个不只一个”，但前者用作复数，但前者用作复数，后者用作单数。后者用作单数。又如：More students than one were punished. More than one student was punished.8. What they need _ more people. A. is B. are C. has D. have 名词从句作主语时，通常表示单数概念，谓语动词常用单数，名词从句作主语时，通常表示单数概念，谓语动词常用单数，但

29、所指内容是复数意义时，谓语动词用复数。本句从表语但所指内容是复数意义时，谓语动词用复数。本句从表语more people 可以得知主语可以得知主语what we need指复数内容。指复数内容。 又如：又如：What we need is more time. What he needs are books. What he says and what he does do not agree. Ex. 21. On the wall_ two large portraits. A. hangs B. hang C. hanged D. hanging 2. “News of victorie

30、s _ pouring in as our army advances,” the company commander said. A. keep B. keeps C. kept D. have kept 3. There _ a lot of milk in the bottle. A. are B. is C. were D. has 4. Zhangs family _ rather big, with twelve people in all. A. is B. are C. being D. was 5. Nobody but Jane _ the secret. A. know

31、B. knows C. have known D. is known 6. All but one _ here just now. A. is B. was C. has been D. were 7. A library with five thousand books _ to the nation as a gift. A. is offered B. has offered C. are offered D. have offered 8. Not only I but also Jane and Mary _ tired of having one exam after anoth

32、er. A. is B. are C. am D. be 9. The number of people invited _ fifty, but a number of them _ absent for different reasons. A. were; was B. was; was C. was; were D. were; were 10. When and where to build the new factory _ yet. A. is not decided B. are not decided C. has not decided D. have not decide

33、d由how and why, when and where引导的从句做主语时，谓动仍用单数。When and where we will have the meeting has not been decided. 1. These statistics _ manageable units for measuring distances within the solar system. A. are B. is C. have D. is to be 2. Many species of animals which once lived on the earth _ no longer in

34、 existence. A. is B. are C. was D. were 3. A list of the semesters composition assignments _ to the students. A. have been given B. have given C. has been given D. are given 4. All the data _ once and again; still there are a lot of mistakes. A. has been checked B. have been checked C. has checked D

35、. is checkedEx. 3 5. Every means _ tried but without much results. A. has been B. have been C. are D. is 6. The committee _ among themselves for four hours. A. has been arguing B. has been argued C. have been arguing D. have been argued 7. A new TV series _ handicapped children that they can and sho

36、uld think about career development. A. have taught B. teaches C. teach D. were taught 8. The auxiliary police _ to report for duty at the headquarters. A. are required B. required C. is required D. will require 9. The Arabian Nights _ well known to the English. A. is B. are C. was D. were 10. Chairm

37、an Mao s works _ published. A. has been B. have been C. was D. is 11. A chemical works_ built there. A. is to being B. have been C. were to D. has been 12. Your trousers_ dirty. You must have_ washed. A. is; it B. are; it C. are; them D. is; them 13.This pair of trousers _ too long for him. A. is B.

38、 be C. are D. were 14. The office staff _ gathered to hear the president speak. A. is B. are C. be D. will 15. Although medical evidence shows that AIDS _ not transmitted by casual contact, there still _ fear of infection. Which has caused unwarranted prejudice against even those merely suspected of

39、 having the disease. A. isexist B. areexist C. isexists D. areexists 16. The government _ hoping to make their findings known soon. A. is B. has been C. are D. be17. All the Presidents Men _ one of the important books for historians who study the Watergate Scandal. A. remain B. remains C. remained D

40、. is remaining18. Mr. Wells, together with all the members of his family, _ for Europe this afternoon. A. are to leave B. are leaving C. is leaving D. leave 19. It is futile to discuss the matter further, because _ going to agree upon anything today. A. neither you nor I are B. neither you nor me is

41、 C. neither you nor I am D. neither me nor you are20. The statistics _ that living standards in the area have improved drastically in recent times. A. proves B. is proving C. are proving D. provestatistics: 统计数字，数据，是复数形式。 1. Many a boy and girl _ (has/have) made such a funny experiment. 2. There _(i

42、s/are) more than one answer to this question. 3. More topics than one _(have/ has) been discussed at the meeting. 4. A word or two _(is/are) misused in the sentence. 5. One or two words _(is/are) misused in the sentence.hasishaveisare“a + 名词单数名词单数 + or two”，谓语用单数，谓语用单数 “One or two + 名词复数名词复数”，谓语用复数，

43、谓语用复数Ex. 4Ex. 5 Practice and sum up the rules:1. The play writer and director _ promised to attend our tea-party. A. have B. has C. are D. is2. The premier and the Foreign Minister _ present at the state banquet last night. A. are B. was C. were D. had a3. In the room _ a big table and a great many

44、chairs. A. do they find B. is found C. are found D. have found4. Plenty of fruits, eggs, and vegetables _ needed for health. A. are B. is C. is being D. have Ex. 56. To listen to music and to have stimulating conversation with good friends _ two pleasures in life. A. is B. are C. was D. has been7. B

45、acon and scrambled eggs (炒蛋炒蛋) _ the standard American breakfast. A. is B. are C. is to be D. are to be8. Here is a message of importance to every man and woman who _ . A. votes B. vote C. have voted D. has voted Ex. 59. Neither Jane nor her brothers _ a consent form for tomorrows field trip. A. nee

46、d B. needs C. is needing D. has need10. Neither Tom nor Jack and I _ his students. A. are B. am C. is D. was11. Not only I but also Tom and Mary _ fond of watching television. A. am B. is C. are D. be12. Nobody but Smith and John _ in the lab yesterday. A. are B. had been C. were D. was13. Mathemati

47、cs as well as physics always _ me a lot of headaches. A. has caused B. are causing C. cause D. causes Back 1. The central portions of the book _(is, are) devoted to this theory. 2. Almost two thirds of the land in the northwest areas of the country _(is, are) not suitable for farming. 3. Half of the

48、 money I spend on advertising _(is, are) wasted, and the trouble is I dont know which half. 4. Most of the coffee we produce _(is, are) for export-a high percentage _(goes, go) to the US. Ex. 6areisisisgoes 5. About half of the women in this area _(is, are) working-wives. None of them _(has, have) m

49、uch time to do housework. 6. Some of the furniture _(has, have) been moved to another room in the house. 7. Ill keep a third of the money and the rest _ (is, are) yours. 8. Most of the residents _(has, have) already left the island; the rest _(is, are) preparing for the typhoon.arehas havehasishavea

50、re 9. Its a big studio, so there _(is, are) lots of room for all my things.10. Loads of sand _(was, were) dumped by the roadside so that there was hardly any space for two cars to pass.iswasBackEx. 71. All work and no play_ (make) Jack a dull boy.2. Will and work_ (be) the cornerstones for success.3

51、. The League secretary and monitor _(be) asked to make a speech at the meeting.4. Each man and woman _(have) the same rights. 5. Working and living with purpose_ (be) a practical approach.6. The musician and the writer_ (have) come.makesareishasishave7. Mr. Green together with his children_ (go) to the park every Sunday.8. His brother rather than