清华大学跨文化课程教案(1)ppt课件

1、大学英语大学英语跨文化交际跨文化交际Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication黑龙江大学外语部LEARNING OBJECTIVES In this chapter, students will learn how to:Understand the definition of verbal communication. Describe the relation between language and culture.Summarize the verbal communication styles. Understand the phenom

2、enon of language diversity.Evaluate the written communication pattern. Verbal Intercultural CommunicationSelf-enhancement / Self-effacementSignificance of Verbal CommunicationLanguage and CultureVerbal Communication StylesDirect / IndirectLanguage as a Reflection of the EnvironmentLanguage as a Refl

3、ection of ValuesWritten CommunicationDirectPlanIndirect PlanLanguage DiversityElaborate / Exacting / SuccinctInstrumental / AffectivePersonal / ContextualDialect and SociolectPidgin and Lingua FrancajorgonTaboo and EuphemismThe Meaning of WordsChapter OutlineLead-in case: Success Story 1.What do you

4、 think of Ms. Goshimas personality? 2. Do you think Goshimas verbal communication is influenced by Japanese culture? How did Japanese culture influence her communication style? 3. Why is Mary disappointed? How do their verbal communication styles differ?Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication V

5、erbal intercultural communicationVerbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with eachother by using language. We use words tocommunicate with the outside world.share the past.exercise some control over the present.form images of the future.

6、Text A Significance of Verbal CommunicationChapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication Text B Language and CultureWord differences are obvious in various languages. The relation between word and its meaning is arbitrary. For example, in Chinese, we live in a 房子. In English, we live in a house. In S

7、panish, we live in a casa. In Thai, we live in a ban. Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication 1. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesislinguistic determinist interpretation-Language structure controls thoughts and cultural norms. linguistic relativity interpretation-Culture is controlled by and controls langua

8、ge.Eg. In Arabic, the camel plays significant roles in peoples life, so there are more than 40 words for “camel. Nothing is more important than rice to the Chinese, so we have expressions like “人是铁，饭是钢 and “铁饭碗. Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication 2. Language as a Reflection of the Environm

9、entChapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication The environment influences the appropriate vocabulary. Language reflects the environment in which we live. Eg. In the Amazon area snow is not a part of the environment; therefore, people in that region do not have a word for snow. Most Americans use te

10、rms such as snow, powder snow, sleet, slush, blizzard, and ice. 3. Language as a Reflection of ValuesChapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication Language reflects cultural values. Eg. Time does not play a role in Navajo life. As a result, the Navajo do not have the differentiated vocabulary connect

11、ed with time and clocks.One of the problems in dealing with people from other cultures is that we translate concepts from a foreign language and culture with words that fit our expectations.Eg. For Americans “tomorrow means midnight to midnight, a very precise time period. To Mexicans, in contrast,

12、maana means in the future, soon.4. The Meaning of WordsChapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication Sometimes different cultures use identical words that have rather different meanings. The results can be humorous, annoying, or costly, depending on the circumstances. Eg. For the American, “administr

13、ation in the university context means department chair or dean. For the French, “administration means upper-level clerical staff. Culture influences the style of communication at great level. The communication style is concerned with the use of language.Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication T

14、ext C Verbal Communication Styles 1.Direct and Indirect Verbal Interaction Styles In the direct verbal style, statements clearly reveal the speakers intentions. Eg. U.S. Americans tend to use a straightforward form of request. In the indirect verbal style, on the other hand, verbal statements tend t

15、o hide the speakers actual intentions. Eg. Chinese tend to ask for a favor in a more roundabout and implicit way. Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication 2. Self-Enhancement and Self-Effacement Verbal Styles The self-enhancement verbal style emphasizes the importance of boasting about ones acco

16、mplishments and abilities. Eg. In the classified ads, American ad might begin with, “A handsome, athletic male with a good sense of humor seeks a fun-loving partner The self-effacement verbal style, on the other hand, emphasizes the importance of humbling oneself via verbal restraints, hesitations a

17、nd modest talk. Eg. In the classified ads, Japanese ad might read, “Although I am not very good-looking, Im willing to try my best.Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication Different Ways of Serving Tea3. Elaborate, Exacting and Succinct Styles An elaborate style emphasizes flashy and embellished

18、 language. This style of communication can be seen in many Arab, Middle Eastern, and Afro-American cultures. An exacting style, where persons say no more or less than is needed, is used by Americans. A succinct style is characterized by the use of concise statements, understatements, and even silenc

19、e. A succinct style can be found in Japan, China, and some Native American culturesChapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication 4. Personal and Contextual Style The personal communication style emphasizes the individual identity of the speaker. Eg. English has only one form for the second person, th

20、at is, you. The contextual style highlights ones role identity and status. Eg. Chinese, German and French, for example, have informal and formal forms of the pronoun you (他/您; du/Sie; tu/vous). Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication 5. Instrumental and Affective Style An instrumental verbal st

21、yle is sender-based and goal-outcome based. The instrumental speaker uses communication to achieve some goal or outcome. The burden of understanding often rests with the speaker. An affective communication style is receiver and process oriented. The affective speaker is concerned not so much with th

22、e outcome of the communication, but with the process. The responsibility of understanding rests with both the speaker and the listener. Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication The notion of a language is not monolithic and there really exist many types or varieties of the same language. Some la

23、nguage variations result from the language user, that is, his or her geographical origin (dialect), or his or her social condition (sociolect). However, some language variations result from the circumstances of communication, such as pidgin and Lingua Franca, taboo and euphemism as well as jargon.Ch

24、apter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication Text D Language Diversity 1. Dialects and Sociolects Dialects refer to geographical differences and these differences can be national, regional or local. Eg. American English and British English; Northern English dialects and Southern English dialects; Lond

25、on dialect and Manchester dialect. Sociolects refer not only to ones social condition but also to ones style according to the communicative situation. Eg. So-called “Received Pronunciation in British English has become characteristic of upper class speech in Britain in the 19th century. In a formal

26、situation, one might say “How do you do, Mr. Mullins? but, in an informal situation, one could say “Hi, Jim or “Howre things going? Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication 2. Pidgin and Lingua Franca A pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or blends languages for restricted purposes s

27、uch as trading. Pidgin languages possess two characteristics. First, they have no native speakers. Second, the linguistic and grammatical structure of pidgin languages is always simple and based on one or two other languages. Eg. “Long time no see! is an example of a pidgin expression coined by earl

28、y Chinese immigrants in the United States.Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication A Lingua Franca is also used for communication purposes between different groups of people, each speaking a different language. It is viewed as an international means of communication. Eg. Latin was a Lingua Franc

29、a in the Middle Ages and French became a Lingua Franca in the 18th century. Today English is considered a Lingua Franca.Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication 3. Taboo and Euphemism Taboo refers to prohibition of a set of behaviors that should be avoided because they are offensive and impolite

30、. Eg. Number 4 is taboo to the Chinese. Euphemism is the linguistic counterpart of taboo because it substitutes the offensive and disturbing vocabulary. Eg. “senior citizen instead of “old people; “deprived or “underprivileged instead of “poor people. Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication 4.

31、JargonJargon refers to the special or technical vocabularies developed to meet the special needs of particular professions such as medicine and law. Jargon may change over time. Eg. “touch-and-go used by pilots. In a gambling casino “stiff is now used to replace “Tom to describe a poor tipper, and “

32、live one rather than “George is used to describe a good tipper. Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication Text E Cultural Influence on Written CommunicationPeople should be aware that culture has some unavoidable impact on written communication. Business writing is an important aspect of written communication. The organization of routine messages organization has basically two styles: direct plan and indirect plan.Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication 1. Direct Plan In direct-plan reports, pe